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Evolutionary dynamics of tax-based strong altruistic reward andpunishment in a public goods game
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作者 Zhi-Hao Yang Yan-Long Yang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第9期247-257,共11页
In public goods games, punishments and rewards have been shown to be effective mechanisms for maintaining individualcooperation. However, punishments and rewards are costly to incentivize cooperation. Therefore, the g... In public goods games, punishments and rewards have been shown to be effective mechanisms for maintaining individualcooperation. However, punishments and rewards are costly to incentivize cooperation. Therefore, the generation ofcostly penalties and rewards has been a complex problem in promoting the development of cooperation. In real society,specialized institutions exist to punish evil people or reward good people by collecting taxes. We propose a strong altruisticpunishment or reward strategy in the public goods game through this phenomenon. Through theoretical analysis and numericalcalculation, we can get that tax-based strong altruistic punishment (reward) has more evolutionary advantages thantraditional strong altruistic punishment (reward) in maintaining cooperation and tax-based strong altruistic reward leads toa higher level of cooperation than tax-based strong altruistic punishment. 展开更多
关键词 evolutionary game theory strong altruism punishment REWARD
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Evolutionary analysis of green credit and automobile enterprises under the mechanism of dynamic reward and punishment based on government regulation
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作者 Yu Dong Xiaoyu Huang +1 位作者 Hongan Gan Xuyang Liu 《中国科学技术大学学报》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2024年第5期49-62,I0007,共15页
To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game mod... To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of gov-ernment,commercial banks,and automobile enterprises;introduced a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism;and analyzed the development process of the three parties’strategic behavior under the static and dynamic reward and punish-ment mechanism.Vensim PLE was used for numerical simulation analysis.Our results indicate that the system could not reach a stable state under the static reward and punishment mechanism.A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can effectively improve the system stability and better fit real situations.Under the dynamic reward and punishment mechan-ism,an increase in the initial probabilities of the three parties can promote the system stability,and the government can im-plement effective supervision by adjusting the upper limit of the reward and punishment intensity.Finally,the implementa-tion of green credit by commercial banks plays a significant role in promoting the green development of automobile enter-prises. 展开更多
关键词 automobile enterprises green credit system dynamics reward and punishment mechanism
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Combined Optimal Dispatch of Thermal Power Generators and Energy Storage Considering Thermal Power Deep Peak Clipping and Wind Energy Emission Grading Punishment
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作者 Junhui Li Xuanzhong Luo +2 位作者 Changxing Ge Cuiping Li Changrong Wang 《Energy Engineering》 EI 2024年第4期869-893,共25页
Peak load and wind energy emission pressure rise more as wind energy penetration keeps growing,which affects the stabilization of the PS(power system).This paper suggests integrated optimal dispatching of thermal powe... Peak load and wind energy emission pressure rise more as wind energy penetration keeps growing,which affects the stabilization of the PS(power system).This paper suggests integrated optimal dispatching of thermal power generators and BESS(battery energy storage system)taking wind energy emission grading punishment and deep peak clipping into consideration.Firstly,in order to minimize wind abandonment,a hierarchical wind abandonment penalty strategy based on fuzzy control is designed and introduced,and the optimal grid-connected power of wind energy is determined as a result of minimizing the peak cutting cost of the system.Secondly,considering BESS and thermal power,the management approach of BESS-assisted virtual peak clipping of thermal power generators is aimed at reducing the degree of deep peak clipping of thermal power generators and optimizing the output of thermal power generators and the charging and discharging power of BESS.Finally,Give an example of how this strategy has been effective in reducing abandonment rates by 0.66% and 7.46% individually for different wind penetration programs,and the daily average can reduce the peak clipping power output of thermal power generators by 42.97 and 72.31 MWh and enhances the effect and economy of system peak clipping. 展开更多
关键词 BESS wind energy deep peak clipping virtual peak clipping wind energy emission grading punishment
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序题创新与“因文立体”:论明代文学总集《文章辨体汇选》的辨体批评观
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作者 肖锋 杜莹 《南都学坛》 2025年第1期44-54,共11页
“辨体”是贯穿贺复征《文章辨体汇选》的主要批评方法。他采取“省略”“改写”“补充”等方式,对“序题”进行经典化构建,形成新的序题模式。在选文编次上,不拘泥于辨析文体的体裁、形式等外在要素,而依次遵循“体—时—人”的层级结... “辨体”是贯穿贺复征《文章辨体汇选》的主要批评方法。他采取“省略”“改写”“补充”等方式,对“序题”进行经典化构建,形成新的序题模式。在选文编次上,不拘泥于辨析文体的体裁、形式等外在要素,而依次遵循“体—时—人”的层级结构,既继承“原释选敷”的辨体法,又独创了“四部整合”“选己入集”“裁篇摘句”的辨体法,这充分体现了其对“因文立体”的灵活使用。其“尊体”观集中表现在对“文章以体制为先”的继承与发扬上,其“破体”观则以变体为常态,以别体为创体,因此深化并完善了辨体批评的实践路径和目标,具有辨文体价值、析文体风格变化、见文体演变轨迹、示文体写作范例的重要意蕴,使《文章辨体汇选》成为明代具有集大成意义的文体总集。 展开更多
关键词 序题 “因文立体” 贺复征 《文章辨体汇选》 辨体批评观
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论监察从宽处罚建议制度的适用及其完善
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作者 周建成 《海南大学学报(人文社会科学版)》 2025年第1期217-226,共10页
监察从宽处罚建议是监察机关在职务犯罪案件调查过程中享有的一项职权,该项制度对于落实宽严相济的刑事政策以及提高职务犯罪案件调查效果具有重要意义。《中华人民共和国监察法》《中华人民共和国监察法实施条例》对监察从宽处罚建议... 监察从宽处罚建议是监察机关在职务犯罪案件调查过程中享有的一项职权,该项制度对于落实宽严相济的刑事政策以及提高职务犯罪案件调查效果具有重要意义。《中华人民共和国监察法》《中华人民共和国监察法实施条例》对监察从宽处罚建议制度的适用条件和程序进行了明确规定,监察实践中该项制度的适用也取得了较好的效果。但是结合规范与实践分析,监察从宽处罚建议适用制度仍然存在着适用条件模糊、适用效力不清以及适用比例不均衡等现象,为此应当在厘清监察从宽处罚建议性质的基础上,有针对性地对该项制度进行完善,以发挥其在职务犯罪案件处理中的作用。 展开更多
关键词 监察从宽处罚建议制度 认罪认罚从宽制度 适用条件 适用效力
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Power,punishment,patriarchy in Shakespeare’s Othello
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作者 王湘锦 《海外英语》 2012年第20期209-210,共2页
An informal survey revealed that graduate students presented with Shakespeare's works felt academically unfit and powerless.These student-teacher-text power relationships parallel the power relationships between t... An informal survey revealed that graduate students presented with Shakespeare's works felt academically unfit and powerless.These student-teacher-text power relationships parallel the power relationships between the dominant patriarchy and female characters in'Othello'-Desdemona,Emilia,and Bianca.Both main characters contribute to the creation of the new or der.The writer wants to look briefly at a Shakespearean couple outside Othello as an attempt at alternative model for distributing power. 展开更多
关键词 OTHELLO POWER punishment PATRIARCHY
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基于深度学习的电梯按键的识别方法
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作者 李伊童 曹旭阳 蒲长林 《机械设计与制造工程》 2025年第1期100-104,共5页
针对目前因数据集的缺陷导致对电梯按键识别准确率不高的问题,提出了一种用于识别电梯按键的方法。该方法将多个角度收集的电梯按键图像作为数据集;通过形态学运算处理降低了数据噪声,凸显了数据特征;建立了一种训练模型来完成对图像的... 针对目前因数据集的缺陷导致对电梯按键识别准确率不高的问题,提出了一种用于识别电梯按键的方法。该方法将多个角度收集的电梯按键图像作为数据集;通过形态学运算处理降低了数据噪声,凸显了数据特征;建立了一种训练模型来完成对图像的训练。该方法在训练和实验阶段识别准确率分别为95.90%和97.17%。 展开更多
关键词 深度学习 神经网络 数据集建立 电梯按键识别 图像处理
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高校理工科专业理论力学课程思政建设探索
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作者 田勇 缪玉松 +1 位作者 孟凡震 张兆军 《高教学刊》 2025年第3期193-196,共4页
当代中国正处于中华民族浩瀚历史长河中的关键时刻,人才的培养质量直接关系到中国特色社会主义事业的建设。高校要落实好立德树人的根本任务,就要全面有效推进课程思政建设。理论力学作为理工科教育中的一门基础课程,受众面广泛,通过加... 当代中国正处于中华民族浩瀚历史长河中的关键时刻,人才的培养质量直接关系到中国特色社会主义事业的建设。高校要落实好立德树人的根本任务,就要全面有效推进课程思政建设。理论力学作为理工科教育中的一门基础课程,受众面广泛,通过加强课程思政建设,能够将思想政治教育与专业教育相结合。该文介绍理论力学的课程特点以及思政教育的培养模式,通过实施效果分析,对课程思政的融入点以及融入方式进行探讨。 展开更多
关键词 历史使命 理论力学 课程思政 立德树人 问卷调查
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An Unusual Punishment
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作者 姜红伟 《疯狂英语(初中天地)》 2002年第38期12-12,共1页
One day Jack broke his mother's glass. When shesaw the broken glass, she cried, "Jack, your father isgoing to punish(惩罚)you." "I'm too upset(沮丧)to punish you now." said Jack'sfather... One day Jack broke his mother's glass. When shesaw the broken glass, she cried, "Jack, your father isgoing to punish(惩罚)you." "I'm too upset(沮丧)to punish you now." said Jack'sfather."I'll do it after supper." 展开更多
关键词 An Unusual punishment
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动力电池回收商与地方政府间行为策略演化博弈研究
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作者 赵丹 薛婉婷 +1 位作者 崔晓冰 郑芳悦 《物流科技》 2025年第1期89-94,共6页
新能源汽车的使用量急剧增长,对于到达使用寿命的电池若不及时回收拆解处理,便会造成环境的污染与公共资源的占用。基于此,文章构建动力电池回收商与地方政府之间的演化博弈模型,结合系统动力学理论,构建SD-演化博弈模型,借助Vensim仿... 新能源汽车的使用量急剧增长,对于到达使用寿命的电池若不及时回收拆解处理,便会造成环境的污染与公共资源的占用。基于此,文章构建动力电池回收商与地方政府之间的演化博弈模型,结合系统动力学理论,构建SD-演化博弈模型,借助Vensim仿真分析,验证均衡点的稳定性,探讨如何实现废旧动力电池高效回收。研究表明,动力电池回收商与地方政府之间存在长期博弈,只有在地方政府采取具有惩罚措施的动态监管策略时,系统才能达到均衡稳定状态,反之在静态监管策略下系统不稳定。 展开更多
关键词 动力电池回收 奖惩策略 演化博弈论 系统动力学仿真
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Establishing Submersed Macrophytes via Sinking and Colonization of Shoot Fragments Clipped off Manually 被引量:8
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作者 WU Zhenbin ZUO Jincheng +3 位作者 MA Jianmin WU Juan CHENG Shuiping LIANG Wei 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2007年第3期553-557,共5页
In this paper, sinking and growth of apexes and mid-stems of Myriophyllum spicatum L., Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Ceratophyllum demersum L. in concrete ponds containing eutrophic water and sediment were ... In this paper, sinking and growth of apexes and mid-stems of Myriophyllum spicatum L., Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Ceratophyllum demersum L. in concrete ponds containing eutrophic water and sediment were investigated. Sinking rates of apexes and mid-stems reached 34.8% and 4.4% at the 6 th day and 91.1% and 66.7% at the 22 nd day for M. spicatum, 57.8% and 55.6% at the 6 th day and 100% and 97.8% at the 22 nd day for H. vertieillata, 18.9% and 86.7% at the 6 th day and 95.6% and 100% at the 22 nd day for C. demersum, respectively. Most sunken fragments established themselves successfully with significant growth. Total shoot length ofplantlets developed from apexes and mid-stems increased by 399% and 61% for M. spicatum, 593% and 256% for H. vertieillata and 114% and 104% for C. demersum, respectively. The results showed that it was feasible to establish submersed macrophytes via sinking and colonization of shoot fragments clipped off manually. 展开更多
关键词 EUTROPHICATION submersed macrophyte restoration shoot fragment SINK establish
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基于Midas边坡建模方法及其在稳定计算中的应用
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作者 蔡景法 《东北水利水电》 2025年第1期53-55,62,I0001,共5页
数值模拟是研究不同工况下边坡稳定性状况的有效手段之一。本文基于有限元模拟软件Midas,总结了边坡复杂地形、地质建模方法,围绕着某具体工程实例开展了三维边坡地形地质精细化建模及其稳定性计算与分析。计算分析结果表明,通过开挖放... 数值模拟是研究不同工况下边坡稳定性状况的有效手段之一。本文基于有限元模拟软件Midas,总结了边坡复杂地形、地质建模方法,围绕着某具体工程实例开展了三维边坡地形地质精细化建模及其稳定性计算与分析。计算分析结果表明,通过开挖放坡可以有效地提升边坡的安全系数,降低风险;模型可以全面地反映边坡稳定性状况,准确地计算出不同剖面的滑弧分布位置并判断出危险剖面的安全系数,可以为水利工程设计与施工提供更合理的建议,对水利工程的边坡安全评价具有重要意义。 展开更多
关键词 边坡建模 数值模拟 MIDAS 稳定性分析 安全系数
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Maintenance of cooperation induced by punishment in public goods games 被引量:3
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作者 Wang Zhen Xu Zhao-Jin +1 位作者 Huang Jian-Hua Zhang Lian-Zhong 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2010年第10期20-24,共5页
In this paper, we study the public goods games with punishment by adopting the well-known approximate best response dynamics. It shows that the evolution of cooperation is affected by two aspects when other parameters... In this paper, we study the public goods games with punishment by adopting the well-known approximate best response dynamics. It shows that the evolution of cooperation is affected by two aspects when other parameters are fixed. One is the punishment mechanism which can avoid the dilemma of lacking investment, and the other is the degree of rationality. Theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the existence of punishment mechanism and distribution of rationality are the keys to the enhancement of cooperation level. We also testify that they can heavily influence the payoffs of system as well. The findings in this paper may provide a deeper understanding of some social dilemmas. 展开更多
关键词 public goods games punishment degree of rationality EVOLUTION
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Stochastic evolutionary public goods game with first and second order costly punishments in finite populations 被引量:2
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作者 Ji Quan Yu-Qing Chu +2 位作者 Wei Liu Xian-Jia Wang Xiu-Kang Yang 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第6期119-126,共8页
We study the stochastic evolutionary public goods game with punishment in a finite size population. Two kinds of costly punishments are considered, i.e., first-order punishment in which only the defectors are punished... We study the stochastic evolutionary public goods game with punishment in a finite size population. Two kinds of costly punishments are considered, i.e., first-order punishment in which only the defectors are punished, and second-order punishment in which both the defectors and the cooperators who do not punish the defective behaviors are punished. We focus on the stochastic stable equilibrium of the system. In the population, the evolutionary process of strategies is described as a finite state Markov process. The evolutionary equilibrium of the system and its stochastic stability are analyzed by the limit distribution of the Markov process. By numerical experiments, our findings are as follows.(i) The first-order costly punishment can change the evolutionary dynamics and equilibrium of the public goods game, and it can promote cooperation only when both the intensity of punishment and the return on investment parameters are large enough.(ii)Under the first-order punishment, the further imposition of the second-order punishment cannot change the evolutionary dynamics of the system dramatically, but can only change the probability of the system to select the equilibrium points in the "C+P" states, which refer to the co-existence states of cooperation and punishment. The second-order punishment has limited roles in promoting cooperation, except for some critical combinations of parameters.(iii) When the system chooses"C+P" states with probability one, the increase of the punishment probability under second-order punishment will further increase the proportion of the "P" strategy in the "C+P" states. 展开更多
关键词 public goods games stochastic stable equilibrium punishment finite population
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PHENOMENON OF ESTABLISHING COENOSIUM IN DESERT AND THE ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IN THE AREA AROUND THE OASIS 被引量:2
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作者 Huang Pei you Department of Biology, Xinjiang Universty, Urumqi 830046 《干旱区资源与环境》 CSCD 1993年第Z1期299-301,共3页
The area around the oasis, lying between the oasis and the natural desert and encirclesthe oasis is different from ecotone of the oasis and the desert, because it is not the trans-forming area betwen them, but it is e... The area around the oasis, lying between the oasis and the natural desert and encirclesthe oasis is different from ecotone of the oasis and the desert, because it is not the trans-forming area betwen them, but it is ecological rift valley or ecological burst zone. The oasisbase will be shaked and the nature desert will be degenerative too. It is the crux of the envi- 展开更多
关键词 DESERT VEGETATION Coenosium ESTABLISHMENT OASIS Ecologic RESTORATION
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仪器分析课程“思专融合”教学设计——以“原子吸收光谱法”教学节段为例
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作者 张梦辰 《高教学刊》 2025年第3期134-137,共4页
仪器分析课程是高等学校中化学、环境、生物和材料等相关专业的一门重要专业课程。以立德树人为出发点,挖掘仪器分析课程思政教育元素,找准思政教育与专业教学的契合点,基于“思专融合”理念实现知识传授和价值引领有机统一的教学效果,... 仪器分析课程是高等学校中化学、环境、生物和材料等相关专业的一门重要专业课程。以立德树人为出发点,挖掘仪器分析课程思政教育元素,找准思政教育与专业教学的契合点,基于“思专融合”理念实现知识传授和价值引领有机统一的教学效果,对践行教书育人使命具有积极意义。该文以“原子吸收光谱法”教学节段为例,对思政案例与教学设计进行介绍。 展开更多
关键词 仪器分析 课程思政 教学设计 原子吸收光谱法 立德树人
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Effects of aggregating forests, establishing forest road networks, and mechanization on operational efficiency and costs in a mountainous region in Japan 被引量:1
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作者 Kazuhiro Aruga Gyo Hiyamizu +1 位作者 Chikara Nakahata Masashi Saito 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2013年第4期747-754,共8页
We investigated forest road networks and forestry operations before and after mechanization on aggregated forestry operation sites. We developed equations to estimate densities of road networks with average slope angl... We investigated forest road networks and forestry operations before and after mechanization on aggregated forestry operation sites. We developed equations to estimate densities of road networks with average slope angles, operational efficiency of bunching operations with road network density, and average forwarding distances with operation site areas. Subsequently, we analyzed the effects of aggregating forests, establishing forest road networks, and mechanization on operational efficiency and costs. Six ha proved to be an appropriate operation site area with minimum operation expenses. The operation site areas of the forest owners' cooperative in this region aggregated approximately 6 ha and the cooperative conducted forestry operations on aggregated sites. Therefore, 6 ha would be an appropriate operation site area in this region. Regarding road network density, higher-density road networks increased operational expenses due to the higher direct operational expenses of strip road establishment. Therefore, road network density should be reduced to approximately 200 m. 展开更多
关键词 aggregating forests establishing forest road networks MECHANIZATION operational efficiency COSTS
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Establishing of the Transplanted Animal Models for Human Lung Cancer 被引量:1
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作者 Xingli Zhang Jinchang Wu 《Journal of Nanjing Medical University》 2009年第1期1-5,共5页
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.Even with the applications of excision, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy, the 5 year survival rate is only 15% in the USA. Clinically relevant... Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.Even with the applications of excision, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy, the 5 year survival rate is only 15% in the USA. Clinically relevant laboratory animal models of the disease could greatly facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer, its progression, invasion and metastasis. Transplanted lung cancer models are of special interest and are widely used today. Such models are essential tools in accelerating development of new therapies for lung cancer. In this communication we will present a brief overview of the hosts, sites and pathways used to establish transplanted animal lung tumor models. 展开更多
关键词 lung cancer transplanted animal models establish animal models
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Establishing an experimental model of photodynamic induced anterior ischemic optic neuropathy 被引量:3
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作者 Runsheng Wang Xiaodi Wang +6 位作者 Peilin Lue Jianwei Bai Jianzhou Wang Xiaoqin Lei Xiao- liang Zhou Hongfen Sun Aizhu Pan 《Neural Regeneration Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2006年第4期339-342,共4页
BACKGROUND: Scholars have supposed to establish animal models of optic neuropathy by pressing and partially amputating optic nerve, increasing intraocular pressure and injecting vasoconstrictor, etc., but the models ... BACKGROUND: Scholars have supposed to establish animal models of optic neuropathy by pressing and partially amputating optic nerve, increasing intraocular pressure and injecting vasoconstrictor, etc., but the models are greatly different from anterior ischemia optic neuropathy. Therefore, a more ideal method is needed to establish animal model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). OBJECTIVE : To establish AION models in rats, observe the functional changes of fundus, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), flash visual evoked potential (F-VEP), and histopathologically confirm its reliability. DESIGN: A randomized control tria SETTINGS : Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an Fourth Hospital; Xi'an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases MATERIALS : The experiments were carried out in the research room of Xi'an Institute of Ocular Fundus Diseases from February 2005 to May 2006. Thirty healthy male SD rats of 4-5 weeks old, weighing 140-160 g, were provided by the animal experimental center of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA [SCXK (Military)2002-005], and those without eye disease examined by slit lamp and direct ophthalmoscope after mydriasis were enrolled. The conditions for feeding mice without special pathogen were strictly followed. The rats were randomly divided into blank control group (n =5), laser group (n =5), hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) group and AION group (n =15), each group was numbered randomly. For each rat, the right eye was taken as the experimental eye, and the left one as the control one. METHODS: In the AION group, the rats were injected with HPD (10 mg/kg) via caudal vein, and then the optic discs were exposed to krypton red (647 nm, 80 mV) for 120 s, and the rats were in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively. Rats in the laser group were only exposed to krypton red (647 rim, 80 mV) for 120 s, and in avoidance of light for 2 weeks postoperatively; Those in the HPD group were only injected with HPD (10 mg/kg) via caudal vein; Those in the blank control group were untouched. (1) Visual electrophysiological test: The F-VEP was used to evaluate the function of visual nerve. (2) FFA: After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the fluorescein sodium parenteral solution (1 mL/kg) was injected v/a caudal vein and finished within about 3 s, the time of FFA was recorded from the beginning of injection, the video sight aimed at the optic disc and the surrounding area. (3) After mydriasis and anesthesia as describe above, the rats were examined with OCT. (4) Histological observation: After hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, the optic disc and surrounding blood vessels of retina were observed under light microscope at high power field. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The results of fundus, FFA, visual electrophysiological test and OCT detection within 90 days after model establishment were observed. RESULTS: Of the 30 rats, 1 died after anesthesia in the laser group and 2 died in the AION group respectively, and finally 27 rats were involved in the analysis of results. (1) Changes in fundus: In the AION group, there was edema in upper optic disc and unclear boundary at 1 day after establishment, edema still could be observed at 6 days, and upper optic disc atrophied and appeared as pale at 90 days. (2) FFA results: In the AION group, early "low fluorescence", middle and late "high fluorescence" were observed in upper optic disc 1 day after model establishment, and there was "low fluorescence" at 6 days, and the low fluorescence could be observed all the time at 23 days. (3) Visual electrophysiological changes: In the AION group as compared with the control eyes, the experimental ones had prolonged F-VEP P100 latency [(71.65±8.81), (57.58±8.38) ms, t =3.148, P =0.012], and decreased wave amplitude [(4.77±1.90), (10.06±3.66) μV, t =4.082, P =0.003], and these changes lasted to 35 days after model establishment. (4) OCT results: In the AION group, the reflection surface of part nerve fiber layer was higher than the retina plane, the surface was rough and the thickness was increased at 6 days after model establishment. (5) Histopathological results: At 1 day after model establishment, part optic discs had highly edema, edema of nerve fibers, and loose tissue, also accompanied by the displacement of surrounding retina; At 23 days, the optic disc and surrounding nerve fiber layers became thinner, and the numbers of ganglion nuclei in the retina tissue sections were obviously decreased. These changes were not observed in the laser group, HPD group and blank control group. CONCLUSION : The changes of fundus, FFA, OCT, visual electrophysiology and histopathology confirmed that the krypton red laser irradiation (647 nm) at 2 hours after HPD was injected via caudal vein can establish more ideal animal models of AION. 展开更多
关键词 AION establishing an experimental model of photodynamic induced anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
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Mathematical Neurolaw of Crime and Punishment: The <i>q</i>-Exponential Punishment Function
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作者 Taku Yokoyama Taiki Takahashi 《Applied Mathematics》 2013年第10期1371-1375,共5页
Whether people tend to punish criminals in a socially-optimal manner (i.e., hyperbolic punishment) or not is unknown. By adopting mathematical models of probabilistic punishment behavior (i.e., exponential, hyperbolic... Whether people tend to punish criminals in a socially-optimal manner (i.e., hyperbolic punishment) or not is unknown. By adopting mathematical models of probabilistic punishment behavior (i.e., exponential, hyperbolic, and q-exponential probability discounting model based on Tsallis thermodynamics and neuroeconomics, Takahashi, 2007, Physica A;Takahashi et al., 2012, Applied Mathematics), we examined 1) fitness of the models to behavioral data of uncertain punishment, and 2) deviation from the socially optimal hyperbolic punishment function. Our results demonstrated that, the q-exponential punishment function best fits the behavioral data, and people overweigh the severity of punishment at small punishing probabilities and underweigh the severity of punishment at large punishing probabilities. In other words, people tend to punish crimes too severely and mildly with high and low arrest rate (e.g., homicide vs. excess of speed limit), respectively. Implications for neuroeconomics and neurolaw of crime and punishment (Takahashi, 2012, NeuroEndocrinology Letters) are discussed. 展开更多
关键词 Neurolaw NEUROECONOMICS ECONOPHYSICS Tsallis’ Statistics Hyperbolic punishment Function
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