BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a deadly malignancy with limited treatment options.Deubiquitinases(DUBs)have been confirmed to play a crucial role in the development of malignant tumors.JOSD2 is ...BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a deadly malignancy with limited treatment options.Deubiquitinases(DUBs)have been confirmed to play a crucial role in the development of malignant tumors.JOSD2 is a DUB involved in con-trolling protein deubiquitination and influencing critical cellular processes in cancer.AIM To investigate the impact of JOSD2 on the progression of ESCC.METHODS Bioinformatic analyses were employed to explore the expression,prognosis,and enriched pathways associated with JOSD2 in ESCC.Lentiviral transduction was utilized to manipulate JOSD2 expression in ESCC cell lines(KYSE30 and RESULTS )Preliminary research indicated that JOSD2 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues,which was associated with poor prognosis.Further analysis demonstrated that JOSD2 was upregulated in ESCC cell lines compared to normal esophageal cells.JOSD2 knockdown inhibited ESCC cell activity,including proliferation and colony-forming ability.Moreover,JOSD2 knockdown decreased the drug resistance and migration of ESCC cells,while JOSD2 overexpression enhanced these phenotypes.In vivo xenograft assays further confirmed that JOSD2 promoted tumor proliferation and drug resistance in ESCC.Mechanistically,JOSD2 appears to activate the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.Mass spectrometry was used to identify crucial substrate proteins that interact with JOSD2,which identified the four primary proteins that bind to JOSD2,namely USP47,IGKV2D-29,HSP90AB1,and PRMT5.CONCLUSION JOSD2 plays a crucial role in enhancing the proliferation,migration,and drug resistance of ESCC,suggesting that JOSD2 is a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.展开更多
This editorial comments on an article by Qu et al published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.It focuses on the importance of early detection of esophageal cancer,including recurrence or secondary mali...This editorial comments on an article by Qu et al published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.It focuses on the importance of early detection of esophageal cancer,including recurrence or secondary malignancy after chemoradiotherapy(CRT).Endoscopic resection is the first choice for treatment for esophageal cancer remaining within the mucous membrane,while surgery or radical CRT are treatment options for advanced stages depending on the patient’s general condition and desire.Although these treatments are potentially curative,they are more invasive than endoscopic resection.Early-stage esophageal cancer is often asymptomatic and difficult to detect.Uniform periodic endoscopy is unrealistic.Although less burdensome tests exist,including liquid biopsy and urinary biomarkers,these have not yet been widely used in clinical practice.Early detection is important after radical CRT because the local recurrence rate is higher than that after surgery.However,endoscopic resection or photodynamic therapy is indicated if detected in the early stages,and positive results have been reported.Early detection of esophageal cancer is crucial.Endoscopy is the main diagnostic method;however,new and less burdensome methods should be established to ensure early treatment for patients with esophageal cancer.展开更多
INTRODUCTIONCancer treatment situation in tumor hospitals inChina has its own unique characteristics which arenot found in other parts of the world. Because ofthe huge population and high incidence rates ofesophageal ...INTRODUCTIONCancer treatment situation in tumor hospitals inChina has its own unique characteristics which arenot found in other parts of the world. Because ofthe huge population and high incidence rates ofesophageal and stomach cancer[1-5], the number ofcancer patients waiting for admission isinconceivably large.展开更多
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma continues to heavily burden clinicians worldwide. Researchers have discovered the genomic landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which holds promise for an era of personali...Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma continues to heavily burden clinicians worldwide. Researchers have discovered the genomic landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which holds promise for an era of personalized oncology care. One of the most pressing problems facing this issue is to improve the understanding of the newly available genomic data, and identify the driver-gene mutations, pathways, and networks. The emergence of a legion of novel targeted agents has generated much hope and hype regarding more potent treatment regimens, but the accuracy of drug selection is still arguable. Other problems, such as cancer heterogeneity, drug resistance, exceptional responders, and side effects, have to be surmounted. Evolving topics in personalized oncology, such as interpretation of genomics data, issues in targeted therapy, research approaches for targeted therapy, and future perspectives, will be discussed in this editorial.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effect of different doses of recombined growth hormone (rhGH) on stomach neo- plasms implanted in nude mice, and its efficacy in combining with chemotherapy (flurouracil, 5-FU). Methods: ...Objective: To investigate the effect of different doses of recombined growth hormone (rhGH) on stomach neo- plasms implanted in nude mice, and its efficacy in combining with chemotherapy (flurouracil, 5-FU). Methods: Human stom- ach neoplasms model was established in nude mice. The nude mice were divided into control group, moderate-dose of rhGH group, low-dose rhGH group, 5-FU group, moderate-dose rhGH/5-FU group, and low-dose rhGH/5-FU group. The results of each group were observed after ten days. Results: After therapy, the body mass of rhGH groups was significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.05), the body mass of rhGH/5-FU groups was significantly increased compared with 5-FU group (P<0.05), but it was no significant difference between rhGH/5-FU groups and control group (P>0.05). The average tumor mass and volume of rhGH groups were not significantly increased compared with control group (P>0.05), but they were significantly reduced in 5-FU group and rhGH/5-FU groups (P<0.05). They were no significant difference between rhGH/5- FU groups and 5-FU group (P>0.05). After treatment, the percentages of S, G0/G1 and G2/M phases and proliferation index (PI) were not significantly changed in rhGH groups compared with control group (P>0.05), and the same with rhGH/5-FU groups compared with 5-FU group (P>0.05). The difference caused by dose of rhGH was not significant. Conclusion: rhGH enhances body mass, does not stimulate tumor growth, and has no adverse effects on tumor bearing nude mice. Combined with flurouracil, rhGH does not influence the efficacy of chemotherapy, and has no effect on tumor cell cycle kinetics.展开更多
INTRODUCTIONThe origins of oesophageal surgery ,like most surgical treatments ,are based in the treatment of traumatic injury .The Smith Surgical Papyrus describes the examination, diagnosis and treatment of 'a ga...INTRODUCTIONThe origins of oesophageal surgery ,like most surgical treatments ,are based in the treatment of traumatic injury .The Smith Surgical Papyrus describes the examination, diagnosis and treatment of 'a gaping wound of throat, penetrating the gullet' [1].展开更多
AIM:To compare 2 different types of covered esophageal nitinol stents(Ultraflex and Choostent) in terms of efficacy,complications,and long-term outcome.METHODS:A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 65 pati...AIM:To compare 2 different types of covered esophageal nitinol stents(Ultraflex and Choostent) in terms of efficacy,complications,and long-term outcome.METHODS:A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 65 patients who underwent endoscopic placement of an Ultraflex stent(n = 33) or a Choostent(n = 32) from June 2001 to October 2009 was conducted.RESULTS:Stent placement was successful in all patients without hospital mortality.No significant differences in patient discomfort and complications were observed between the Ultraflex stent and Choostent groups.The median follow-up time was 6 mo(interquartile range 3-16 mo).Endoscopic reintervention was required in 9 patients(14%) because of stent migration or food obstruction.No significant difference in the rate of reintervention between the 2 groups was observed(P = 0.8).The mean dysphagia score 1 mo after stent placement was 1.9 ± 0.3 for the Ultraflex stent and 2.1 ± 0.4 for the Choostent(P = 0.6).At 1-mo follow-up endoscopy,the cover membrane of the stent appeared to be damaged more frequently in the Choostent group(P = 0.34).Removal of the Choostent was possible up to 8 wk without difficulty.CONCLUSION:Ultraflex and Choostent proved to be equally reliable for palliation of dysphagia and leaks.Removal of the Choostent was easy and safe under mild sedation.展开更多
Metastases of esophageal carcinoma to the skeletal muscle are rare,but the incidence may be increasing because of better diagnosis resulting from widespread use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/...Metastases of esophageal carcinoma to the skeletal muscle are rare,but the incidence may be increasing because of better diagnosis resulting from widespread use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT).A cohort of 205 patients with esophageal carcinoma treated at our center who had PET/CT between 2006 and 2010 was retrospectively evaluated for the presence of skeletal muscle metastases.Four patients had skeletal muscle metastases of esophageal carcinoma,including two patients with squamous cell carcinoma.In another patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and synchronous skeletal muscle metastases,muscle metastases were subsequently shown to be related to second primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma.In all cases,skeletal muscle metastases were the first manifestation of systemic disease.In three patients palliation was obtained with the combination of external beam radiation therapy,systemic chemotherapy or surgical resection.Skeletal muscle metastases are a rare complication of esophageal carcinoma.展开更多
Objective: To study the biocharacteristics of primary esophageal adenocarcinoma (PEAC) and factors influencing patients’ prognosis and to find rational surgical indications and combined therapy. Methods: To analyze t...Objective: To study the biocharacteristics of primary esophageal adenocarcinoma (PEAC) and factors influencing patients’ prognosis and to find rational surgical indications and combined therapy. Methods: To analyze the clinical material of 106 patients with PEAC and compared with that of patients with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC). Results: The overall resectability, morbidity and 30-day mortality rates of PEAC were 92.5%, 23.5% and 2.8% respectively, similar to those of ESCC. The TNM staging, lymph node metastasis, extraesophageal invasion and the nature of operation were major determinants influencing long-term prognosis. The 5-year survival rate of PEAC was 21.0%, which was lower than that of ESCC (P<0.01). Metastasis or recurrence remained to be the cause of death in 82.4% of patients who lived longer than 5 years, which was higher than that of ESCC (P<0.01). Adjuvant radiation did not influence survival of the patients with lymph node metastasis, but appeared helpful to the patients with no lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: compared with ESCC, PEAC is a malignant disease with poor prognosis. Surgical resection is the first and chief choice of treatment. Surgical indications include patients in stage 0, I, II and some in stage III and even in stage IV of PEAC. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment as well as radical operation could improve prognosis. Adjuvant radiotherapy appears helpful only to the patients without lymph node metastasis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although the overall incidence of tuberculosis in underdeveloped areas has increased in recent years, esophageal tuberculosis(ET) is still rare. Intestinal tuberculosis(ITB) is relatively more common, but t...BACKGROUND Although the overall incidence of tuberculosis in underdeveloped areas has increased in recent years, esophageal tuberculosis(ET) is still rare. Intestinal tuberculosis(ITB) is relatively more common, but there are few reports of ET complicated with ITB. We report a case of secondary ET complicated with ITB in a previously healthy patient.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old female was hospitalized for progressive dysphagia, retrosternal pain, acid regurgitation, belching, heartburn, and nausea. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a mid-esophageal ulcerative hyperplastic lesion. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed a homogeneous hypoechoic lesion, with adjacent enlarged lymph nodes. Biopsy histopathology showed inflammatory exudation,exfoliated epithelial cells and interstitial granulation tissue proliferation.Colonoscopy revealed a rat-bite ulcer in the terminal ileum and a superficial ulcer in the ascending colon, near the ileocecal region. The ileum lesion biopsy showed focal granulomas with caseous necrosis. Polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was positive in the esophageal and ileum lesion biopsies. The T-cell spot tuberculosis test was also positive. The patient was diagnosed with secondary ET infiltrated by mediastinal lymphadenopathy and complicated with ITB, possibly from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected esophageal lesion. After 2 mo of anti-tuberculosis therapy, her symptoms improved significantly, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed healing ulcers.CONCLUSION When dysphagia or odynophagia occurs in patients at high-risk for tuberculosis,ET should be considered.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is presented frequently in late stages that are not amenable for curative treatment.Even for patients who can undergo resection for curative treatment of HCC,up to 50%recur.For patients wh...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is presented frequently in late stages that are not amenable for curative treatment.Even for patients who can undergo resection for curative treatment of HCC,up to 50%recur.For patients who were not exposed to systemic therapy prior to recurrence,recurrence frequently cannot be subjected to curative therapy or local treatments.Such patients have several options of immunotherapy(IO).This includes programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 treatment,combination of PD-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor or single agent PD-1 therapy when all other options are deemed inappropriate.There are also investigational therapies in this area that explore either PD-1 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors or a novel agent in addition to PD-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors.This minireview explored IO options for patients with recurrent HCC who were not exposed to systemic therapy at the initial diagnosis.We also discussed potential IO options for patients with recurrent HCC who were exposed to first-line therapy with curative intent at diagnosis.展开更多
基金Supported by Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construction Project,No.TJYXZDXK-009ATianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital National Natural Science Foundation Cultivation Program,No.220108+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82373134Science and Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education,No.2022KJ228Chinese Anti-Cancer Association-Heng Rui Anti-angiogenesis Targeted Tumor Research Fund,No.2021001045and Scientific Research Translational Foundation of Wenzhou Safety(Emergency)Institute of Tianjin University,No.TJUWYY2022025.
文摘BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a deadly malignancy with limited treatment options.Deubiquitinases(DUBs)have been confirmed to play a crucial role in the development of malignant tumors.JOSD2 is a DUB involved in con-trolling protein deubiquitination and influencing critical cellular processes in cancer.AIM To investigate the impact of JOSD2 on the progression of ESCC.METHODS Bioinformatic analyses were employed to explore the expression,prognosis,and enriched pathways associated with JOSD2 in ESCC.Lentiviral transduction was utilized to manipulate JOSD2 expression in ESCC cell lines(KYSE30 and RESULTS )Preliminary research indicated that JOSD2 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues,which was associated with poor prognosis.Further analysis demonstrated that JOSD2 was upregulated in ESCC cell lines compared to normal esophageal cells.JOSD2 knockdown inhibited ESCC cell activity,including proliferation and colony-forming ability.Moreover,JOSD2 knockdown decreased the drug resistance and migration of ESCC cells,while JOSD2 overexpression enhanced these phenotypes.In vivo xenograft assays further confirmed that JOSD2 promoted tumor proliferation and drug resistance in ESCC.Mechanistically,JOSD2 appears to activate the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.Mass spectrometry was used to identify crucial substrate proteins that interact with JOSD2,which identified the four primary proteins that bind to JOSD2,namely USP47,IGKV2D-29,HSP90AB1,and PRMT5.CONCLUSION JOSD2 plays a crucial role in enhancing the proliferation,migration,and drug resistance of ESCC,suggesting that JOSD2 is a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.
文摘This editorial comments on an article by Qu et al published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.It focuses on the importance of early detection of esophageal cancer,including recurrence or secondary malignancy after chemoradiotherapy(CRT).Endoscopic resection is the first choice for treatment for esophageal cancer remaining within the mucous membrane,while surgery or radical CRT are treatment options for advanced stages depending on the patient’s general condition and desire.Although these treatments are potentially curative,they are more invasive than endoscopic resection.Early-stage esophageal cancer is often asymptomatic and difficult to detect.Uniform periodic endoscopy is unrealistic.Although less burdensome tests exist,including liquid biopsy and urinary biomarkers,these have not yet been widely used in clinical practice.Early detection is important after radical CRT because the local recurrence rate is higher than that after surgery.However,endoscopic resection or photodynamic therapy is indicated if detected in the early stages,and positive results have been reported.Early detection of esophageal cancer is crucial.Endoscopy is the main diagnostic method;however,new and less burdensome methods should be established to ensure early treatment for patients with esophageal cancer.
基金Supported by the Hebei Provincial Scientific Commission, No. 97276162D
文摘INTRODUCTIONCancer treatment situation in tumor hospitals inChina has its own unique characteristics which arenot found in other parts of the world. Because ofthe huge population and high incidence rates ofesophageal and stomach cancer[1-5], the number ofcancer patients waiting for admission isinconceivably large.
基金Supported by Grants from Beijing Academic Leaders Program,NO.2009-2-17Beijing Natural Science Foundation,No.7102029+5 种基金Capital Medical Developed Research Fund,No.2007-1023New Scholar Star Program of Ministry of EducationNational Basic Research Program of China,No.2011CB504300Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,No.20130001110108National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars,No.81301748Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.IRT13003 and No.NIH/NCI U54 CA156735
文摘Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma continues to heavily burden clinicians worldwide. Researchers have discovered the genomic landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which holds promise for an era of personalized oncology care. One of the most pressing problems facing this issue is to improve the understanding of the newly available genomic data, and identify the driver-gene mutations, pathways, and networks. The emergence of a legion of novel targeted agents has generated much hope and hype regarding more potent treatment regimens, but the accuracy of drug selection is still arguable. Other problems, such as cancer heterogeneity, drug resistance, exceptional responders, and side effects, have to be surmounted. Evolving topics in personalized oncology, such as interpretation of genomics data, issues in targeted therapy, research approaches for targeted therapy, and future perspectives, will be discussed in this editorial.
文摘Objective: To investigate the effect of different doses of recombined growth hormone (rhGH) on stomach neo- plasms implanted in nude mice, and its efficacy in combining with chemotherapy (flurouracil, 5-FU). Methods: Human stom- ach neoplasms model was established in nude mice. The nude mice were divided into control group, moderate-dose of rhGH group, low-dose rhGH group, 5-FU group, moderate-dose rhGH/5-FU group, and low-dose rhGH/5-FU group. The results of each group were observed after ten days. Results: After therapy, the body mass of rhGH groups was significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.05), the body mass of rhGH/5-FU groups was significantly increased compared with 5-FU group (P<0.05), but it was no significant difference between rhGH/5-FU groups and control group (P>0.05). The average tumor mass and volume of rhGH groups were not significantly increased compared with control group (P>0.05), but they were significantly reduced in 5-FU group and rhGH/5-FU groups (P<0.05). They were no significant difference between rhGH/5- FU groups and 5-FU group (P>0.05). After treatment, the percentages of S, G0/G1 and G2/M phases and proliferation index (PI) were not significantly changed in rhGH groups compared with control group (P>0.05), and the same with rhGH/5-FU groups compared with 5-FU group (P>0.05). The difference caused by dose of rhGH was not significant. Conclusion: rhGH enhances body mass, does not stimulate tumor growth, and has no adverse effects on tumor bearing nude mice. Combined with flurouracil, rhGH does not influence the efficacy of chemotherapy, and has no effect on tumor cell cycle kinetics.
文摘INTRODUCTIONThe origins of oesophageal surgery ,like most surgical treatments ,are based in the treatment of traumatic injury .The Smith Surgical Papyrus describes the examination, diagnosis and treatment of 'a gaping wound of throat, penetrating the gullet' [1].
文摘AIM:To compare 2 different types of covered esophageal nitinol stents(Ultraflex and Choostent) in terms of efficacy,complications,and long-term outcome.METHODS:A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 65 patients who underwent endoscopic placement of an Ultraflex stent(n = 33) or a Choostent(n = 32) from June 2001 to October 2009 was conducted.RESULTS:Stent placement was successful in all patients without hospital mortality.No significant differences in patient discomfort and complications were observed between the Ultraflex stent and Choostent groups.The median follow-up time was 6 mo(interquartile range 3-16 mo).Endoscopic reintervention was required in 9 patients(14%) because of stent migration or food obstruction.No significant difference in the rate of reintervention between the 2 groups was observed(P = 0.8).The mean dysphagia score 1 mo after stent placement was 1.9 ± 0.3 for the Ultraflex stent and 2.1 ± 0.4 for the Choostent(P = 0.6).At 1-mo follow-up endoscopy,the cover membrane of the stent appeared to be damaged more frequently in the Choostent group(P = 0.34).Removal of the Choostent was possible up to 8 wk without difficulty.CONCLUSION:Ultraflex and Choostent proved to be equally reliable for palliation of dysphagia and leaks.Removal of the Choostent was easy and safe under mild sedation.
文摘Metastases of esophageal carcinoma to the skeletal muscle are rare,but the incidence may be increasing because of better diagnosis resulting from widespread use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT).A cohort of 205 patients with esophageal carcinoma treated at our center who had PET/CT between 2006 and 2010 was retrospectively evaluated for the presence of skeletal muscle metastases.Four patients had skeletal muscle metastases of esophageal carcinoma,including two patients with squamous cell carcinoma.In another patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and synchronous skeletal muscle metastases,muscle metastases were subsequently shown to be related to second primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma.In all cases,skeletal muscle metastases were the first manifestation of systemic disease.In three patients palliation was obtained with the combination of external beam radiation therapy,systemic chemotherapy or surgical resection.Skeletal muscle metastases are a rare complication of esophageal carcinoma.
文摘Objective: To study the biocharacteristics of primary esophageal adenocarcinoma (PEAC) and factors influencing patients’ prognosis and to find rational surgical indications and combined therapy. Methods: To analyze the clinical material of 106 patients with PEAC and compared with that of patients with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC). Results: The overall resectability, morbidity and 30-day mortality rates of PEAC were 92.5%, 23.5% and 2.8% respectively, similar to those of ESCC. The TNM staging, lymph node metastasis, extraesophageal invasion and the nature of operation were major determinants influencing long-term prognosis. The 5-year survival rate of PEAC was 21.0%, which was lower than that of ESCC (P<0.01). Metastasis or recurrence remained to be the cause of death in 82.4% of patients who lived longer than 5 years, which was higher than that of ESCC (P<0.01). Adjuvant radiation did not influence survival of the patients with lymph node metastasis, but appeared helpful to the patients with no lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: compared with ESCC, PEAC is a malignant disease with poor prognosis. Surgical resection is the first and chief choice of treatment. Surgical indications include patients in stage 0, I, II and some in stage III and even in stage IV of PEAC. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment as well as radical operation could improve prognosis. Adjuvant radiotherapy appears helpful only to the patients without lymph node metastasis.
文摘BACKGROUND Although the overall incidence of tuberculosis in underdeveloped areas has increased in recent years, esophageal tuberculosis(ET) is still rare. Intestinal tuberculosis(ITB) is relatively more common, but there are few reports of ET complicated with ITB. We report a case of secondary ET complicated with ITB in a previously healthy patient.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old female was hospitalized for progressive dysphagia, retrosternal pain, acid regurgitation, belching, heartburn, and nausea. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a mid-esophageal ulcerative hyperplastic lesion. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed a homogeneous hypoechoic lesion, with adjacent enlarged lymph nodes. Biopsy histopathology showed inflammatory exudation,exfoliated epithelial cells and interstitial granulation tissue proliferation.Colonoscopy revealed a rat-bite ulcer in the terminal ileum and a superficial ulcer in the ascending colon, near the ileocecal region. The ileum lesion biopsy showed focal granulomas with caseous necrosis. Polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was positive in the esophageal and ileum lesion biopsies. The T-cell spot tuberculosis test was also positive. The patient was diagnosed with secondary ET infiltrated by mediastinal lymphadenopathy and complicated with ITB, possibly from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected esophageal lesion. After 2 mo of anti-tuberculosis therapy, her symptoms improved significantly, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed healing ulcers.CONCLUSION When dysphagia or odynophagia occurs in patients at high-risk for tuberculosis,ET should be considered.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is presented frequently in late stages that are not amenable for curative treatment.Even for patients who can undergo resection for curative treatment of HCC,up to 50%recur.For patients who were not exposed to systemic therapy prior to recurrence,recurrence frequently cannot be subjected to curative therapy or local treatments.Such patients have several options of immunotherapy(IO).This includes programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 treatment,combination of PD-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor or single agent PD-1 therapy when all other options are deemed inappropriate.There are also investigational therapies in this area that explore either PD-1 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors or a novel agent in addition to PD-1 with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors.This minireview explored IO options for patients with recurrent HCC who were not exposed to systemic therapy at the initial diagnosis.We also discussed potential IO options for patients with recurrent HCC who were exposed to first-line therapy with curative intent at diagnosis.