The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.

The Influence of Thesis Writing of Imperial Examinations on Prose in Tang and Song Dynasty

The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and cultural development. In the feudal autocratic rule, any system implemented by the state will have an important influence on all aspects of the whole society~ especially it is related with the imperial examination system of education and talents. Once it becomes a ＂basic national policy＂ , the role in social development is incalculable. This paper takes the relationship between imperial examination system and Tang and Song prose development as the breakthrough point, analyzing the influence of thesis writing of imperial examination on the prose in Tang and Song Dynasty and ＂Eight great men in Tang and Song Dynasty＂ .

Bianjing Spectacle: Soundscapes of Bianjing and Identities in Song Dynasty Literature

By closely examining the literary works of the Song Dynasty,such as prose,poetry,rhyme-prose,lyrics,notes,and miscellaneous theses,this paper combines historical and literary evidence to rediscover the 13 types of soundscapes and their corresponding spaces in the Bianjing City,the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty,and it reveals the causes and historical-cultural significance of these soundscapes.Focusing on the key issues of soundscapes,this paper analyzes the sound spaces,identities,discourses,and literary achievements depicted in the writings about Bianjing.It argues that the“Bianjing Spectacle”of vendors’cries described by the Southern Song people can be used as a summary of the soundscape characteristics of Bianjing.Furthermore,it interprets the special silence,crying,and the absence of the sounds of production from an aesthetic perspective.By rediscovering,analyzing,and interpreting the soundscapes of Bianjing,this paper reveals significant differences between the Tang and Song dynasties at the sound level and differentiates various“auditory communities.”It thereby demonstrates the portrayal of Bianjing in Song literature,addresses theoretical hot topics in literature and geography,and builds on Marx’s arguments to propose that a thorough understanding of history,the world,and ourselves requires an in depth study of the soundscapes in literature.

Writing and Criticism on the Zen Buddhism in Zen Notes During the Song Dynasty

Zennotes in the Song Dynasty are based on the use of scattered essays to record trivial fragments of Zen Buddhistmonks’ daily life, including Hui Hong’s Lin Jian Lu, Da Hui Pu Jue Chan Shi Zong Men Wu Ku edited by DaoQian, Xiao Ying’s Luo Hu Ye Lu and Yun Wo Ji Tan, Dao Rong’s Cong Lin Sheng Shi, and Huan Wu’s Ku YaMan Lu. Through Zennotes, it is possible to learn more about the life of Zen Buddhist masters in the SongDynasty and the actual development of Zen Buddhism, which were seldom investigated in past studies. Firstly,this study explains the cultural environment generated by Zennotes and the creative development of Zennotes inthe Song Dynasty, and then discusses the main content of Zennotes. Zennotes highlight the characters through thedescription of specific events and make the images and characters of Zen Buddhist monks become vivid on paper.They are the most direct historical material for mastering Zen Buddhist monks in the Song Dynasty. Secondly,Zennotes in the Song Dynasty record anecdotes about Zen Buddhist monks and the literati talking about Zen atthat time, demonstrating the lively and witty interactions between the two. Lastly, the authors of Zennotes oftenrevealed their personal concerns about the growth and decline of temples in the narrative. Based on the above,Zennotes have the value of historical recordings of trivia, and they are first-hand historical materials forconstructing the history of Zen in the Song Dynasty.

Relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of archaeological sites and natural environment from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area

The temporal-spatial distribution features including time distribution,horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area are analyzed based on GIS spatial analysis.The successive pollen record of deposited peat stratum since the Paleolithic Age in the Dajiuhu Basin of Shennongjia is used in combination with the research of the historical environmental evolution to reconstruct the Paleoenvironment in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area.Through the comparison of the temporal-spatial distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment,the relation between the distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment evolution and disaster changes from the Neolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties has been discussed.Study shows that 677 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area increase gradually from west to east and from high land to low land.Most of the sites are distributed along the river and aggregated at the confluence.Obviously,the altitudes of archaeological sites in the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age are much higher than those of historical sites.The analysis suggests:(1)the human beings of every times would like to choose the first or the second river terrace as living sites which are nearer to the water source and are easier to with- stand flood.The pre-historical sites of earlier ages are often located at the higher altitude place because of the tectonic uplift and downcutting of rivers since Holocene.(2)Due to the rugged terrain in Chongqing area,most of the sites are located along the river sides,for example,the wide river valley and terrace,which could provide wider living space caused by the lateral erosion and deposition of the river course.(3)The early residents mainly relied on fishing,hunting and agriculture,and the rugged terrain of the mountainous area restricted the development of farming.However,in the confluence region,the fertilized plain provided an ideal location for farming and fishing.(4)The temporal-spatial distribution of archeological sites in this area is significantly affected by the climate condition.

收入分配视角下唐宋之际两税法的制度变迁及启示

两税法改革开启了“以资产为宗”的新格局,其税制层面的公平性较“以人丁为本”的租庸调制有了明显改进,但政策实践中的赋税不均问题却依然突出。与此同时,“田制不立”和“不抑兼并”成为新的政策取向:一方面,土地交易更加活跃,土地占有趋于集中,富民阶层崛起;另一方面,租佃关系愈加发达,人身依附关系松弛,农民获得更多自由,在一定程度上促进了社会生产力的提高和农商经济的繁荣。当然,富民阶层存在着逃避赋税的强烈动机,而获得更多自由的农民在生产生活上也面临更大的风险。所以,国家需要采取土地清丈和建立以贫民下户为重点的因灾减免救济制度等措施来解决赋税不均问题。历史经验表明,在一定条件下,完备的产权保护制度与税收发挥调节收入分配作用是可以相兼容的,关键在于保护民众发展生产和创造财富的积极性的同时,采取有力措施来维护和落实税收公平原则。

西夏与唐宋盗窃法比较研究——兼谈西夏对中华法系的继承与发展

“盗窃”是中国最古老的犯罪之一,历代皆有严格法律予以规制,以期维护社会稳定。文章对比研究了《天盛改旧新定律令》《亥年新法》《唐律疏议》《宋刑统》及《庆元条法事类》中关于盗窃罪的条文,发现这些法典均设置了亲属内外有别、宽宥弱者、严惩官盗僧窃以及团伙共谋作案等主体处置措施,涵盖了牲畜、人员、佛神祀物以及官府文书等盗窃对象,量刑上均依据慎刑恤刑、告赏、邻里互助以及重盗重罚等原则。同时,西夏法典融入了大量具有党项民族特色的法律元素,完善了群盗、重盗等制度。概言之,西夏法典在充分吸收中原王朝立法精髓的同时,结合本民族社会经济状况以及司法实践的需要进行了创制和发展,在中华法制史上极具特殊地位。

唐代歌录考辨

唐人作有不少歌录,两《唐书》未录唐人歌录的原因是缘于其追求雅正的修史标准,这从其对唐代燕射歌录和燕射歌辞的有意舍弃就已清晰反映。而这样的收录原则也直接影响到了后世歌录的编撰,如郭茂倩在编撰《乐府诗集》时就在燕射歌辞一类中对唐代燕射歌辞一首未录,而将其大量归入专收隋唐以来杂曲的近代曲辞。唐代歌录的留存样态较为复杂,唐人有时会把歌录叫作乐录,而有些收录歌辞的诗集却又不以歌录命名,有些名为乐府的典籍虽然也载录了一些唐人乐府诗,但又不一定是唐代歌录。

论唐宋之际的贡奉

唐代中期出现具有赋税性质的进奉,贡奉之弊由此而生,这一现象反映了唐宋之际君臣关系及中央与地方关系。五代承唐末藩镇割据之余绪,尽管朝廷致力于藩镇州县化,但实际上地方与中央财政关系仍然遗留藩镇特征。以后梁时期“四镇”、魏博、镇、定来看五代财政中央集权路径:朱温据有“四镇”,易代后直接州县化,属易代型;魏博依附朱温,通过集权和武力手段州县化,为依附型;镇、定是以武力征服州县化的,属贡献型。以上州县化路径不同,大体反映出五代财政中央集权的基本情形。而五代藩镇州县化形成了上供和贡奉互济的中央财政模式,加强了中央集权,但同时也遗留下不同程度的藩镇性,这表明五代并没有解决唐末遗留的历史问题。宋初成功地革除贡奉之弊,走出唐末五代历史的“逆向”,重建中央集权,开辟了一个新的王朝时代。

唐宋城市转型进程中城乡“围城效应”的文学书写

唐宋城市转型进程中城乡政治、经济、文化多层面分化促使生活于两大空间的人们在生存发展的价值判断、取舍基础上,出现了城乡“围城效应”,促成了城乡空间双向奔赴的文学书写。由乡向城奔赴的文学书写包括学而优入城的政治性和文化性流动、富而入城与入城而富的商业性流动、村民入城的生活性空间位移,由城向乡奔赴的文学书写包括文人归田梦的精神性奔赴、衣锦还乡的炫耀性奔赴、归园田居的生活性和精神性双重奔赴。唐宋城市转型释放了城市发展的活力,使得城市在物质经济、社会文化等方面相对于乡村的优越性渐趋加强。城乡关系逐渐失衡也带来城乡“围城效应”的失衡,文学书写中相应地隐含了对城乡文化差异的认同。所以,城乡“围城效应”不仅是物理空间上的双向奔赴,更是城乡在政治地位、经济方式、文化功能等深层次博弈的反映。

唐宋时期古词语在山西阳城方言中的遗存

山西阳城历史悠久,方言中保留了一些唐宋时期的古词语。其中,有不少词语完全继承下来,没有发生变化;但也有一些词语词形、义位或语法义出现了一些变化。新词形的出现体现了汉语单音词发展为双音词的变化规律以及当地的民俗文化,义位的变化有义位增加以及词义的扩大、缩小、转移等现象,通常是词义引申的结果。

黄庭坚对陶渊明的阐释与接受——从唐宋陶诗接受的整体出发

陶渊明在思想与艺术两方面都对后来文学史产生巨大影响,其思想与儒及释道相涉,而又构成一种独立影响历史。陶诗在唐代尚属局部的经典,至宋代则上升为全面的经典,苏轼、黄庭坚在这一接受史过程中是起决定作用的。苏轼运用辩证的艺术思想来论陶,突破了仅以平淡论陶的传统阐释方式,黄庭坚也从自然与法度的辩证结合来认识陶诗的高度。苏黄的观点为南宋以后诸家广泛接受,开启了陶诗接受新的历史。黄庭坚对陶渊明独立的个性、忠义的行为有较强的呼应,其对陶渊明的阐释,往往与庄、禅结合。黄庭坚突破模拟式的学陶法,以一种学而不为、自成一家的再创造的学古方法来学陶。

唐宋时期五台山文殊道场中的龙神信仰——兼论唐宋中印文化交流

唐宋时期,作为文殊道场的五台山,龙神信仰十分兴盛。山中有大量有关龙的灵迹,龙的形象较为丰满,职能也较为强大。五台山文殊菩萨与龙神的关系既表现为镇压与被镇压之对抗性,又表现为代表与被代表之可调和性。二者之间的关系集中反映了唐宋时期印度文化与中国文化之间的交融与互动。异质文化间的双向交流,最终形成独具特色的五台山区域文化。

青海乐都北山石窟调查简报

2019年夏,河北师范大学历史文化学院等对青海省乐都市北山石窟进行了全面考察,共发现洞窟70多个。通过对石窟形制、年代及功能等方面的系统研究,作者认为这些石窟开凿于唐代晚期至宋代,是青海海东地区带有禅宗特征的修禅窟。

从引《诗》看唐宋《诗》学的转型——以两《唐书》与《宋史》为例

作为唐宋儒学转型的重要一环,唐宋《诗》学转型之内在理路与真实面貌可由正史引《诗》得以彰显。在文本层面上,两《唐书》与《宋史》引《诗》对汉代以来的引《诗》规范进行了不同程度的打破与理论批判,彰显了经学式微背景下经典权威性的动摇。在取义层面上,两《唐书》引《诗》与新《春秋》学相结合,在日常运用与学术研究两个向度上体现了唐代《诗》学对春秋《诗》学的复归,并与“诗史”观念的产生相联系,显示了唐代《诗》学从注重礼乐教化的外学逐步转向探索儒家精义的内学。在此基础上,宋人进一步从理论上提取“圣人之意”作为统贯群经之本源,并在具体的《诗》学方法层面将春秋用《诗》之法与孔、孟《诗》学相结合,昭示了宋代《诗》学子学化承传与确立的轨迹。

威灵与恶力:唐宋精怪世界中红赤系色彩的文化意象考论

红赤系色彩是唐宋志怪文学中刻画精怪形象的重要手段。文化象征源于火焰的红赤系色彩与鲜血的文化意象相叠加,衍生出两元文化象征:一方面红赤色成为唐宋精怪世界中位高而权重、辟邪与降福的威灵象征;另一方面红赤色在唐宋精怪世界中也具有灾异与不祥、邪祟与厄运的恶力象征。这种两元文化象征属性,使红赤色精怪成为唐宋志怪文学中的重要主体。

唐宋灯笼在现代灯具中的设计转译

目的通过对唐宋灯笼的构成形式、造物逻辑和文化内涵进行研究,挖掘其在现代灯具中的设计转译方法,探索融合传统灯笼文化符号因子的现代灯具设计新思路,解决传统灯笼很难融入现代人们日常生活的问题。方法从历史文献资料和绘画作品中梳理唐宋灯笼形态结构,归纳出外形上的简约与仿生、结构中的技术与巧思、光影里的教化与愿景等特征,并分析目前传统灯笼传承、现代灯具设计实践应用现状的研究局限,探索唐宋灯笼在现代灯具设计中的设计转译思维方式与可行设计路径。结果得出物质层、行为层和精神层三个设计转译通道及模型构建,并设计完成蕴含传统灯笼文化的三款现代灯具设计,用实践证明通过设计转译可以助力设计师研发出功能实用、形制独特且文化内涵丰富的灯具作品,并创造吉祥、美好、幸福的情感体验与生活愿景。结论研究结果表明设计转译在现代灯具设计领域创新中具有重要的研究意义,对挖掘传统灯笼的实用价值与文化价值起到较大的推动作用,进而为中国传统器物文化在现代产品设计中的融合创新提供一定的理论基础与方法指导。

唐宋时期的散茶法及相关问题探讨

中国6000多年的茶叶利用史经历了药用、食用、饮用三个历史阶段。“以茶为饮”的饮茶法主要是末茶法和散茶法。其中,末茶法盛行于唐宋时期,散茶法盛行于明清至今。其实,唐宋时期的散茶法也有较大发展,并于南宋末至元代逐步取代末茶法,将中国的茶饮文化引向散泡茶发展阶段。以往学界多聚焦明清时期成熟的散茶法,较少关注处于早期发展阶段的唐宋时期的散茶法。文章通过对唐宋时期散茶产地与名品、制作与沏茶法、贮藏方式等的梳理,以期探讨唐宋时期散茶法的文化面貌和发展特征。

英法藏唐宋敦煌遗画地藏菩萨袈裟纹样研究

地藏信仰在汉地兴起后,其造像形式逐渐脱离印度佛教原典,并在唐宋时期进一步中原化。在该时期敦煌藏经洞出土的遗画中,绘有大量地藏菩萨图像,其所穿着的袈裟纹样丰富,色彩绮丽,极具研究价值。本文针对目前刊录的英法藏唐宋时期敦煌遗画,以穿着绘有袈裟纹样的地藏菩萨为研究对象,对其内层袈裟、外层袈裟所绘袈裟纹样进行梳理,分为两类:袈裟沿用的常见纹样,如贴金菱形纹、同心圆联珠纹、团花纹;袈裟专属纹样,如云水纹与线迹纹。同时,对比同时期敦煌石窟中佛陀、弟子及地藏像所穿着袈裟的纹样,结合传世袈裟实物与出土的唐宋时期纺织品,从纹样内容、布局、工艺、色彩等方面进行分析,总结纹样分布及变化规律,可以一窥唐宋时期地藏信仰流变对其袈裟纹样的影响,并形成互证。