Investigation of the Clinical Diagnostic Significance of the T-Cell Test for Tuberculosis combined with Erythrocyte Sedimentation Test in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Objective:To investigate the clinical diagnostic significance of peripheral blood T-cell test(T-spot test)for tuberculosis(TB)infection combined with erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)in pulmonary TB.Methods:41 patients with a clinical diagnosis of TB during hospitalization from January 2020 to April 2023 in our hospital were selected as the experimental group,and 45 patients without TB(bronchopneumonia patients)were selected as the control group.The diagnostic specificity,sensitivity,and accuracy of the T-spot TB test,ESR test,and the combined test of the two were calculated respectively.Results:The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of the T-spot TB test combined with ESR for the diagnosis of TB in the experimental group were significantly higher than the individual results of the T-spot TB test and ESR test alone(P<0.05).Conclusion:The T-spot TB test combined with the ESR test for TB diagnosis has greater clinical value than carrying out the tests individually.

Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Griffonia simplicifolia (Fabaceae) on the Inhibition of Falciformation of Human Hb SS Erythrocytes

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects the shape and transportation of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood vessels, leading to various clinical complications. Sickle cell disease is a widespread genetic disease in Black Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sickling inhibition activity of Griffonia simplicifolia. Quantitative and qualitative tests were used to determine the major groups of secondary metabolites present in the Griffonia simplicifolia leaves extracts and the modified Emmel test was used to perform the study of sickling inhibition activity. The OECD 423 toxicity study showed that at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg bw, Griffonia simplicifolia leaves extracts are not toxic. All tested substances inhibit erythrocyte falciformation in a dose-dependent manner. The percentages of inhibition were 50.35%, 73% and 94.23% for aqueous extract, hydromethanolic extract and phenylalanine respectively at the concentration of 15 mg/mL. The methanolic extract (70%) had higher activity compared to the aqueous extract. These results suggest that the Griffonia simplicifolia extracts have some potential to be used as alternative antisickling therapy in SCD management.

Effects of L.F04,the Active Fraction of Lycopus lucidus, on Erythrocytes Rheological Property

Objective: To study the effects of L.F04, the active fraction of Lycopus lucidus, on erythrocytes rheological property so as to investigate its mechanism in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Method: The effects of L.F04 (used for treatment for 10 days in different dosages) on deformability, aggregation and membrane liquidity of erythrocytes (MLE) as well as whole blood apparent viscosity (η_b) were examined on the basis of rat model of blood-stasis syndrome induced by venous injection of high molecular weight dextran. Result: As compared with the normal control group, the model group's RBC deformability and MLE were lower, and the aggregation of erythrocytes and η_b were higher. Compared with the model group, both L.F04 0.612g/kg and 0.306g/kg showed significant effect in improving deformability and inhibiting aggregation of red blood cells (RBC) and reducing blood viscosity. The trend of improving MLE was also shown. Conclusion: L.F04 could significantly improve the abnormal rheological property of erythrocytes.

STUDY ON THE IMMUNE FUNCTION OF ERYTHROCYTE IN PATIENT WITH NIDDM

The author measured the immune function of erythrocyte in 50 cases of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM),and researched the effect of erythrocyte immune adherence adjustmeat factor on the immune function of erythrocyte. The results showed that in patients with NIDDM,erythrocyte C3b receptor rosette forming rate(ECRRFR)was much higher(P<0.01),erythrocyte immune adherence exciting factor(EIAEF)was much lower than that of normal controlgroup(P<0.01);erythrocyte immune complexes rosette forming rate(EICRFR)was much lower,and erythrocyte immune adherence inhibiting factor(EIAIF)was much nigher than that of normalPersons(P<0.01).The study also showed that a significant positive correlation was found betweenthe activation of erythrocyte C3b receptor and EIAEF,and a significant negative correlation wasfound between the activation of erythrocyte C3b receptor and EIAIF.

INFLUENCE OF POLYACTIN A ON THE THROCYTE TUMOR－ERYTHROCYTE ROSETTE FORMING OF SARCOMA 180 BEARING MICE

Three tests were used to assay the tumor-erythrocyte rosette forming rate for Sarcoma 180 (S180) bearing mice after abdominal injection or polyactin A.The results showed that the forming rates of the direct tumor-erythrocyte rosette,enhanced tumor-erythrocyte rosette, cooperative tumor-erythrocyte rosette in the tumor bearing mice group decreased by 22.07 %,25.87% and 24. 90% respectively,compared with those in the normal group. he difrerences were all remarkable(P<0. 01).After injection of polyactin A into the tumor bearing mice,the forming rates increased by 11. 64%, 16. 77% and 13.56% respectively.The dirference was also remarkable. These suggest that polyactin A can improve the adherence of erythrocytes and serum enhancing factors to tumor cells,and their cooperative adherence, thus strengthen the immune function of erythrocytes.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes as a function of human age

Despite more than 300 theories to explain the aging process, oxidative stress theory offers the best mechanism to explain aging and age related disorders. Several studies has shown the importance of oxidative stress during aging. Pub Med, Science Direct and Springer online data bases are taken into consideration to write this mini-review. Human erythrocytes are most abundant and specialized cells in the body. Erythrocytes were extensively studied due to their metabolism and gas transport functions. Recent studies on erythrocytes have provided us detailed information of cell membrane and its structural organization that may help in studying the aging and age associated changes. The susceptibility of an organism is associated with the antioxidant potential of the body. Erythrocytes have potent antioxidant protection consisting of enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways that counteract with reactive oxygen species, thus maintaining the redox regulation in the body. The non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and other biomarkers associated with erythrocyte membrane transport functions are the main content of this review. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and its membrane were taken into the consideration during human aging that will be the main subject of this minireview.

Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on Erythrocyte Immune Adherence of Chickens Inoculated with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

Two hundred and forty specific pathogen free leghorn chickens were randomly divided into four groups and reared in isolated pens. The tested chickens were negative to infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV） at 25 d old. Group 1 was treated with saline, whereas Groups 2, 3, and 4 were inoculated with 0.3 mL IBDV suspension intranasally the next day. Groups 3 and 4 were also administered with Astragalus polysaccharides （APS） intramuscularly twice daily at 5 or 10 mg kg-1 BW, respectively, until 31 d old. The erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate （E-C3bRR） and the erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate （E-ICRR） were measured at 25, 29, 32, 35, and 38 d old. The results showed that IBDV significantly reduced E-C3bRR and E-ICRR when compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）, while simultaneous administration of APS with 1BDV maintained E-C3bRR at similar levels to the control group （P 〉 0.05） and increased E-ICRR when compared with the control group and the group non-treated with APS （P 〈 0.05）. APS treatment reduced the morbidity and mortality of chickens inoculated with IBDV （P 〈 0.05）. The results suggest that APS may enhance the immune adherence of chickens erythrocytes by affecting the activity and/or the number of complement receptors on the erythrocyte membrane. These findings can be beneficial in providing an understanding of the basic mechanisms required for the rational application of APS in modern medicine.

Effect of different anesthesia methods on erythrocyte immune function in mice

Objective:To explore effect of different anesthesia methods and different anesthetics on erythrocyte immune function in mice.Methods:The mice were anesthetized by isoflurane and ether inhalation,and also under intraperitoneal anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital and chloral hydrate,Blood was collected from the ventro-cardinal vein.Automatic blood cell analyzer was used for routine blood examination,and the canthine oxidase method was used to measure the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity.Lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde(MDA)was measured with TBA,and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)was measured with DTNB,and then the effect of different anesthesia methods and different anesthetics on erythrocyte immune function in mice was observed.Result:Hct level of chloral hydrate intraperitoneal injection group was significantly higher than the other three groups(P<0.05).And the MDA levels in the pentobarbital sodium group were significantly higher than the other three groups(P<0.05).SOD and GSH-Px of the chloral hydrate and sodium pentobarbital intraperitoneal injection group were significantly lower than the other two groups;RBC-C 3bRR and RBC-ICR of the chloral hydrate and sodium pentobarbital intraperitoneal injection group were significantly lower than the other two groups.Conclusions:Different drugs can induce changes in immune function of mice at different levels.Isoflurane and ether have less damage to animal body,while chloral hydrate and sodium pentobarbital intraperitoneal injection have a certain inhibitory effect on the animal body respiratory system and can cause greater damage to the body.Therefore,the reasonable selection and control of anesthetics are very important in order to avoid the experimental errors caused by anesthesia.

Effects of La, Ce, Y and Tb ions on Free Radical Mediated Peroxidation of Human Erythrocyte Membrane

The effects of the lanthanides in various concentration on the peroxidation of 'ghost' of human erythrocyte with free radicals were studied by methods of fluorometry, spectrophotometry and electron paramagnetic resonance. It is shown that La 3+ and Ce 3+ in the range of 2×10 -4 ～2×10 -7 mol·L -1 inhibit the t BHP mediated peroxidation significantly. Tb 3+ and Y 3+ inhibit the t BHP mediated peroxidation in low concentration (<2×10 -5 mol·L -1 ), but promotes the peroxidation when the concentration is higher than 2×10 -5 mol·L -1 .

Reduction of hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte damage by Carica papaya leaf extract

Objective:To investigate thein vitroantioxidant potential of Carica papaya(C. papaya) leaf extract and its effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte damage assessed by haemolysis and lipid peroxidation.Methods:Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, hydrogen ion scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and the ferrous ion reducing ability were assessed as antioxidant indices. In the other experiment, human erythrocytes were treated with hydrogen peroxide to induce erythrocyte damage. The extract(at various concentrations) was subsequently incubated with the erythrocytes and later analysed for haemolysis and lipid peroxidation as indices for erythrocyte damage.Results:Preliminary investigation of the extract showed that the leaf possessed significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities usingin vitro models in a concentration dependent manner(P<0.05). The extract also reduced hydrogen peroxide induced erythrocyte haemolysis and lipid peroxidation significantly when compared with ascorbic acid(P<0.05). The IC50values were 7.33 mg/mL and 1.58 mg/mL for inhibition of haemolysis and lipid peroxidation, respectively. In all cases, ascorbic acid(the reference antioxidant) possessed higher activity than the extract.Conclusions:The findings show that C. papayaleaves possess significant bioactive potential which is attributed to the phytochemicals which act in synergy.Thus, the leaves can be exploited for pharmaceutical and nutritional purposes.

Studies on the Effects of Epimedium Extract on Erythrocytes

The effect of Epimedium extract （EE） on erythrocytes was investigated by atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The images of the surface structures showed clear concave and progressive increase of surface roughness of erythrocyte after incubation with EE at concentration of 0.2 or 0.05 g/L, far below its critical hemolytic levels. The AFM results also indicated that the granules of the fine surface structure increased, which caused by aggregation of membrane protein. Further study showed that the change in surface topography of erythrocyte membrane might be connected with the increase of intracellular free Ca^2＋ induced by EE.

Changes in erythrocyte membrane ATPases and plasma lipid peroxides in upper abdominal surgery under intravenous procaine-balanced anesthesia

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The Protective Effect of Propofol on Erythrocytes during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

To evaluate the relationship between erythrocyte injury and intracellular calcium ion overload, and the protective effect of propofol on erythrocytes during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 40 children with congenital heart diseases who underwent surgical repair under CPB were studied. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: control group (group C) and propofol group (group P). Anesthesia was maintained in the patients in group P with 6 mg·kg -1 ·h -1 propofol, and those in the group C inhaled 1 %-2 % isoflurane. The blood samples were taken before CPB, at the 30th min of CPB, at the end of CPB, and 2 h and 24 h after CPB to measure the content of erythrocyte intracellular calcium ion (E Ca 2+ ), Ca 2+ Mg 2+ ATPase and Na + K + ATPase activities, index filtration of erythrocytes (IF), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and the concentration of plasma free hemoglobin (F HB). Results showed that in the control group, E Ca 2+ , IF, MCV and F Hb were gradually increased and Ca 2+ Mg 2+ ATPase and Na + K + ATPase activities were decreased. The increase of E Ca 2+ was linearly paralleled to IF, MCV and F Hb. In propofol group, all the above mentioned parameters were significantly improved ( P <0.05). This study suggests that erythrocyte injury is related to elevation of intracellular calcium during CPB and propofol has a protective effect on erythrocyte injury.

Studies on the Interaction between Yttrium and Human Erythrocyte Membrane

Yttrium ions promote hemolysis of human erythrocytes, and it's critical hemolytic concentration is 3x10(-5) mol/L. The interactions between Y3+ and human erythrocyte membrane have been studied by SDS-PAGE, CD spectra and fluorescence techniques. The experimental results indicated that the high concentration of Y3+ altered the conformation of human erythrocyte membrane proteins and lead to cross-linking or polymerization among membrane proteins. Y3+ can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of membrane proteins. There are two kinds of binding site's of Y3+ to erythrocyte membrane, the binding capacities (n) and appearance binding constants (K) were determined to be: n(1) = 2.11 x 10(-3) mol/g membrane protein, n(2) = 3.56 x 10(-1) mol/g membrane protein; K-1 = 4.51 x 10(6) L/mol, K-2 = 1.18 x 10(6) L/mol. These results show that Y3+ ions interact strongly with human erythrocyte membrane, and appear obviously cell toxicity.

Erythrocyte sphingolipid species as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease

Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease(AD)in the early stage is challenging.Informative biomarkers can be of great value for population-based screening.Metabolomics studies have been used to find potential biomarkers,but commonly used tissue sources can be difficult to obtain.The objective of this study was to determine the potential utility of erythrocyte metabolite profiles in screening for AD.Unlike some commonly-used sources such as cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue,erythrocytes are plentiful and easily accessed.Moreover,erythrocytes are metabolically active,a feature that distinguishes this sample source from other bodily fluids like plasma and urine.In this preliminary pilot study,the erythrocyte metabolomes of 10 histopathologically confirmed AD patients and 10 patients without AD(control(CTRL))were compared.Whole blood was collected post-mortem and erythrocytes were analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Over 750 metabolites were identified in AD and CTRL erythrocytes.Seven were increased in AD while 24 were decreased(P<0.05).The majority of the metabolites increased in AD were associated with amino acid metabolism and all of the decreased metabolites were associated with lipid metabolism.Prominent among the potential biomarkers were 10 sphingolipid or sphingolipid-related species that were consistently decreased in AD patients.Sphingolipids have been previously implicated in AD and other neurological conditions.Furthermore,previous studies have shown that erythrocyte sphingolipid concentrations vary widely in normal,healthy adults.Together,these observations suggest that certain erythrocyte lipid phenotypes could be markers of risk for development of AD.

20S proteasome and glyoxalase 1 activities decrease in erythrocytes derived from Alzheimer’s disease patients

As a result of accumulating methylglyoxal and advanced glycation end products in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease,it is considered a protein precipitation disease.The ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the most important mechanisms for cells to degrade proteins,and thus is very important for maintaining normal physiological function of the nervous system.This study recruited 48 individuals with Alzheimer’s disease(20 males and 28 females aged 75±6 years)and 50 healthy volunteers(21 males and 29 females aged 72±7 years)from the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities(Baise,China)between 2014 and 2017.Plasma levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2 were measured by colorimetry,while glyoxalase 1 activity was detected by spectrophotometry.In addition,20S proteasome activity in erythrocytes was measured with a fluorescent substrate method.Ubiquitin and glyoxalase 1 protein expression in erythrocyte membranes was detected by western blot assay.The results demonstrated that compared with the control group,patients with Alzheimer’s disease exhibited increased plasma malondialdehyde and H2O2 levels,and decreased glyoxalase 1 activity;however,expression level of glyoxalase 1 protein remained unchanged.Moreover,activity of the 20S proteasome was decreased and expression of ubiquitin protein was increased in erythrocytes.These findings indicate that proteasomal and glyoxalase activities may be involved in the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease,and erythrocytes may be a suitable tissue for Alzheimer’s disease studies.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities(approval No.YJ12017013)on May 3,2017.

The investigation for the relationship among serum leptin, erythrocyte membrane Ca^(2+)-ATPase activity and hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy

Objective： To study the significance of Leptin and the activity of erythrocyte membrane Ca^2＋-ATPase（EMCA） in the development of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy. Methods： Radioimmunoassay was used to test the level of serum Leptin, and the activity of EMCA was determined chemically in 38 pregnant women with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy and 36 normotensive pregnant women. Results： The level of serum Leptin in hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy（gestational hypertension： 13.76 ± 3.46 ng/ml; preeclampsia： 15.76 ± 5.47 ng/ml; eclampsia： 18.32 ± 6.38 ng/ml）was significantly higher than that in normotensive pregnant women （11.33 ± 2.93 ng/ml） ,respectively. The average EMCA activity of patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy （gestational hypertension： 1.65 ± 0.24 μmol·pi/mg.h ; preeclampsia： 1.37 ± 0.19 μ mol·pi/mg·h;eclampsia：1.12 ± 0.14 μmol·pi/mg·h） was significantly lower than that of normotensive pregnant women（1.83 ± 0.38 μ mol·pi/mg·h）,respectively. There was a negative correlation between the level of serum Leptin and the activity of RMCA in hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy （r = -0.63）. Conclusion： Inhibition of EMCA activity of erythrocyte in hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy may increase cytoplasmic free calcium, which contributes to the development of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy. The negative correlation between the level of serum Leptin and the activity of EMCA, also suggested that serum Leptin and the activity of EMCA may play a role in the development of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy.

Discordantly Elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Depressed C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Values in Early Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Background: ESR and CRP measurements reflect different aspects of systemic inflammation. Generally, they are either elevated or depressed at the same time. This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical ability of these markers in the early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 (male 39, female 21) patients who tested positive to Acid Alcohol Fast Bacilli (AAFB) were studied. ESR and CRP values were estimated using standard procedures. Results: The mean ESR value among the AAFB positive patients was 53.16 ± 4.92 mm/hr while the CRP value was 0.273 ± 0.035 mg/L. Gender and age were not found to have any influence on the ESR and CRP values. No relationship was found to exist between ESR and CRP (r = 0.17;p = 0.235) and age (r = 0.125;p = 0.388). Conclusion: A moderately elevated ESR and low CRP values exist at the early diagnosis of tuberculosis. There is no correlation between ESR and CRP at the onset of tuberculosis;hence CRP cannot be used as a screening tool for early diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Biomedical studies on lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte fragility during the process of aging

Objective:To investigate oxidative stress,hemoglobin percentage and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in various aging groups.Methods:A total of 200 healthy volunteers of hoth genders between age group 20-65 years were selected by random method.Determination of hemoglobin percentage was done employing modified cyanide method of Dacie and Lewis.The erythrocyte lysis was observed in hypotonic solution of buffered saline at varying concentrations and optical density was measured at 540 nm.The extent of lipid peroxidation in form of malondialdehyde was measured by thiobarbituric acid method.Results:The study found a significant decrease in hemoglobin percentage,increase in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and increased lipid peroxidation in form of malondialdehyde with increasing age.Conclusions:Supplementation of antioxidants may prevent the oxidative injury in elderly group of subjects.

EFFECTS OF THROMBOLYSIS WITH ULTRASOUND ON THE STRUCTURE OF ERYTHROCYTE AND ITS SAFETY THRESHOLD

The study was to investigate thrombolysis in vitro with ultrasound, and to discuss effects of thrombolysis with ultrasound on the structure of erythrocyte and its safety threshold under different ultrasound intensity and exposure time. The structure of erythrocyte in thrombus was evaluated under light microscope. The relationship between the structure of erythrocyte in thrombus and ultrasound intensity and exposure time was obtained. The results showed that ultrasound eliminated the thrombus. According to the change of the structure of erythrocyte in thrombus and ultrasound intensity and exposure time, the effects of thrombolysis with ultrasound could be divided into three kinds of areas: the A, B, C area. The area A was the safe area, the area B was the relatively safe area, and the area C was the irreversible damage area. The study suggested that ultrasound intensity and exposure time had significant impact on the structure of erythrocyte. Stronger ultrasound intensity or longer exposure time could cause erythrocytes irreversible damage. It could accelerate thrombolysis and shorten the exposure time that the ultrasound intensity was little bit increased. The study of effects of thrombolysis with ultrasound on the structure of erythrocyte and its safety threshold were important for practical applications.