Katoba Tradition on the Muna Ethnic Community at Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia

This study aims to describe the procession of katoba tradition performance on the Muna ethnic community at Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.This research is qualitative.This research was conducted at Guali village,Kusambi Sub-district of Muna Barat Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.Data sources of this research consist of primary and secondary data.In this study,the informants were determined purposively.To dig up information,both in the form of primary and secondary data,two techniques were used,namely observation and in-depth interviews.In this study,data analysis was done descriptively,qualitatively,and interpretively.The results of this research show that katoba tradition on the Muna ethnic community is carried out in four stages,namely:(i)performing ablution,(ii)performing kangkilo(circumcision),(iii)giving katoba advice,and(iv)reciting katoba pledge and haroa rasul prayer.The character educational value contained in katoba tradition on the Muna ethnic community is reflected in katoba advice guideline that must be taught to the katoba participant.The katoba advice guidelines are as follows:(a)dososo(regretting),(b)dofekakodoho dhosa(avoiding sins),(c)dotehi kamokula moghane(obeying father),(d)dotehi kamokula robhine(obeying mother),(e)dotehi poisaha(obeying older brothers/sisters),(f)doasiagho poaiha(loving younger brothers/sisters),and(g)miina daeala haku naasi(not taking the other people’s rights).

Livelihood changes and evolution of upland ethnic communities driven by tourism:a case study in Guizhou Province,southwest China

As an effective livelihood approach to alleviate poverty without rural population migration, ethnic tourism has become the primary choice of economic development in ethnic areas worldwide in addition to traditional livelihood approaches. This article applies the theories of livelihood to study the community evolution driven by tourism livelihood and examine three mountainous tourism communities in different stages of tourist area life cycle. Drawing on the methods of GIS spatial analysis, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, this article proposes a sustainable livelihood framework for ethnic tourism to explore the evolution of ethnic tourism communities by identifying changes in livelihood assets(natural, financial, social, cultural and human capitals) in the process of tourism development. The results show that the development of ethnic tourism has led to changes in the increase of building land, and the diversification of land use functions with a trend of shifting from meeting local villagers' living needs to satisfying tourists, income composition and uneven distribution of tourism income spatially. Ethnic tourism also led to the deterioration of traditional social management structure, collapse of neighboring relationship, the over- commercialization and staged authenticity of ethnic culture, as well as the gradual vanish of agricultural knowledge with a trend of increasing modern business knowledge and higher education. In addition, these changes, involving livelihood assets from natural, economic, human, social and cultural aspects are interrelated and interactive, which form new evolution characters of ethnic community. This study reveals the conflicts over livelihood approaches which have formed new vulnerabilities to impact on sustainable evolution of ethnic communities. This research provides implications for achieving the sustainable development of ethnic communities with the driving force of tourism livelihood.

Status of and Suggestions for Senior Citizens＇ Participation in Ethnic Tourism： A Case Study of Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan

The participation of ethnic minority communities in the development of local tourism is usual y based on the family unit. Senior citizens can not only provide labor services within their reach, but inherit and defend local culture and landscape, playing an important social role. Their living conditions are tied to the rest of the family, and affect the sustainability of the entire community. Through field visits to ethnic minority communities in Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan, authors of the paper summarized the status and problems of elderly people's participation in tourism development, and put forward specific suggestions.