As its contribution to a national crusade against scientific misconduct, the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS) recently came up With a code of conduct for its staff designed to ensure good research pr...As its contribution to a national crusade against scientific misconduct, the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS) recently came up With a code of conduct for its staff designed to ensure good research practice.展开更多
The recent global COVID-19 pandemic has had profound economic and social impacts on the world.It has highlighted an urgent need to strengthen existing international biosecurity governance mechanisms to prevent the mis...The recent global COVID-19 pandemic has had profound economic and social impacts on the world.It has highlighted an urgent need to strengthen existing international biosecurity governance mechanisms to prevent the misuse and malicious abuse of life science research and maintain international biological arms control norms.Biologists are at the front line of biotechnology development and are key to maintaining biosecurity awareness and moral self-discipline.As an important first step,biologists need to actively participate in the formulation and implementation of relevant biosecurity policies and measures to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.Furthermore,efforts should be made to advocate for and promote the establishment of an ethical code of conduct for biologists to share safety responsibilities for global biosecurity.To maximize the impact of this ethical code of conduct,an effective approach to implementing codes of conduct for biologists at both national and international levels should be established under the framework of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention(BTWC).展开更多
Objective: The local regulations for conducting experimental and clinical cell therapy studies are dependent on the national and cultural approach to the issue, and may have many common aspects as well as differences ...Objective: The local regulations for conducting experimental and clinical cell therapy studies are dependent on the national and cultural approach to the issue, and may have many common aspects as well as differences with the regulations in other countries.The study reflects the latest national aspects of cell therapy in Iran and relevant regulations. Methods: The following topics are discussed in the article including sources of cell harvest, regulations for cell disposal, stem cell manufacturing, and economic aspects of stem cell, based on current practice in Iran. Results: All cell therapy trials in Iran are required to strictly abide with the ethical codes, national and local regulations, and safety requirements, as well as considering human rights and respect. Adherence to these standards has facilitated the conduct of human cell therapy trials for research, academic advancement, and therapy. Conclusions: The cell therapy trials based on the aforementioned regulations may be assumed to be ethical and they are candidates for clinical translations based on safety and efficacy issues.展开更多
Case description:Withdrawal of treatment is a common practice in critical care settings,perticularly when treatment is considered futile.The case study demonstrates an ethical dilemma,in which Danny is unlikely to mak...Case description:Withdrawal of treatment is a common practice in critical care settings,perticularly when treatment is considered futile.The case study demonstrates an ethical dilemma,in which Danny is unlikely to make a functional recovery because of multiple organ dysfunction syndromes.Under such a circumstance,withdrawal of treatment will inevitably be considered,although his family refused to do so.Consequently,acritical question must be answered:Who should make the decision?Ethical dilemma identification:Danny decided to withdraw the use of life-support,whilst his wife and adult children refused to do so.The ethical dilemma is illustrated by the following question:Who decides the withdrawal of treatment in a critical care setting?Analysis:To provide an opotional solution to this case and make the best moral decision,the current study will critically discuss this issue in conjunction with ethical principles,philosophical theories and the values statement of the European and Chinese nurses'codes of ethics.Additionally,the associated literature relative to this case are analysed before the decision-making.Ethical decision-making:The best ethical decision is Danny can decide whether to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment.If his family is involved in the discussion,the medical staff should balance the ethical principles when they make the decision and allocate reasonable resources for patients.Results:In Danny's case,health professionals opted to respect his decision to withdraw treatment.The medical staff maintained an effective communication with the family involved,and provided the appropriate intervention to collaborate with other health care professionals to perfect further care.展开更多
The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swis...The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.展开更多
文摘As its contribution to a national crusade against scientific misconduct, the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS) recently came up With a code of conduct for its staff designed to ensure good research practice.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(Grant no.20BFX163)grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant no.2020YFA0908600,2019YFA0904600).
文摘The recent global COVID-19 pandemic has had profound economic and social impacts on the world.It has highlighted an urgent need to strengthen existing international biosecurity governance mechanisms to prevent the misuse and malicious abuse of life science research and maintain international biological arms control norms.Biologists are at the front line of biotechnology development and are key to maintaining biosecurity awareness and moral self-discipline.As an important first step,biologists need to actively participate in the formulation and implementation of relevant biosecurity policies and measures to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.Furthermore,efforts should be made to advocate for and promote the establishment of an ethical code of conduct for biologists to share safety responsibilities for global biosecurity.To maximize the impact of this ethical code of conduct,an effective approach to implementing codes of conduct for biologists at both national and international levels should be established under the framework of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention(BTWC).
文摘Objective: The local regulations for conducting experimental and clinical cell therapy studies are dependent on the national and cultural approach to the issue, and may have many common aspects as well as differences with the regulations in other countries.The study reflects the latest national aspects of cell therapy in Iran and relevant regulations. Methods: The following topics are discussed in the article including sources of cell harvest, regulations for cell disposal, stem cell manufacturing, and economic aspects of stem cell, based on current practice in Iran. Results: All cell therapy trials in Iran are required to strictly abide with the ethical codes, national and local regulations, and safety requirements, as well as considering human rights and respect. Adherence to these standards has facilitated the conduct of human cell therapy trials for research, academic advancement, and therapy. Conclusions: The cell therapy trials based on the aforementioned regulations may be assumed to be ethical and they are candidates for clinical translations based on safety and efficacy issues.
文摘Case description:Withdrawal of treatment is a common practice in critical care settings,perticularly when treatment is considered futile.The case study demonstrates an ethical dilemma,in which Danny is unlikely to make a functional recovery because of multiple organ dysfunction syndromes.Under such a circumstance,withdrawal of treatment will inevitably be considered,although his family refused to do so.Consequently,acritical question must be answered:Who should make the decision?Ethical dilemma identification:Danny decided to withdraw the use of life-support,whilst his wife and adult children refused to do so.The ethical dilemma is illustrated by the following question:Who decides the withdrawal of treatment in a critical care setting?Analysis:To provide an opotional solution to this case and make the best moral decision,the current study will critically discuss this issue in conjunction with ethical principles,philosophical theories and the values statement of the European and Chinese nurses'codes of ethics.Additionally,the associated literature relative to this case are analysed before the decision-making.Ethical decision-making:The best ethical decision is Danny can decide whether to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment.If his family is involved in the discussion,the medical staff should balance the ethical principles when they make the decision and allocate reasonable resources for patients.Results:In Danny's case,health professionals opted to respect his decision to withdraw treatment.The medical staff maintained an effective communication with the family involved,and provided the appropriate intervention to collaborate with other health care professionals to perfect further care.
文摘The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.
