Game theory model of exit selection in pedestrian evacuation considering visual range and choice firmness

Exit choice is one of the most important pedestrian behaviors during evacuation.Distance to the exit is a generally recognized factor influencing expected moving time to the exit.Visual range determines how much information a pedestrian can perceive,thus the number of pedestrians within the visual field can be used to estimate waiting time at the exit.Besides,the choice firmness that reflects the degree to which a pedestrian would persist in his/her previous choice of exit is proposed.By integrating game theory into a cellular automata simulation framework,the pedestrian exit choice mechanism is investigated and explicitly modeled in this paper.A systematic analysis of the key factors influencing pedestrian evacuation is conducted,including visual radius and choice firmness of a pedestrian,initial crowd distribution of the room,exit layout as well as exit width.It is found that low choice firmness level can lead to unnatural pedestrian behavior such as wandering,which is adverse to evacuation.The longer the pedestrian's visual radius,the earlier the pedestrian can determine his/her final selection of the exit.Compared with the scenario where the pedestrians are randomly distributed,pedestrians clustered together in a corner of the room lead to high crowd density and imbalanced use of exits.Furthermore,the exit layout and exit width also have a certain influence on pedestrian evacuation process.The results of this paper may be of benefit to the formulation of behavioral rules in other pedestrian simulation models.

On the Ethical Choices of The Winter of Our Discontent in Consumer Society

The Winter of Our Discontent is Steinbeck's last published novel, which received negative and positive criticism at homeand abroad. Persistent concern for ethics and morality as one of themes displayed by Steinbeck in The Winter of Our Discontent.Living in the 1950 s of America, Ethan's family were confronting a consumer society. By using the theory of literary ethical criti-cism, tracing back to ethical environment at that time, this essay aims to analyze the ethical questions that the Ethan's family facedand their ethical choices respectively.

Reading of The Guiltless from the Perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism

The Guiltless is Hermann Broch’s last novel,and it is also a work that embodies Broch’s literary and artistic view.The novel takes place in a period of social and historical change,and the conflict between the old and the new ethical relations leads to the confusion of the ethical relations,which causes the relationship between the characters to become distorted.This paper tries to analyze the relationship between Baroness W and her family from the perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism in aspects of ethical environment,ethical selection and ethical identity.It reveals that in the period of social and historical change,in the environment of social ethics disorder,the distorted ethical selection of characters and the loss of ethical identity.Hermann Broch attempts to arouse readers’ethical reflection by depicting such an era and such characters.

The Path Choice and Method of Chinese Rural Governance Ethics Research

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Effective governance is the key to rural revitalization.Effective rural governance needs to properly deal with the ethical relationship in the process of governance.The study of rural governance ethics in China includes three kinds of path choices.They are paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up,organic integration of special and general,and interweaving between tradition and modernity.The paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up needs to be done by methods,such as the use of the relationship between theory and practice,the change from abstract research to applied research,and the implementation of fieldwork surveys.Special and general organic integration depends on methods,such as the law of contradiction specificity and universality,the cooperation of induction and deduction,the operation of case studies,etc.The interweaving of tradition and modernity requires methods to be realized,such as the negation of negation,moral narrative,and non-intrusive research.

Can simple songs express useful signals for mate choice?

Background:As one of the most elaborate and diverse sexual signals,bird songs are prominent among mate choice criteria.Females generally prefer mates with larger repertoire size,which promotes the evolution of song complex?ity.However,there are also some songbirds that have far simpler and less diverse vocalizations,which have not been the focus of scientific scrutiny.Most Phylloscopus warblers are accomplished singers with complex songs.In contrast,Hume's Warbler(P.humei) has extremely simple songs.In order to explore the song's function,its evolutionary sig?nificance and particularly to assess its possible relationship with parental investment,we studied mate choice of the subspecies P.h.mandellii in Lianhuashan National Nature Reserve,Gansu,China.Methods:We recorded body measurements and songs of breeding males and then explored their relationships with the date of clutch initiation,reasoning that the characteristics of males that are involved with early nesting activities reflect female mate preferences.We also recorded egg size and body measurements of nestlings to assess the rela?tionship between parental investment and mate choice.Results:We found that male wing and tail lengths were positively correlated with early clutch initiation as were songs characterized by short duration and rapid rise to maximum amplitude.We also found that early?breeding females did not lay large eggs,but produced more surviving young,which grew up faster.Conclusions:Female mate choice criteria in this bird include both visual signals and song characteristics.Our study supports the hypothesis that females may judge male quality from quite subtle differences.In order to reduce the risk of predation,a preference for such inconspicuous male characteristics may be partially driven by high vulnerability of this warbler to predators as a ground?nesting species.

Reading the Iraqi War Narrative Sand Queen from the Perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism

An US woman soldier and an Iraqi medical student were given a voice to their feelings in Helen Benedict’s Iraqi war Narrative Sand Queen.It was the first time war stories had been told by two women from different nations.Character-narrator Kate Brady,a female American soldier,tells the story about how she tried to be an independent woman respected in American society by the way of being a female soldier,but failed in the end.The thesis focuses on Kate’s narration and analyzes her ethical choices from the perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism.By probing into the ethical situation Kate faces,and exploring the ethical conflicts among rational will and natural will on Kate,this thesis attempts to reveal what led to Kate’s ethical choices and caused her ethical confusion,and more importantly,what made her dreams shatter.

情感、理性与选择——叶芝《骸骨之梦》的文学伦理学批评解读

戏剧《骸骨之梦》叙述了男青年从子夜到黎明的思想发展过程,从而对1916年的爱尔兰复活节起义作了隐晦的回应。从文学伦理学批评的角度来看,迪尔米德和德沃吉拉是斯芬克斯式的人物形象。为了私人性的情感纠葛,他们受到兽性因子中自然意志和自由意志的驱使,犯下了引狼入室的非理性罪行。他们身上理性意志的萌生,让其灵魂一直得不到安宁,从而悔恨了700多年。在情感和理性的冲突当中,参与了复活节起义的男青年最终做出了绝不原谅两位卖国者的伦理选择。通过描写迪尔米德和德沃吉拉的“灵魂梦回”以及男青年的坚定选择,叶芝为爱尔兰民众和广大读者提供了伦理警示和道德教诲的实例,推动人们去思考个人、民族、国家等更深入的政治伦理问题。

公众知情权与个人隐私权:公共卫生治理中的价值两难与伦理抉择

公众知情权与个人隐私权是公共卫生治理中两种均应保护的重要权利。保障公众知情权与个人隐私权不仅有利于保障公民权利和维护公共健康,而且是维护人的尊严和价值、促进社会文明进步的题中之义。二者既有诸多共同的重要意义和伦理价值,也有不同的价值取向。价值取向的差异可能导致实践中两种权利之间的冲突。现实地看,公共卫生治理中公众知情权与个人隐私权的冲突主要表现为两种权利主体之间的利益冲突、以权利冲突为内容的法律冲突以及由义务主体的“一身二任”导致的义务冲突,从伦理层面看则是两种权利的不同价值取向导致的价值两难、以“尊重”原则为核心的伦理冲突以及以道德义务为核心的价值冲突和角色伦理困境。公共卫生治理中公众知情权与个人隐私权的冲突看似一种非此即彼的“悲剧性冲突”,但由于二者在尊重和保障公民权利和维护公众健康等方面具有价值统一性,两种权利仍然可以而且应该通过有限度的让渡方式予以平衡。平衡公众知情权与个人隐私权的价值两难,应基于公共利益优先和生命健康至上,坚持必要性、最小化和不伤害等伦理原则,使个人隐私权有限度地让渡于公众知情权。

从自然神话到王位继承制度革命:小荷鲁斯家族的伦理叙事

奥西里斯、伊西丝、小荷鲁斯、塞特等的家族神话叙事,最初是对自然界现象的伦理化阐释。随着诸神黄昏时代的来临,这一神话家族叙事演化为王位继承制度的革命,即从兄终弟及制转换为父死子继制。小荷鲁斯诛杀叔父塞特为父王报仇的母题所指,也从农业神话演变为王权继承制度的更替。伊西丝对支持儿子小荷鲁斯还是兄弟塞特的伦理两难选择,体现了法老时代前夕血缘伦理的历史性偏向。

居住自选择视角下城市建成环境对通勤模式选择的影响——以兰州市主城区为例

交通方式选择研究对于城市高效、可持续和安全的交通规划至关重要。以兰州市主城区为例,基于分布式认知理论,采用调查问卷数据、路网数据、POI数据,通过结构方程模型探讨居住自选择效应影响下非随机异质性的建成环境对通勤模式选择的影响。结果表明:(1)居民根据自身社会经济属性及态度偏好选择不同建成环境特征的住宅小区,继而形成特定的通勤模式,说明居住自选择存在偏好异质性,居住自选择效应存在。(2)在规避居住自选择效应后,建成环境依然对通勤模式选择具有显著影响。具体来讲,人口密度、路网密度及停车位数量直接影响通勤模式选择,路网密度、公交站点可达性、地铁站点可达性及停车位数量通过中介变量通勤距离与小汽车拥有间接影响通勤模式选择。(3)高人口密度、密路网与高可达性的建成环境通过提高道路网络的连通性、步行与公共交通的连接性进一步推动积极通勤模式与公共交通通勤模式选择,引导居民向积极通勤模式为主导的出行结构转变。

《鸟鸣》的空间叙事与伦理选择

小说《鸟鸣》以第一次世界大战为历史背景,跨越60多年的时间维度,以其独特的文本空间设置重构了一战战时历史,再现了一战战场的残酷和战时人们艰难的生存状态,主人公伊丽莎白对自己伦理身份的探寻也映射出战争的记忆在军人后代中的代际传递。在左伦的空间叙事理论和文学伦理学批评的理论视域下,小说呈现的空间模式与人物的伦理选择之间存在着对应关系。“地形空间”以隐喻形式呈现了主要人物对自身伦理身份的困惑与矛盾;“时空体空间”通过主要人物对伦理身份的探寻,剖析了不同时代不同背景下战争和历史对人物命运的影响;“文本空间”则探讨了不同的空间叙事策略对人物伦理身份构建起到的作用。

乌鲁木齐市中学女生家长HPV疫苗选择偏好研究:基于离散选择模型

目的了解中学女生家长选择人乳头瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)疫苗的偏好及支付意愿,为政策制定者和疫苗管理部门提供决策依据。方法采用简单随机抽样和方便抽样相结合的方法,于2022年6月对乌鲁木齐市200名中学女生家长进行问卷调查,调查问卷利用离散选择实验的方式编制,采用混合Logit回归模型、支付意愿分析中学女生家长HPV疫苗选择偏好。结果自付费用、宫颈癌保护率、副反应3个属性对家长HPV疫苗的选择偏好均有显著影响(P<0.05)。亚组分析结果显示,城镇和农村中学女生家长HPV疫苗选择偏好一致,且二者均最为看重疫苗的宫颈癌保护率,其次为疫苗副反应。结论相关机构应依据HPV疫苗选择偏好,在自付费用、宫颈癌保护率、副反应方面积极探索HPV疫苗接种方案,同时加强中学女生健康宣教,提高HPV疫苗接种率。

托卡尔丘克《糜骨之壤》中的宇宙生态观与伦理之问

波兰女作家奥尔加·托卡尔丘克的小说《糜骨之壤》创新性地将占星术与侦破谋杀案的线性叙事模式结合起来,巧妙地通过设计“动物复仇案”来探讨生态伦理难题。小说通过占星术探寻了人类活动与宇宙生态秩序之间的潜隐联系,强调在宇宙空间视域下审视生态整体价值。作为探索人类自我与宇宙生态关系的一种工具,小说中的占星术不仅充当了人类活动与深层生态的对话媒介,也为后续的生态伦理冲突起到一种预警作用,继而引出人物所面临的生态伦理选择的认知困境。最后,托卡尔丘克发出了“利己”还是“利他”的伦理之问,引发人们关于伦理正义性问题的思考。

《再见,哥伦布》中的“矛盾共鸣”及其伦理启示

《再见,哥伦布》是犹太裔美国作家菲利普·罗斯的第一部作品。罗斯通过犹太裔情侣尼尔和布伦达的失败恋情揭露了20世纪50年代美国犹太居民生活中存在“矛盾的共鸣之音”,两人分手的背后隐藏着深刻的伦理必然:尼尔所代表的年轻一代犹太知识分子阶层,虽然对犹太传统道德存在诸多看法,但仍认为秉持道德传统是在美国安身立命的基础;布伦达所代表的犹太富裕阶层,则选择完全放弃犹太身份及其相应的道德传统。罗斯通过尼尔与布伦达在恋爱过程中各自做出的伦理选择,表达了自己对保持少数族裔身份问题的伦理思考。

从伦理视角看医患共同决策的多种模式

医患共同决策是一种道德要求,源于医务人员接受患者或患者家属的基本权利,如自主权、知情同意权和选择权。为实现医患共同决策,医务人员和患者担任了不同的角色,医务人员的任务是引入专业知识和具体经验,为患者提供诊断和治疗选择的多项建议,而患者的任务是根据其对治疗效果目标、健康价值、基本权利等医学和伦理知识的理解程度,选择其在共同决策中认可的治疗方案。从伦理视角出发,立足于医患共同决策,深入分析其伦理意义,围绕伦理基本要求,从医生-患者共同参与模式、医生-患者-家属共同参与模式、医生-护士-患者共同参与模式、医务部介入的高风险病例谈话模式、多学科团队共同协作模式等多种实践模式,展开多角度、深层次的探讨,为进一步促进医患共同决策的实现,提供一些参考依据。

大学生通识选修课座位选择偏好及其影响研究——以上海S高校为例

通过对大学生通识选修课座位选择偏好的研究,分析大学生在公共选修课中的座位偏好,进而探究通识选修课课堂参与度的现况,提出教室空间重构建议。采取混合研究法,分析465份有效问卷和10名学生的半结构化访谈结果发现:(1)社会自我概念略胜于学业自我概念,最能影响学习者的座位选择;(2)学生心目中的最佳学习效果区域分布基本符合Park和Choi的黄金区域理论;(3)坐在不同的座位会影响学习者的课堂表现和参与程度;(4)座位选择中存在场所依赖。

文学伦理学批评视角下《嘉莉妹妹》城市身份研究

美国作家西奥多·德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一段男女主人公城市中人生起伏的历程,细致展现了消费主义社会早期城市生活的原生态。通过伦理选择,女主人公嘉莉从乡村来到大都市追求梦想并实现身份逆转成为当红明星,而男主人公赫斯渥却从酒店经理沦落为街边乞讨者。嘉莉和赫斯渥身份转变的根本原因在于个体在斯芬克斯因子的影响下欲望与理性的失衡。同时嘉莉和赫斯渥不同的选择结果体现了个体的能动性和德莱塞的伦理智慧。

气候变化与伦理书写:《追日》中的个体伦理研究

伊恩•麦克尤恩的《追日》被誉为当代西方气候小说的代表作品。从个体伦理角度进行分析可以发现,作者运用了进行时时态,而非未来叙事手法,对个体的伦理身份、伦理冲突和伦理选择进行了实时追踪。麦克尤恩对气候变化相关问题的探讨和书写具有显著的个体伦理性,充分展现了气候问题给个人造成的伦理困境,以及气候变化给个人、社会以及生态带来的影响。这种将气候变化与个体伦理紧密结合的叙事方式引发了宏观语境中对个体伦理选择的讨论,并将其作为地球生态和气候相关问题的文本性隐喻,更为深入、直接地揭示了气候变化所蕴含的伦理意义。