Mechanical response of roof rock mass unloading during continuous mining process in underground mine

Taking the test stopes during continuous mining induced roof caving of Tongkeng ore-body No.92 as example, the calculation flow of unloading analysis was established. According to the unloading region division method of the affected zone theory, and the deterioration laws of mechanics parameters of unloading rock mass, the continuous mining process in underground mine was analyzed by the software MIDAS/GTS, the mechanical response of roof rock mass unloading was studied, and the differences were analyzed with the conventional simulation. The result shows that the maximum tensile stress, subsidence displacement and equivalent plastic strain of roof rock mass are 1.5 MPa, 20 cm and 1.5% in the unloading analysis, while 1.0 MPa, 13 cm and 0.9% in the conventional analysis. The values of unloading analysis, which are also closer to the actual situation, are greater than those of conventional analysis; the maximum step in continuous mining is 48 m, which shows that the induced treatment of the roof should be carried out after 2 mining steps

Numerical method to determine mechanical parameters of engineering design in rock masses

This paper proposes a new continuity model for engineering in rock masses and a new schematic method for reporting the engineering of rock continuity. This method can be used to evaluate the mechanics of every kind of medium;and is a new way to determine the mechanical parameters used in engineering design in rock masses. In the numerical simulation, the experimental parameters of intact rock were combined with the structural properties of field rock. Theexperimental results for orthogonally-jointed rock are given. The results included the curves of the stress-strain relationship of some rock masses, the curve of the relationship between the dimension Δ and the uniaxial pressure-resistant strength σc of these rock masses, and pictures of the destructive procedure of some rock masses in uniaxial or triaxial tests, etc. Application of the method to engineering design in rock masses showed the potential of its application to engineering practice.

Advances in statistical mechanics of rock masses and its engineering applications

To efficiently link the continuum mechanics for rocks with the structural statistics of rock masses,a theoretical and methodological system called the statistical mechanics of rock masses(SMRM)was developed in the past three decades.In SMRM,equivalent continuum models of stressestrain relationship,strength and failure probability for jointed rock masses were established,which were based on the geometric probability models characterising the rock mass structure.This follows the statistical physics,the continuum mechanics,the fracture mechanics and the weakest link hypothesis.A general constitutive model and complete stressestrain models under compressive and shear conditions were also developed as the derivatives of the SMRM theory.An SMRM calculation system was then developed to provide fast and precise solutions for parameter estimations of rock masses,such as full-direction rock quality designation(RQD),elastic modulus,Coulomb compressive strength,rock mass quality rating,and Poisson’s ratio and shear strength.The constitutive equations involved in SMRM were integrated into a FLAC3D based numerical module to apply for engineering rock masses.It is also capable of analysing the complete deformation of rock masses and active reinforcement of engineering rock masses.Examples of engineering applications of SMRM were presented,including a rock mass at QBT hydropower station in northwestern China,a dam slope of Zongo II hydropower station in D.R.Congo,an open-pit mine in Dexing,China,an underground powerhouse of Jinping I hydropower station in southwestern China,and a typical circular tunnel in Lanzhou-Chongqing railway,China.These applications verified the reliability of the SMRM and demonstrated its applicability to broad engineering issues associated with jointed rock masses.

Determination of rock mass integrity coefficient using a non-invasive geophysical approach

Determination of rock mechanical parameters is the most important step in rock mass quality evaluation and has significant impacts on geotechnical engineering practice.Rock mass integrity coefficient(KV)is one of the most efficient parameters,which is conventionally determined from boreholes.Such approaches,however,are time-consuming and expensive,offer low data coverage of point measurements,require heavy equipment,and are hardly conducted in steep topographic sites.Hence,borehole approaches cannot assess the subsurface thoroughly for rock mass quality evaluation.Alternatively,use of geophysical methods is non-invasive,rapid and economical.The proposed geophysical approach makes useful empirical correlation between geophysical and geotechnical parameters.We evaluated the rock mass quality via integration between KV measured from the limited boreholes and inverted resistivity obtained from electrical resistivity tomography(ERT).The borehole-ERT correlation provided KV along various geophysical profiles for more detailed 2D/3D(two-/three-dimensional)mapping of rock mass quality.The subsurface was thoroughly evaluated for rock masses with different engineering qualities,including highly weathered rock,semi-weathered rock,and fresh rock.Furthermore,ERT was integrated with induced polarization(IP)to resolve the uncertainty caused by water/clay content.Our results show that the proposed method,compared with the conventional approaches,can reduce the ambiguities caused by inadequate data,and give more accurate insights into the subsurface for rock mass quality evaluation.

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three- dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh＇s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross- cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.

The improved neutral network and its application for valuing rock mass mechanical parameter

The artificial neutral network(ANN) has the ability that self-study and self-remember, its 3 layers BP network has been applied extensively, but sometimes because of serious multi-correlation between the variables, and a few observations while many variables, there usually will result into paralyzing in study, and the neutral network further development is restricted in the system to some extent. The partial least square regression(PLS) has its advantage of building the calculation model between the variables with strong multi-correlation, especially much effective on a few data and many variables. So a new and effective method-improved neutral network has been introduced-the neutral network based on the PLS. The results of example show the improved method has a few calculations and high accuracy, and provide a new way for valuing the rock mass mechanical parameters.

Study on mechanical parameters of fractured rock masses

The equivalent strength parameters of fractured rock masses are prerequisite for stability analysis of geotechnical engineering projects constructed in fractured rock masses which are encountered frequently in western china.Based on generated mesh of fractured rock masses,combined with statistic damage constitutive model of intact rock and damage model of structural plane,progressive failure of fractured rock masses is studied using finite element method(FEM) .Furthermore,Scale effect and anisotropy of compressive strength of fractured rock masses are studied.Study results show that the strength decreases and tend towards stability rapidly from intact rock to fractured rock masses,and the anisotropy of strength of fractured rock masses is not significant.At last,based on numerical simulation conducted on 10 m scale rock masses under different confining pressures,the equivalent strength parameters of fractured rock masses are gained and the results are compared with Hoek-Brown criteria.The method developed is helpful for determination of strength parameters of fractured rock masses.

Study on Estimation Method of Rock Mass Discontinuity Shear Strength Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Image Technique

The estimation of shear strength of rock mass discontinuity is always a focal, but difficult, problem in the field of geotechnical engineering. Considering the disadvantages and limitation of exist- ing estimation methods, a new approach based on the shadow area percentage （SAP） that can be used to quantify surface roughness is proposed in this article. Firstly, by the help of laser scanning technique, the three-dimensional model of the surface of rock discontinuity was established. Secondly, a light source was simulated, and there would be some shadows produced on the model surface. Thirdly, to obtain the value of SAP of each specimen, the shadow detection technique was introduced for use. Fourthly, compared with the result from direct shear testing and based on statistics, an empirical for- mula was found among SAP, normal stress, and shear strength. Data of Yujian （~ River were used as an example, and the following conclusions have been made. （1） In the case of equal normal stress, the peak shear stress is positively proportional to the SAP. （2） The formula for estimating was derived, and the predictions of peak-shear strength made with this equation well agreed with the experimental re- suits obtained in laboratory tests.

寒区露天矿板岩冻融力学特性及边坡稳定性研究

为了探究寒区板岩边坡在冻融条件下的力学参数劣化规律及其失稳机理,通过室内冻融循环力学试验,并基于广义Hoek-Brown强度准则计算岩体内聚力和内摩擦角随冻融循环次数的衰减规律,以此修正未考虑冻融损伤的白云鄂博南帮内聚力和内摩擦角块体模型,实现南帮岩体力学参数的时空演化表征,最后通过数值模拟分析白云鄂博铁矿主矿区南帮边坡在冻融效应下的循序破坏机理。结果表明:经20次冻融循环后,矽质板岩、云母化板岩、碳化板岩、断层岩内聚力降低率分别为21.64%、22.66%、28.09%、28.53%,内摩擦角降低率分别为12.76%、14.72%、19.37%、21.35%;在冻融效应下,南帮边坡稳定系数由1.19逐渐降至0.92,1650~1570 m区域剪应变逐渐增大,最终滑体于1570 m平台滑移剪出。

挤压型软岩隧道大变形机理与支护参数优化研究

地应力水平是隧道挤压型软岩大变形主导因素之一,深部地应力与岩体力学特性对隧道设计具有较强参考价值。以西成铁路甘青隧道地应力测试与岩体力学试验为基础,深入分析测试数据,采用数值模拟方法进行不同地应力水平的计算,对比现场实测数据,结果发现,测区地应力以水平地应力为主导,三向地应力关系为S_(H)>S_(h)>S_(V),具有较强的水平构造作用,地应力比值在1.5~4.5之间,随着埋深增加逐渐减小;岩体荷载-变形(P-W)曲线外包络线形态大体上呈现为“下凹形”,以塑性变形为主;仅有少量弹性变形,岩体抗剪断应力-应变(τ-ε)曲线基本呈抛物线形,屈服值不明显,以塑性破坏为主。随着地应力比值增加,隧道水平变形越来越大,竖直变形先减小后增加,二者比值介于0.70~2.45之间,均小于地应力比值,最大变形由拱顶向拱腰转移,围岩主应力差值逐渐增加,挤压形变压力越来越大。在此基础上,针对甘青隧道进口的水平挤压大变形特征,提出增大拱架刚度、加强锁脚、加强拱架纵向连接、增大隧道预留变形量等支护优化措施,现场实测表明,这些措施有效控制了隧道变形。

某建筑石料矿露天高陡边坡稳定性研究

露天矿山高陡边坡稳定问题一直是矿山生产面临的重大安全隐患,通过研究利用费辛柯法、格吉法、经验折减法、岩体内摩擦角换算法及H-B准则参数过渡方法,综合确定矿区边坡的岩土体物理力学参数。利用FLAC^(3D)强度折减法,从二维和三维2种角度对边坡稳定性进行了研究。研究结果表明:在自重+地下水+地震工况下,B区、C区以及D区边坡的安全系数小于许用安全系数,边坡处于不稳定性状态,有可能产生整体变形破坏,需优化边坡设计参数,为保障矿山安全生产提供了科学的依据。

岩体尺寸效应数值模拟及参数识别研究

岩体力学参数是工程设计与建设的基石,直接影响着设计计算的准确性与工程建设的稳定性。基于岩体结构力学,采用数值模拟手段以随机裂隙网络构建裂隙岩样尺寸与裂隙岩样力学参数指标关系,确定可用于工程实际的岩体力学参数,并将数值模拟法与常用各类折减法所获取的岩体力学参数进行对比分析。结果表明:随裂隙岩样尺寸增加,内部裂隙数目增加,各项力学指标逐渐减小并趋于稳定。根据不同方法确定岩体力学参数对比结果,数值模拟法能较好地获取岩体力学参数,且在弹性模量、摩擦角指标获取上具有一定优势,以随机裂隙数值模拟方法进行参数识别具有一定可行性。

岩体基本质量指标BQ与岩石坚固性系数f之间的关系研究

为了建立岩石坚固性系数f与岩体基本质量指标BQ、岩体各力学参数指标之间的关系,采用下列方法进行研究:(1)已知岩石单轴抗压强度R_C和BQ、f都存在相关关系,以R_C作为中间量,建立BQ与f的关系式;(2)已知岩体体积节理数J_V和岩石质量指标D_(RQD)、完整性指数K_V都存在相关关系,以J_V作为中间量,建立D_(RQD)与K_V的关系式,再经推导可得出BQ、f、D_(RQD)之间的关系式;(3)根据BQ、f、D_(RQD)之间的关系式,建立岩体各力学参数与f之间的关系方程;(4)将得到的研究结果用于吉尔吉斯斯坦南北路隧道工程的岩体分级及岩体各力学参数估计,据此确定施工方案,沉降变形监测结果表明,该工程施工效果良好。

基于岩体波速的Hoek-Brown准则预测岩体力学参数方法及工程应用

根据建立的由岩体波速估算地质强度指标GSI和岩体扰动参数D的计算公式,引入Hoek-Brown准则,给出岩体波速预测岩体力学参数方法(简称岩体波速法)。以中缅油气管道(国内段)澜沧江跨域工程边坡岩体力学参数研究为例,并以室内岩石物理力学参数和场区声波测试数据为基础,采用岩体波速法和E.Hoek建议法预测场区的岩体力学参数。结果表明:岩体波速法和E.Hoek建议法所得的结果平均相对误差均较小,两者基本等效,数值模拟结果更进一步验证了工程应用效果的合理性。该方法在试验资料不足的情况下,能为岩体力学参数的快速评价提供一条新途径。

Hoek-Brown准则中确定地质强度指标因素的量化

追踪Hoek-Brown准则利用岩块力学参数估算岩体力学参数所采取方法的进展及各种改进措施。指出Hoek创立的最新方法——地质强度指标(GSI)法完全依赖定性描述和个人主观经验的不足,揭示决定地质强度指标的物理因素是岩体结构类型,化学因素是岩石风化状况。引入基于钻孔岩芯不同完整长度的岩体块度指数,以定量地表征岩体结构。分析岩石风化在化学上是原生矿物水解、淋失促使矿物蚀变而导致岩性改变的过程,依此提出表征岩石风化状况的定量指标——岩石绝对风化指数,同时研究推出其计算方法。将岩体块度指数、绝对风化指数在地质强度指标的区间范围概化表上有机结合起来,构成了GSI的定量确定方法。利用该方法估计一公路隧道围岩的变形模量、抗拉、抗压及抗剪强度等力学参数,并计算塌落拱高度。与实测数据对比,其最大误差在14%左右,验证方法的有效性和实用性。

开采扰动岩体力学性质变异试验研究与探测分析

根据弹性模量变化定义岩体损伤变量,结合室内岩石单轴全应力–应变循环加、卸载试验,探究岩石损伤过程中电阻率的变化,获得岩石单轴压缩各个阶段电阻率的变化规律,分析发现电阻率与弹性模量以及抗压强度之间的变化关系符合对数数学模型,可实现用电阻率变化表征岩体损伤变量。同时,利用刚性试验机进行大理岩三轴压缩试验,研究不同损伤状态下抗剪强度的变化规律,试验结果显示,不同损伤状态下弹性模量与抗剪强度变化关系符合对数数学模型,且整体变化规律差异不大。根据上述研究结果,最终建立损伤过程中电阻率、弹性模量、抗压强度及抗剪强度之间的经验公式,实现用电阻率变化表征扰动岩体的力学性质变异。最后,利用抚顺东露天矿边坡现场高密度电法探测结果,得出边坡地层开采扰动前后视电阻率变化,代入经验公式估算出扰动边坡岩体的力学参数,为进一步分析井工开采扰动边坡的稳定性提供岩石力学参数选取依据。

岩体分级BQ与RMR的关系及其力学参数估计

在国标《工程岩体分级标准》(GB50218—94)岩体质量分级的基础上,提出了岩体基本质量指标BQ的简化计算方法。根据规范中建议的岩体物理力学参数取值范围,编制了各参数与BQ关系曲线图,通过非线性拟合分析,建立了各物理力学参数与BQ之间关系的经验公式。基于内摩擦角等效原则,通过比较已有的分别用RMR和BQ表达的岩体内摩擦角经验公式,推导出1个BQ和RMR之间的关系方程。同样基于变形模量等效原则,通过比较已有的分别用RMR和BQ表达的岩体变形模量经验公式,推导出4个BQ和RMR之间的关系方程。这5个关系方程与实测结果进行了比较分析,得到了上限线和下限线方程;由内摩擦角等效获得的关系方程趋势较好,取上限线和下限线的中间线对其进行修正,得到了本文建议的RMR和BQ之间的关系方程。

基于岩体爆破累积损伤效应的Hoek-Brown准则修正公式

爆破开挖作业引起的扰动与损伤,特别是频繁爆破产生的累积损伤效应,必然导致岩体完整性降低,岩体力学参数弱化,从而威胁岩体工程稳定性。考虑岩体爆破损伤及其累积效应,指出了Hoek-Brown(赫克-布朗)准则及其改进公式的不足,引入完整性系数K v和损伤因子D,建立了可以表征岩体爆破累积损伤效应、岩体爆破扰动状态及其力学参数弱化程度的mb和s的取值方法。基于声速变化与爆破累积损伤效应之间的联系,建立了以岩体声速降低率η为基准量的岩体爆破累积损伤扩展模型,并将该模型成功应用于提出的Hoek-Brown准则修正公式中。根据现场模拟爆破试验与声波测试数据,对提出的修正公式进行了分析,结果表明,建立的考虑岩体爆破累积损伤效应的Hoek-Brown准则修正公式是合理的。

范各庄煤矿砂岩岩体结构数字识别及参数表征

借助先进的3GSM三维岩体不接触测量技术,对范各庄煤矿12煤底板砂岩岩体结构面进行现场测量,获取一系列真实描述岩体宏观结构的数字图像,提取节理几何形态空间分布信息,建立三维岩体结构面空间分布模型。在此基础上,得到砂岩岩体结构面联通网络,基于离散介质渗流方法和现场水文试验数据,建立岩体水力学参数表征方法,得到宏观岩体水力学参数,并分析参数的尺寸效应,实现岩体结构参数(几何形态)数字信息与水力学参数的定量表征有机衔接,为范各庄煤矿12煤底板砂岩岩体结构稳定性分析和突水危险性评价提供更加真实、可靠的数据支持。

云锡大屯锡矿岩体力学参数的确定

阐述了岩体力学参数研究的重要性,系统地介绍了几种国内外常用的岩体力学参数的确定方法及其原理。以云锡大屯锡矿岩体力学参数研究为例,并以其室内试验得出的岩石物理力学参数和岩体质量评价RMR值为基础,采用这些方法对岩石物理力学参数进行工程折减弱化处理,计算得出其岩体力学参数。其结果对比分析及其推荐值的工程应用结果表明:将最新的Hoek-Brown准则、室内试验、M.Georgi法和费森科法四者相结合来进行分析,得出的岩体力学参数更为合理,提高了工程岩体力学计算精度。