Deep bedrock geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag,Beibuwan Basin and their potential for exploitation and utilization

The Maichen Sag in the south-central part of the Beibuwan Basin is abundant in geothermal resources that have not been widely exploited and utilized due to inadequate research on it.This study evaluated the geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag based on the regional geological setting and geothermal conditions.Grid units for assessment and a geological model for areas with geothermal resources were established using spatial analysis techniques.The spatial distribution models of the physical and thermophysical properties of the geothermal reservoirs were also built using the Kriging interpolation method.Based on the terrestrial heat flow distribution in the target areas,the spatial distribution of the geo-temperature field through the inversion under the constraints of the temperature data from boreholes were predicted.Factors such as deep geo-temperature,thermophysical properties of rocks,and terrestrial heat flow values,were integrated into this quantitative evaluation of geothermal resources through the geological modeling-based volume method and the geothermal reservoir engineering-based numerical simulation method.The results show that the Maichen Sag has favorable heat source conditions with intersected,deep-rooted faults and widely developed Upper Paleozoic fissured granite geothermal reservoirs.The northern outer slope zone at a burial depth of 3‒5 km on the tectonic plane of the basement in the sag is suggested to be a potential target area,where,as calculated using the volume method,is likely to be the home to the total geothermal resources of 80.4×10^(9)GJ(i.e.,2.75×10^(9)tonnes of coal equivalent(tce))in the bedrock geothermal reservoirs at a burial depth of 3‒6 km.The geotemperature of 172‒201℃at a formation depth of 5 km in the sag also indicates that the deep geothermal resources are of high value for exploitation.

Design and impact estimation of a reform program of China's tax and fee policies for low-grade oil and gas resources

With China＇s rapid economic development,it is important to formulate reasonable and feasible tax and fee policies to promote the development and utilization of low-grade oil and gas resources to guarantee China＇s energy supply security.In this paper,by analyzing major problems of China＇s current tax and fee policies for oil and gas resources,a reform program for low-grade oil and gas resources is designed from the aspects of tax/fee items and tax/fee rates.The impacts of this reform program on China and China＇s oil companies during the ＂Twelfth Five-Year Plan＂ are investigated according to the related data in 2008.The results show that the proposed tax and fee reform program will lower the tax burden of oil companies,promote the development of low-grade oil and gas resources,and increase China＇s GDP and national fiscal revenue.Besides that,it will bring positive social effects by increasing employment opportunities.

The Importance of Integrating Geological Mapping Information with Validated Assay Data for Generating Accurate Geological Wireframes in Orebody Modelling of Mineral Deposit in Mineral Resource Estimation: A Case Study in AngloGold Ashanti, Obuasi Mine

The basis of accurate mineral resource estimates is to have a geological model which replicates the nature and style of the orebody. Key inputs into the generation of a good geological model are the sample data and mapping information. The Obuasi Mine sample data with a lot of legacy issues were subjected to a robust validation process and integrated with mapping information to generate an accurate geological orebody model for mineral resource estimation in Block 8 Lower. Validation of the sample data focused on replacing missing collar coordinates, missing assays, and correcting magnetic declination that was used to convert the downhole surveys from true to magnetic, fix missing lithology and finally assign confidence numbers to all the sample data. The missing coordinates which were replaced ensured that the sample data plotted at their correct location in space as intended from the planning stage. Magnetic declination data, which was maintained constant throughout all the years even though it changes every year, was also corrected in the validation project. The corrected magnetic declination ensured that the drillholes were plotted on their accurate trajectory as per the planned azimuth and also reflected the true position of the intercepted mineralized fissure(s) which was previously not the case and marked a major blot in the modelling of the Obuasi orebody. The incorporation of mapped data with the validated sample data in the wireframes resulted in a better interpretation of the orebody. The updated mineral resource generated by domaining quartz from the sulphides and compared with the old resource showed that the sulphide tonnes in the old resource estimates were overestimated by 1% and the grade overestimated by 8.5%.

An Efficient Method to Estimate Admittance of Black-boxed Inverter-based Resources for Varying Operating Points

Traditional analytical approaches for stability assessment of inverter-based resources(IBRs),often requiring detailed knowledge of IBR internals,become impractical due to IBRs’proprietary nature.Admittance measurements,relying on electromagnetic transient simulation or laboratory settings,are not only time-intensive but also operationally inflexible,since various non-linear control loops make IBRs’admittance models operating-point dependent.Therefore,such admittance measurements must be performed repeatedly when operating point changes.To avoid time-consuming and cumbersome measurements,admittance estimation for arbitrary operating points is highly desirable.However,existing admittance estimation algorithms usually face challenges in versatility,data demands,and accuracy.Addressing this challenge,this letter presents a simple and efficient admittance estimation method for blackboxed IBRs,by utilizing a minimal set of seven operating points to solve a homogeneous linear equation system.Case studies demonstrate this proposed method ensures high accuracy across various types of IBRs.Estimation accuracy is satisfying even when non-negligible measurement errors exist.

Resource Allocation for Channel Estimation in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Multi-Cell Networks

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is a promising solution to deal with the blockage-sensitivity of millimeter wave band and reduce the high energy consumption caused by network densification. However, deploying large scale RISs may not bring expected performance gain due to significant channel estimation overhead and non-negligible reflected interference.In this paper,we derive the analytical expressions of the coverage probability, area spectrum efficiency(ASE)and energy efficiency (EE)of a downlink RIS-aided multi-cell network.In order to optimize the network performance, we investigate the conditions for the optimal number of training symbols of each antenna-to-antenna and antenna-to-element path (referred to as the optimal unit training overhead) in channel estimation.Our study shows that:1)RIS deployment is not“the more, the better”, only when blockage objects are dense should one deploy more RISs;2) the coverage probability is maximized when the unit training overhead is designed as large as possible;3)however,the ASE-and-EE-optimal unit training overhead exists. It is a monotonically increasing function of the frame length and a monotonically decreasing function of the average signal-to-noise-ratio (in the high signal-to-noise-ratio region). Additionally,the optimal unit training overhead is smaller when communication nodes deploy particularly few or many antennas.

Resource Allocation for Physical Layer Security in Heterogeneous Network with Hidden Eavesdropper

The tremendous performance gain of heterogeneous networks(Het Nets) is at the cost of complicated resource allocation. Considering information security, the resource allocation for Het Nets becomes much more challenging and this is the focus of this paper. In this paper, the eavesdropper is hidden from the macro base stations. To relax the unpractical assumption on the channel state information on eavesdropper, a localization based algorithm is first given. Then a joint resource allocation algorithm is proposed in our work, which simultaneously considers physical layer security, cross-tier interference and joint optimization of power and subcarriers under fairness requirements. It is revealed in our work that the considered optimization problem can be efficiently solved relying on convex optimization theory and the Lagrangian dual decomposition method is exploited to solve the considered problem effectively. Moreover, in each iteration the closed-form optimal resource allocation solutions can be obtained based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT) conditions. Finally, the simulation results are given to show the performance advantages of the proposed algorithm.

Intelligent Resources Management System Design in Information Centric Networking

Information centric networking(ICN) is a new network architecture that is centred on accessing content. It aims to solve some of the problems associated with IP networks, increasing content distribution capability and improving users' experience. To analyse the requests' patterns and fully utilize the universal cached contents, a novel intelligent resources management system is proposed, which enables effi cient cache resource allocation in real time, based on changing user demand patterns. The system is composed of two parts. The fi rst part is a fi ne-grain traffi c estimation algorithm called Temporal Poisson traffi c prediction(TP2) that aims at analysing the traffi c pattern(or aggregated user requests' demands) for different contents. The second part is a collaborative cache placement algorithm that is based on traffic estimated by TP2. The experimental results show that TP2 has better performance than other comparable traffi c prediction algorithms and the proposed intelligent system can increase the utilization of cache resources and improve the network capacity.

THE CHANGING TENDENCY OF LAND RESOURCES AND THE COUNTERMEASURES IN HAINAN PROVINCE IN 2000

Hainan Provine, with an land area of 34,170 km2, is the largest economic district for external development in China. With the further deepening of reform and openning up, some new problems of land resource exploitation and use have arisen. The changing tendency of land use is estimated as follows: Land use in economic exploitation, city development and traffic will be increased rapidly; hydraulic construction will occupy a part of land; the use of wasteland is increasing; and the total farmland and per capital farmland will decrease continously. In 2000, the occupied land should be controlled in 5 million mu (1 mu=1/ 15 ha), in which farmland is 160,000 mu. The farmland should be maintained in 6.5 million mu. Some measures to implement the strategy and object of land use are put forward: enhancing land management and administration; excuting land policy and making land management mechanism active; enhancing the efficiency of land use; and control the growth of population strictly.

Regional Study on Economical Supporting Capacity of Land Resources in Shandong Province

Taking the land resources of 17 cities in Shandong Province as the basic data, the article studied on the economical supporting capacity of land resources in terms of the effect of land on economy. The author classified 17 cities of Shandong Province into four types according to the economical supporting capacity of land resources by quantitatively estimating the evaluation indices of the total amount of land resources, the potential of urban and other nonagricultural land, and the integrated economical sup- porting capacity of land resources, etc. The author proposes the questions requiring further study at the end of this article.

Peculiarities of Rent Flows Formation in the Area of Renewable Natural Resources and the Necessity of Their Accounting for Regional Development

Natural landscapes provide ability to live of local people. Because of the lack of information about the rent streams which are created in non-wood resources usage sphere, the priority of the state policy is given to the wood crude product. The purpose of this article is to explain why the ecology-economic accounting of wildlife resources is needed. Methodological approaches of the environment resources by the United Nations allow to define the rent streams created in sector of private households. Based on full economic value of non-wood resources the measurement of rent flows will allow to carry out updating of a state policy and to develop the mechanism of natural landscapes preservation and to increase socially-ecological efficiency of it＇s using.

基于智能分层切片技术的数字孪生传感信息同步策略

针对传感数据在无线接入网(RAN)中传输的不可靠性与不及时性造成数字孪生(DTs)同步信息的不精确问题,该文提出一种基于智能分层切片技术的DTs传感信息同步策略。该策略在双时间尺度下,以最大化传感信息满意度和最小化切片重配置及DTs同步成本为目标,联合优化切片无线资源配置以及DTs传感信息同步问题。首先,在大时间尺度,利用网络切片为有着不同服务质量(QoS)的DTs提供隔离以及解决部署问题;在小时间尺度,通过更加灵活的无线资源分配来提高DTs传感信息同步任务对动态环境的适应性,进一步提高通信性能,建立更逼近于物理实体的DTs。其次,为了求解不同时间尺度的优化问题,该文提出一种双层深度强化学习(DRL)框架实现高效的网络资源交互,其中下层控制算法利用优先经验放回(PER)机制加快收敛速度。最后,仿真结果验证了所提策略的有效性。

指示克里格矿产资源量三维估算方法应用研究——以安徽省某斑岩型铜金矿床为例

文章以安徽省某大型斑岩型铜金矿床为研究对象,基于指示克里格方法对矿床Cu资源量进行估算研究,并将估算结果与传统几何法和普通克里格方法估算结果进行对比分析,以评价指示克里格法的适用性与合理性。研究结果表明:指示克里格估算结果与其他两种方法相比虽有一定偏差,但均在误差范围内,表明指示克里格法适用于斑岩型铜金矿的资源量估算工作;指示克里格法由于考虑了品位数据的空间分布特征及特异值的影响,相比传统几何法、普通克里格法,估算结果中的平均品位和金属量均偏高;指示克里格方法更适用于品位分布连续性较差、特异值具有较高价值和意义的金属矿床。

环境脆弱区“资源诅咒”效应及传导机制的实证研究

西北地区陷入资源、环境与经济发展不均衡的困境,亟需验证资源的丰裕度、资源产业依赖度与其经济发展水平之间是否存在“资源诅咒”效应及其传导机制,以此实现西北地区“资源-经济-环境”可持续发展。选取中国西北地区五省30个地级市2006—2020年面板数据作为样本,以探寻“资源诅咒”存在性为基础,通过提出资源依赖度和经济发展水平之间存在倒“U”型曲线关系的有条件“资源诅咒”假说,研究资源和经济发展之间的关系。同时,对资源丰裕度和资源依赖度进行区分,选取资源依赖度作为解释变量展开对“资源诅咒”命题的研究,利用系统GMM估计方法对基准模型和传导机制模型进行回归分析。研究显示,我国西北地区存在“资源诅咒”现象,其资源依赖度和经济发展水平之间存在倒“U”型曲线关系。进一步研究发现:物质资本投入水平对经济发展水平具有一定程度的负向作用,并且对曲线拐点的负向作用明显,即对规避“资源诅咒”无明显的作用且在一定程度上可能会导致“资源诅咒”的发生;就业增长率、科学技术投入水平、人力资本投入水平和基础设施建设对经济发展和曲线拐点的影响尚不显著,而政府干预对经济发展水平具有显著的负向影响。传导机制估计结果显示,西北地区“资源诅咒”现象暂未表现出对制造业和对外贸易显著的挤出效应,可能与地区政策支持和发展阶段有关,但资源依赖度对制造业发展水平和对外开放程度的负向影响不容忽视。基于上述研究结论,提出如下对策建议:1)加强西北地区社会先行资本建设,改善西北地区区位不利带来的影响;2)进行大量资金投入的同时注重对人才的吸引,避免人才流失;3)促进社会产业结构和产业内部发展机制的转型升级。

QuantyPES软件在黔西南者相金矿床资源量估算中的应用:与传统软件估算的对比

传统制图软件MapGIS、CAD等在资源量估算中具有一定的局限性,其复杂的人工估算和繁重的数据管理过程,导致资源量估算效率较低,而利用QuantyPES软件进行资源量估算可以较好地弥补这些不足。该软件可以把繁杂的传统资源量估算方式转变为系统的软件程序自动化,适用于矿产勘查各阶段的资源量估算与管理。以黔西南者相金矿床为例,介绍与对比QuantyPES软件与传统软件在实际资源量估算方式中的特点,认为QuantyPES软件在资源量估算中具有更快的速度及效率,计算结果具有更高的准确性及科学性,还可进行三维地质统计学法资源量估算、资源储量动态估算与管理、数据可持续利用及共享等。通过研究QuantyPES软件在资源量估算中的先进性,期望该软件在未来地质勘查工作中得到更广泛的应用,进一步提高资源量估算的科学性与可靠性。

基于3DMine软件三维实体建模及资源量估算应用探讨——以瓮福磷矿区谷龙磷矿勘探为例

以3DMine矿业工程软件为基础,以贵州省瓮福磷矿区谷龙磷矿为研究对象,探索在地质勘查过程中钻孔数据库建立、三维实体建模等。利用钻孔数据库、实体模型进行可视化三维空间分析、综合图件绘制,以及资源量估算等。通过软件应用和实践,为其他类似矿山地质勘查的信息化、数字化、三维可视化和空间分析提供借鉴。

渤海湾盆地干热岩开发利用前景评估——基于开采优化数值模拟的认识

渤海湾盆地的大地热流高,5000 m埋深地层平均温度为175℃,热储岩性以低孔低渗的变质岩、火成岩为主,具备形成干热岩资源的条件。基于大地热流、岩石热导率、生热率等热参数,利用COMSOL软件建立三维水热耦合的干热岩开采模型、分析不同井间距、注采速率、布井方式等差异开采方案下在100 a内对热储层温度的影响随开发时间的变化,选取最优方案并估算干热岩资源。结果表明:注采速率一定时,随着开采时间的增加,开采井水温度下降速率与井间距成反比;当注采井间距一定时,注采速率越大,开采井水温度下降越快,发生“热突破”的时间越早;其他条件相同的情况下,“两采两注”布井方案比“一采一注”布井方案获得的热量更多,开采效率更高。基于上述认识,确定研究区最优开采方案为:年限50 a、井间距400 m、注采量90 m^(3)/h、“两采两注”方式。此方案下,可获得开采井水平均温度为172℃,对应全渤海湾盆地可采资源量为3.28×10^(19)J/a。以河北任丘市为例,按照民用住宅热负荷指标100 W/m^(2)计算,利用最优方案进行干热岩的开采,仅需157.75 km^(2)干热岩有利区即可满足全市居民供暖需求。因此,开发利用研究区干热岩资源,可增强华北地区能源供应保障能力,打造可持续发展的绿色低碳能源体系。

基于资源消耗动因的标化医疗服务项目成本测算研究

新一轮医疗服务价格改革提出构建政府主导、医院参与的价格形成机制,目前各地正在开展改革试点,但在具体实践中医疗机构普遍感到价格调整建议的提出标准和依据不足。对此,以江苏省25家公立医院的成本数据为例,探讨基于主要资源消耗动因、对不同类型医疗服务项目进行标化成本测算的方法,为公立医院开展项目成本测算提供参考和依据。

地质统计学在藏北波龙铜矿床资源量估算中的应用

藏北波龙铜矿床是产于班公湖—怒江缝合带北缘多龙矿集区的超大型斑岩型铜矿。目前,矿床资源量已突破400×10^(4)t。文章以3D Mine Plus软件作为资源量估算平台,通过地质数据库建设,搭建矿体实体模型,分析处理特异值,选定样品等长度组合,确定块体模型、变异函数模型、搜索椭球体等参数和块体品位插值,资源量估算等步骤,对波龙矿体的资源量进行了比较准确的估算,并以距离反比法等方法进行验证。结果表明,应用该估算方法相对误差较小,符合客观实际,为该矿床的资源开发和后续找矿工作提供科学依据。

多宽带雷达协同目标微动周期估计方法

微动周期是区分弹头和仿形诱饵的重要特征.针对当前主要的雷达微动周期估计方法存在时间资源消耗大、对单雷达测量精度要求高、需要多宽带雷达同步观测等缺点,提出一种多宽带雷达协同目标微动周期估计方法.首先利用最小均方(LMS)算法进行目标真实尺寸估计;然后利用变尺度差频处理通过尺寸序列提取目标微动周期;最后通过仿真验证了本文方法的有效性,并探索了应用边界条件.该方法无需多宽带雷达同步观测,且在单雷达常规尺寸测量精度和时间资源消耗条件下即可准确估计目标微动周期.