This article focused on the application of ethnography as a qualitative study in developing non-English majors’intercultural communication competence(ICC).The PEER model guided student researchers through the interde...This article focused on the application of ethnography as a qualitative study in developing non-English majors’intercultural communication competence(ICC).The PEER model guided student researchers through the interdependent phrases of preparing,engaging,evaluating and reflecting in the research procedure.In addition,the four components of Byram’s ICC model,namely,knowledge,skills,attitudes,and critical awareness,were used to assess students’ICC development.展开更多
The article analyzes the situation in which ethnographic studies found themselves at the turn of the third decade of the 21st century.The historical background,rooted in the past century,as well as the situation that ...The article analyzes the situation in which ethnographic studies found themselves at the turn of the third decade of the 21st century.The historical background,rooted in the past century,as well as the situation that developed by the end of the second decade,is considered at the general philosophical level,while the area that illustrates the situation was chosen taking into account the author’s professional orientation—ethnomusicology.The problems are divided into three groups.The first such group is devoted to new practices and information spaces that are constantly changing the situation.The second group concerns worldview aspects related to the perception of new ethnographers by the guild elders.A critique of the“decolonization”of ethnographic research as part of an overview of institutional and disciplinary barriers concludes the topics discussed in the article.展开更多
The“Letagonins”:a concept socially constructed to designate the“beating”women of Ivorian society,evokes those who have as their leitmotif,a self-realization through work.The purpose lies in their ability to free t...The“Letagonins”:a concept socially constructed to designate the“beating”women of Ivorian society,evokes those who have as their leitmotif,a self-realization through work.The purpose lies in their ability to free themselves from male domination.This concept means in one of the local Ivorian languages,notably the Gouro1:female boy.These women of Gouro ethnicity show a deep passion for the marketing of food products in Abidjan.However,behind this passion for food is their commitment to funeral expenses;a cultural activity customary lying with agnatic parentage.The transgression of custom by the latter under the prism of their social repositioning is the symbolic manifestation of the destandardization of the traditional relationship between man and woman in the organization of funerals in Gouro country,in the central West Ivorian.Understanding this relational reconfiguration has fuelled our passion as a researcher.In fact,ethnography has been mobilized as a method of observing the funeral practices of these women.In this regard,the study traces the strategies for negotiating access to the land as well as those used to negotiate access to information.展开更多
Background: Despite the efforts at establishing Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs in Rwanda, there are still children who are becoming infected through mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Th...Background: Despite the efforts at establishing Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs in Rwanda, there are still children who are becoming infected through mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The purpose of our research study was to explore the experiences of HIV positive women using PMTCT program to prevent HIV transmission in Rwanda. Methodology: In this study, a qualitative approach using a critical ethnographic design was used to answer to our research question and with the aim to discover the meaning, process, and context of the studied phenomenon. In this paper, we discussed ethnography, critical ethnography, and its related philosophical assumptions as well as illustrating the rational for the use of critical ethnography to study the PMTCT program. Critical ethnography ultimately will contribute to raising awareness on how we can prevent new infections among children born from HIV positive mothers who are using the PMTCT program. The findings suggested a wide range of challenging factors that are shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic, and gender values, and that directly and indirectly affect the uptake of the PMTCT program. While using the critical realist ontology, we discovered multiple truths about the challenging factors for HIV+ mothers experience to uptake the PMTCT program. We triangulated their experiences with the findings gathered from healthcare providers, PMTCT leaders and policymakers, field observation, and document analysis. No previous studies on this phenomenon used a critical lens to explore the reality behind a wide range of experiences of mothers using the PMTCT program to prevent HIV transmission in Rwanda. Conclusion: The critical nature of this inquiry contributed to the depth and breadth of knowledge related to the delivery of the PMTCT program to prevent MTCT of HIV.展开更多
Purpose:Drawing on a study of international schools in Shanghai,this study explores how external experiences and curricula are mobilized as policy tools to inspire local educational innovations and how these experienc...Purpose:Drawing on a study of international schools in Shanghai,this study explores how external experiences and curricula are mobilized as policy tools to inspire local educational innovations and how these experiences are enacted differently by schools.Design/Approach/Methods:Based on a review of policy documents and interviews with school principals,senior management stakeholders,and teachers,this study identifies and compares the typologies of international schools in policy design and practice.Then,by deploying the network ethnography method following three key nodes,this study offers some explanations for the gaps between policy design and enactments.Findings:This study demonstrates the complex relations,interests,and struggles involved in constructing and shaping the meanings of international curricula within local education.The findings show the autonomy of policy networks and the difficulties of‘steering’them in a clear-cut way.Originality/Value:This study is one of the earliest attempts,if not the first,to experiment with the method of network ethnography in the context of China.These findings offer a nuanced account of the complex relations and ad hocery involved in policy learning.展开更多
Purpose:New philanthropy develops new forms of policy“problem-solving”through the influx of private actors’money and ideas.It adopts singular configurations across different policy spaces,with implications for educ...Purpose:New philanthropy develops new forms of policy“problem-solving”through the influx of private actors’money and ideas.It adopts singular configurations across different policy spaces,with implications for education governance.We address this phenomenon by analyzing the Varkey Foundation’s(VF)“landing”and“expansion”in Latin America.VF is a global philanthropic organization registered in the United Kingdom in 2011 with a main hub in Argentina,where it landed in 2017.Design/Approach/Methods:We use network ethnography to examine the influence of new philanthropy on education governance as this phenomenon demands new methods to grasp the“realities”of governing beyond conventional ways and understanding policy mobilities.Findings:Results indicate how VF“landed”in a little pro-market space via productive uses of policy networks.The second phase of data collection and analysis presents further consolidation of VF in Argentina,its expansion into Latin America,and its establishment as a legitimate education policy actor.Originality/Value:This study provides new evidence and insights into how policy networks enable new philanthropy to land and consolidate within national boundaries and,later,across the region as a legitimate actor in education.展开更多
Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical...Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical music,which has always been considered“traditional”,whereas the boundaries of the tradition have been subject to sharp disputes between those responsible for the church ritual and its accessories.The palette of the musical environment of modern church in terms of attendance and congregational acceptability in its sustainable development is addressed in the article based on recent research,in particular,several related studies by A.Rosenblatt,who over the past two decades has explored different aspects of church music heard in the field and presented in various hymnal books.Summary of this review allows us to consider a tangle of reasons to the preference for this or that musical style,which often completely excludes purely musical tastes and preferences.展开更多
This study assesses the nutritional composition as well as the availability and affordability of infant flour found on the market and in the households of Benin. To do that assessment, a two-step cross-sectional surve...This study assesses the nutritional composition as well as the availability and affordability of infant flour found on the market and in the households of Benin. To do that assessment, a two-step cross-sectional survey based on food ethnography methods was used. A total of 61 marketplaces were visited in seven towns and rural districts as part of the availability and affordability survey, while 400 children (aged 6 to 59 months) were surveyed to track the uses of infant flours at the household level. The results obtained reveal that pre-manufactured infant flour is sold more in urban areas (Cotonou, Porto-Novo and Parakou) than in rural ones. The average infant flours price did not vary (p = 0.985) in any given year (regardless of abundance or lean periods) nor does it vary (p = 0.133) from one point of sale to another (drugstore or supermarkets). However, the average price is found to be expensive considering the purchasing power of the households surveyed. On the other hand, the amount of ingredients used in the production of the flour types found on the market complies with the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius, unlike the homemade ones. Pre-manufactured infant flour is found to be outside of the economic reach of most households (92%) who rely heavily on the homemade ones to feed their children. In light of the above, public authorities should help improve geographic access and pricing affordability to quality infant flour for low-income households in urban and remote areas. Moreover, awareness should be raised among mothers relative to the importance of complementary feeding through education on good nutrition practices.展开更多
Based on the experience of ethnographic filming,this article outlines the dynamic process of the protection and development of Baima Tibetan traditional villages with the help of iconic descriptions of Baima Tibetans...Based on the experience of ethnographic filming,this article outlines the dynamic process of the protection and development of Baima Tibetan traditional villages with the help of iconic descriptions of Baima Tibetans’daily lives and sacrificial activities,and explores how Baima Tibetans inherit their culture while adapting to social development with imagery means during rural revitalization,and how the locals integrate sacred space and secular experience in order to construct their own cultural symbols for the sake of embracing the new era.As far as anthropology-ethnographic descriptions of embodiment are concerned,traditional text research has limitations.In comparison,video graphic anthropology has natural advantages.Its advantages not only lie in the means of images,but also lie in the ability to connect the“sense of things”,mind and nature,realizing the interaction between mind and things,and mentality and object.The visual ethnography is an important research method for anthropological research to enter the world of his other.This is also an important way to describe the integration and symbiosis of local subjectivity,local sacred space,and secular experience.展开更多
The ethnography of speaking mainly studies the function of languages in the communicative practices in different ethnic groups. The core of the ethnography of speaking is the communicative relativity. The ethnography ...The ethnography of speaking mainly studies the function of languages in the communicative practices in different ethnic groups. The core of the ethnography of speaking is the communicative relativity. The ethnography of speaking is very important in the effective communication study. It is also the theoretical framework of Hymes' ethnography of speaking.展开更多
The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State, India. The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of...The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State, India. The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years. They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures. A few years ago with the announcement of the establish- ment of the Rajaji National Park, the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park, which has affected their lifestyle. The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study. The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony, the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selec- tive trees for various uses. A total of 176 households were interviewed (giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size) by using pre-structured questionnaires. The education level was very low (12.9%) and the average income per household was recorded as Rs. 36000 (approximately $ 803) per year. The major source of income was dairy production (80.6%) followed by labor employment (13.9%), NTFPs (4.2%) and agricultural production (1.4%). More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest. The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg, respectively. A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources. Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder, fuel wood, agricultural implements, household articles, dye, medicine, fiber and other products. According to their utility value, the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis, followed by Terminalia alata, Bombax ceiba, Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo,展开更多
Polar science outreach is strongly needed, because besides promoting the utility of polar studies for society as a whole, it can generate public demand for new projects and expeditions. The dissemination of polar disc...Polar science outreach is strongly needed, because besides promoting the utility of polar studies for society as a whole, it can generate public demand for new projects and expeditions. The dissemination of polar discoveries should be reinforced in countries without polar territories and for which polar science might not be a priority. In this pilot study (N =182 participants) we have contrasted the opinions of polar scientists (French, Belgian, British, Canadian, Australian, German, Italian and Spanish researchers) with those of a potentially interested public (graduate students of pedagogy and biology), in order to assess if the communication channels employed by polar researchers to make their results public align with those used by non-polar experts for learning about polar discoveries. The results revealed that scientific publications and presentations were considered a priority by the researchers, and these scientific communication channels were preferentially employed. Only a minority of researchers thought that non-scientific publications might be a good communication resource. In contrast, both groups of students, which considered polar research important but not a top priority, employed the Internet as their main channel for information about polar discoveries. Students assessed the use of polar discoveries as positive for educational purposes at both Primary and Secondary levels. The information presently received by students was perceived as being too generalist and the main suggestions to improve outreach in this field, in addition to the use of Internet, were more rapid dissemination of new discoveries.展开更多
Background: In Brazil between 1960 and 1990 there established the hegemony of young people between 15 and 24 years old, a phenomenon known worldwide as “youth wave”. Forty years later, with continued declining level...Background: In Brazil between 1960 and 1990 there established the hegemony of young people between 15 and 24 years old, a phenomenon known worldwide as “youth wave”. Forty years later, with continued declining levels of fertility and mortality, in the first decade of this century, the young country came to bear white hair with the continued growth of the aging rate. Official census data show the growth of the elderly population, above sixty years, predominantly female, and population growth increasingly urbanized [1, 2]. This article reports the findings from a recent study of elderly women, in the contexts of “rurality”. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the social construction of gender division of work and retirement of older rural women. Comprehending through historically dialectical materialism, the process of exclusion of rural elderly women, some public policies and programs aimed at elderly populace. Ethnographic Method: fieldwork and interviews (one-to-one and in groups), field notes, participant observation, photography, and archival review. Sample: 27 women aged between 68 to 92 years. Findings: Only four receive retirement as peasant, three owners of land and a former employee;the other receive her husband’s pension or are included in the Provision of Continued Benefit (PBC). Conclusion: Non-receipt of retirement for these women, as citizen’s peasant, it is a violation of her rights recognized under the Federal Constitution of 1988, and reveals how the Aristotelian paradigm persists in their activities: That sweat of her bodies and the work of her hands, it is not considered as work;it is labor.展开更多
An ethnography study was conducted among five villages in Kotagiri district of Tamil Nadu,to identify“how globalisation affects the food behaviour of Badagas”.The research is a qualitative study,having implemented V...An ethnography study was conducted among five villages in Kotagiri district of Tamil Nadu,to identify“how globalisation affects the food behaviour of Badagas”.The research is a qualitative study,having implemented Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory.The traditional food processed and prepared by women of Badagar community is intimately connected to their socio-cultural,ecological,and spiritual life and health.The processing and preparation of ethnic foods demonstrate not only the creativity and treasure of food heritage of tribal women,but also their incremental learning to sustain the life and ecosystem as a whole.Looking to the diversities in ethnic foods,an attempt has been made to explore the ethnic foods from five different villages in Kotagiri district.The food choices made by people,either as individuals or as a group,can reveal views,passions,background knowledge,assumptions,and personalities.Food choices tell stories of families,migrations,assimilation,resistance,changes over times,and personal as well as group identity.In each place,the processing method of these foods is somewhat different based on the growing international trade,migration,tourism,and globalisation.The food used in the dietary system was found to be nutritionally rich and culturally important in various festivals and ceremonies.Ethnic food prepared and consumed by women in the past cannot be seen in the isolated mode,instead it is a complex dynamics in which nutrition,health,food security,culture,ethics,subsistence economy,and ecological sustainability are integral components.This paper thereby determines and defines the behaviour and practice of food among the respondents,its change,and cause.展开更多
The article addresses various musical manifestations associated with Christianity and church music in the Global Age.The review summarizes three different case studies conducted by the author in Israel and Western Can...The article addresses various musical manifestations associated with Christianity and church music in the Global Age.The review summarizes three different case studies conducted by the author in Israel and Western Canada over the past two decades.These studies,viewed in the article through various lenses and considered as three different sociocultural narratives,tell the reader about how music,consciously or unconsciously,defines the contours of the cultural and religious identity of the groups whose members are natives or resettled residents of the Holy Land,Old and New Worlds,and China.An updated analysis of ethnographic data points to local cultures as the true indicators of global change.The dialogue between religions by means of musical composition is given as an example of the philosophical and conceptual milestone of the Global Age.A review of the problems accompanying the work of a modern ethnographer completes the range of topics.展开更多
文摘This article focused on the application of ethnography as a qualitative study in developing non-English majors’intercultural communication competence(ICC).The PEER model guided student researchers through the interdependent phrases of preparing,engaging,evaluating and reflecting in the research procedure.In addition,the four components of Byram’s ICC model,namely,knowledge,skills,attitudes,and critical awareness,were used to assess students’ICC development.
文摘The article analyzes the situation in which ethnographic studies found themselves at the turn of the third decade of the 21st century.The historical background,rooted in the past century,as well as the situation that developed by the end of the second decade,is considered at the general philosophical level,while the area that illustrates the situation was chosen taking into account the author’s professional orientation—ethnomusicology.The problems are divided into three groups.The first such group is devoted to new practices and information spaces that are constantly changing the situation.The second group concerns worldview aspects related to the perception of new ethnographers by the guild elders.A critique of the“decolonization”of ethnographic research as part of an overview of institutional and disciplinary barriers concludes the topics discussed in the article.
文摘The“Letagonins”:a concept socially constructed to designate the“beating”women of Ivorian society,evokes those who have as their leitmotif,a self-realization through work.The purpose lies in their ability to free themselves from male domination.This concept means in one of the local Ivorian languages,notably the Gouro1:female boy.These women of Gouro ethnicity show a deep passion for the marketing of food products in Abidjan.However,behind this passion for food is their commitment to funeral expenses;a cultural activity customary lying with agnatic parentage.The transgression of custom by the latter under the prism of their social repositioning is the symbolic manifestation of the destandardization of the traditional relationship between man and woman in the organization of funerals in Gouro country,in the central West Ivorian.Understanding this relational reconfiguration has fuelled our passion as a researcher.In fact,ethnography has been mobilized as a method of observing the funeral practices of these women.In this regard,the study traces the strategies for negotiating access to the land as well as those used to negotiate access to information.
文摘Background: Despite the efforts at establishing Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs in Rwanda, there are still children who are becoming infected through mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The purpose of our research study was to explore the experiences of HIV positive women using PMTCT program to prevent HIV transmission in Rwanda. Methodology: In this study, a qualitative approach using a critical ethnographic design was used to answer to our research question and with the aim to discover the meaning, process, and context of the studied phenomenon. In this paper, we discussed ethnography, critical ethnography, and its related philosophical assumptions as well as illustrating the rational for the use of critical ethnography to study the PMTCT program. Critical ethnography ultimately will contribute to raising awareness on how we can prevent new infections among children born from HIV positive mothers who are using the PMTCT program. The findings suggested a wide range of challenging factors that are shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic, and gender values, and that directly and indirectly affect the uptake of the PMTCT program. While using the critical realist ontology, we discovered multiple truths about the challenging factors for HIV+ mothers experience to uptake the PMTCT program. We triangulated their experiences with the findings gathered from healthcare providers, PMTCT leaders and policymakers, field observation, and document analysis. No previous studies on this phenomenon used a critical lens to explore the reality behind a wide range of experiences of mothers using the PMTCT program to prevent HIV transmission in Rwanda. Conclusion: The critical nature of this inquiry contributed to the depth and breadth of knowledge related to the delivery of the PMTCT program to prevent MTCT of HIV.
基金supported by China’s National Social Science Fund Education Youth Project entitled“Globalization and China’s Education Governance Through the Lens of Policy Networks”(grant number CGA190250).
文摘Purpose:Drawing on a study of international schools in Shanghai,this study explores how external experiences and curricula are mobilized as policy tools to inspire local educational innovations and how these experiences are enacted differently by schools.Design/Approach/Methods:Based on a review of policy documents and interviews with school principals,senior management stakeholders,and teachers,this study identifies and compares the typologies of international schools in policy design and practice.Then,by deploying the network ethnography method following three key nodes,this study offers some explanations for the gaps between policy design and enactments.Findings:This study demonstrates the complex relations,interests,and struggles involved in constructing and shaping the meanings of international curricula within local education.The findings show the autonomy of policy networks and the difficulties of‘steering’them in a clear-cut way.Originality/Value:This study is one of the earliest attempts,if not the first,to experiment with the method of network ethnography in the context of China.These findings offer a nuanced account of the complex relations and ad hocery involved in policy learning.
文摘Purpose:New philanthropy develops new forms of policy“problem-solving”through the influx of private actors’money and ideas.It adopts singular configurations across different policy spaces,with implications for education governance.We address this phenomenon by analyzing the Varkey Foundation’s(VF)“landing”and“expansion”in Latin America.VF is a global philanthropic organization registered in the United Kingdom in 2011 with a main hub in Argentina,where it landed in 2017.Design/Approach/Methods:We use network ethnography to examine the influence of new philanthropy on education governance as this phenomenon demands new methods to grasp the“realities”of governing beyond conventional ways and understanding policy mobilities.Findings:Results indicate how VF“landed”in a little pro-market space via productive uses of policy networks.The second phase of data collection and analysis presents further consolidation of VF in Argentina,its expansion into Latin America,and its establishment as a legitimate education policy actor.Originality/Value:This study provides new evidence and insights into how policy networks enable new philanthropy to land and consolidate within national boundaries and,later,across the region as a legitimate actor in education.
文摘Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical music,which has always been considered“traditional”,whereas the boundaries of the tradition have been subject to sharp disputes between those responsible for the church ritual and its accessories.The palette of the musical environment of modern church in terms of attendance and congregational acceptability in its sustainable development is addressed in the article based on recent research,in particular,several related studies by A.Rosenblatt,who over the past two decades has explored different aspects of church music heard in the field and presented in various hymnal books.Summary of this review allows us to consider a tangle of reasons to the preference for this or that musical style,which often completely excludes purely musical tastes and preferences.
文摘This study assesses the nutritional composition as well as the availability and affordability of infant flour found on the market and in the households of Benin. To do that assessment, a two-step cross-sectional survey based on food ethnography methods was used. A total of 61 marketplaces were visited in seven towns and rural districts as part of the availability and affordability survey, while 400 children (aged 6 to 59 months) were surveyed to track the uses of infant flours at the household level. The results obtained reveal that pre-manufactured infant flour is sold more in urban areas (Cotonou, Porto-Novo and Parakou) than in rural ones. The average infant flours price did not vary (p = 0.985) in any given year (regardless of abundance or lean periods) nor does it vary (p = 0.133) from one point of sale to another (drugstore or supermarkets). However, the average price is found to be expensive considering the purchasing power of the households surveyed. On the other hand, the amount of ingredients used in the production of the flour types found on the market complies with the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius, unlike the homemade ones. Pre-manufactured infant flour is found to be outside of the economic reach of most households (92%) who rely heavily on the homemade ones to feed their children. In light of the above, public authorities should help improve geographic access and pricing affordability to quality infant flour for low-income households in urban and remote areas. Moreover, awareness should be raised among mothers relative to the importance of complementary feeding through education on good nutrition practices.
文摘Based on the experience of ethnographic filming,this article outlines the dynamic process of the protection and development of Baima Tibetan traditional villages with the help of iconic descriptions of Baima Tibetans’daily lives and sacrificial activities,and explores how Baima Tibetans inherit their culture while adapting to social development with imagery means during rural revitalization,and how the locals integrate sacred space and secular experience in order to construct their own cultural symbols for the sake of embracing the new era.As far as anthropology-ethnographic descriptions of embodiment are concerned,traditional text research has limitations.In comparison,video graphic anthropology has natural advantages.Its advantages not only lie in the means of images,but also lie in the ability to connect the“sense of things”,mind and nature,realizing the interaction between mind and things,and mentality and object.The visual ethnography is an important research method for anthropological research to enter the world of his other.This is also an important way to describe the integration and symbiosis of local subjectivity,local sacred space,and secular experience.
文摘The ethnography of speaking mainly studies the function of languages in the communicative practices in different ethnic groups. The core of the ethnography of speaking is the communicative relativity. The ethnography of speaking is very important in the effective communication study. It is also the theoretical framework of Hymes' ethnography of speaking.
文摘The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State, India. The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years. They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures. A few years ago with the announcement of the establish- ment of the Rajaji National Park, the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park, which has affected their lifestyle. The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study. The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony, the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selec- tive trees for various uses. A total of 176 households were interviewed (giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size) by using pre-structured questionnaires. The education level was very low (12.9%) and the average income per household was recorded as Rs. 36000 (approximately $ 803) per year. The major source of income was dairy production (80.6%) followed by labor employment (13.9%), NTFPs (4.2%) and agricultural production (1.4%). More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest. The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg, respectively. A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources. Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder, fuel wood, agricultural implements, household articles, dye, medicine, fiber and other products. According to their utility value, the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis, followed by Terminalia alata, Bombax ceiba, Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo,
基金supported by SALMEVOL (Salmonid Evolutionref.1041)
文摘Polar science outreach is strongly needed, because besides promoting the utility of polar studies for society as a whole, it can generate public demand for new projects and expeditions. The dissemination of polar discoveries should be reinforced in countries without polar territories and for which polar science might not be a priority. In this pilot study (N =182 participants) we have contrasted the opinions of polar scientists (French, Belgian, British, Canadian, Australian, German, Italian and Spanish researchers) with those of a potentially interested public (graduate students of pedagogy and biology), in order to assess if the communication channels employed by polar researchers to make their results public align with those used by non-polar experts for learning about polar discoveries. The results revealed that scientific publications and presentations were considered a priority by the researchers, and these scientific communication channels were preferentially employed. Only a minority of researchers thought that non-scientific publications might be a good communication resource. In contrast, both groups of students, which considered polar research important but not a top priority, employed the Internet as their main channel for information about polar discoveries. Students assessed the use of polar discoveries as positive for educational purposes at both Primary and Secondary levels. The information presently received by students was perceived as being too generalist and the main suggestions to improve outreach in this field, in addition to the use of Internet, were more rapid dissemination of new discoveries.
文摘Background: In Brazil between 1960 and 1990 there established the hegemony of young people between 15 and 24 years old, a phenomenon known worldwide as “youth wave”. Forty years later, with continued declining levels of fertility and mortality, in the first decade of this century, the young country came to bear white hair with the continued growth of the aging rate. Official census data show the growth of the elderly population, above sixty years, predominantly female, and population growth increasingly urbanized [1, 2]. This article reports the findings from a recent study of elderly women, in the contexts of “rurality”. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the social construction of gender division of work and retirement of older rural women. Comprehending through historically dialectical materialism, the process of exclusion of rural elderly women, some public policies and programs aimed at elderly populace. Ethnographic Method: fieldwork and interviews (one-to-one and in groups), field notes, participant observation, photography, and archival review. Sample: 27 women aged between 68 to 92 years. Findings: Only four receive retirement as peasant, three owners of land and a former employee;the other receive her husband’s pension or are included in the Provision of Continued Benefit (PBC). Conclusion: Non-receipt of retirement for these women, as citizen’s peasant, it is a violation of her rights recognized under the Federal Constitution of 1988, and reveals how the Aristotelian paradigm persists in their activities: That sweat of her bodies and the work of her hands, it is not considered as work;it is labor.
文摘An ethnography study was conducted among five villages in Kotagiri district of Tamil Nadu,to identify“how globalisation affects the food behaviour of Badagas”.The research is a qualitative study,having implemented Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory.The traditional food processed and prepared by women of Badagar community is intimately connected to their socio-cultural,ecological,and spiritual life and health.The processing and preparation of ethnic foods demonstrate not only the creativity and treasure of food heritage of tribal women,but also their incremental learning to sustain the life and ecosystem as a whole.Looking to the diversities in ethnic foods,an attempt has been made to explore the ethnic foods from five different villages in Kotagiri district.The food choices made by people,either as individuals or as a group,can reveal views,passions,background knowledge,assumptions,and personalities.Food choices tell stories of families,migrations,assimilation,resistance,changes over times,and personal as well as group identity.In each place,the processing method of these foods is somewhat different based on the growing international trade,migration,tourism,and globalisation.The food used in the dietary system was found to be nutritionally rich and culturally important in various festivals and ceremonies.Ethnic food prepared and consumed by women in the past cannot be seen in the isolated mode,instead it is a complex dynamics in which nutrition,health,food security,culture,ethics,subsistence economy,and ecological sustainability are integral components.This paper thereby determines and defines the behaviour and practice of food among the respondents,its change,and cause.
文摘The article addresses various musical manifestations associated with Christianity and church music in the Global Age.The review summarizes three different case studies conducted by the author in Israel and Western Canada over the past two decades.These studies,viewed in the article through various lenses and considered as three different sociocultural narratives,tell the reader about how music,consciously or unconsciously,defines the contours of the cultural and religious identity of the groups whose members are natives or resettled residents of the Holy Land,Old and New Worlds,and China.An updated analysis of ethnographic data points to local cultures as the true indicators of global change.The dialogue between religions by means of musical composition is given as an example of the philosophical and conceptual milestone of the Global Age.A review of the problems accompanying the work of a modern ethnographer completes the range of topics.