Exploration of the coupled lattice Boltzmann model based on a multiphase field model:A study of the solid-liquid-gas interaction mechanism in the solidification process

A multiphase field model coupled with a lattice Boltzmann(PF-LBM)model is proposed to simulate the distribution mechanism of bubbles and solutes at the solid-liquid interface,the interaction between dendrites and bubbles,and the effects of different temperatures,anisotropic strengths and tilting angles on the solidified organization of the SCN-0.24wt.%butanedinitrile alloy during the solidification process.The model adopts a multiphase field model to simulate the growth of dendrites,calculates the growth motions of dendrites based on the interfacial solute equilibrium;and adopts a lattice Boltzmann model(LBM)based on the Shan-Chen multiphase flow to simulate the growth and motions of bubbles in the liquid phase,which includes the interaction between solid-liquid-gas phases.The simulation results show that during the directional growth of columnar dendrites,bubbles first precipitate out slowly at the very bottom of the dendrites,and then rise up due to the different solid-liquid densities and pressure differences.The bubbles will interact with the dendrite in the process of flow migration,such as extrusion,overflow,fusion and disappearance.In the case of wide gaps in the dendrite channels,bubbles will fuse to form larger irregular bubbles,and in the case of dense channels,bubbles will deform due to the extrusion of dendrites.In the simulated region,as the dendrites converge and diverge,the bubbles precipitate out of the dendrites by compression and diffusion,which also causes physical phenomena such as fusion and spillage of the bubbles.These results reveal the physical mechanisms of bubble nucleation,growth and kinematic evolution during solidification and interaction with dendrite growth.

A new interacting capillary bundle model on the multiphase flow in micropores of tight rocks

Surfactants are widely used in the fracturing fluid to enhance the imbibition and thus the oil recovery rate. However, current numerical models cannot capture the physics behind capillary imbibition during the wettability alteration by surfactants. Although the interacting capillary bundle(ICB) model shows potential in characterizing imbibition rates in different pores during wettability alteration, the existing ICB models neglect the influence of wettability and viscosity ratio on the imbibition behavior, making it difficult to accurately describe the oil-water imbibition behavior within the porous media. In this work,a new ICB mathematical model is established by introducing pressure balance without assuming the position of the leading front to comprehensively describe the imbibition behavior in a porous medium under different conditions, including gas-liquid spontaneous imbibition and oil-water imbibition.When the pore size distribution of a tight rock is known, this new model can predict the changes of water saturation during the displacement process in the tight rock, and also determine the imbibition rate in pores of different sizes. The water saturation profiles obtained from the new model are validated against the waterflooding simulation results from the CMG, while the imbibition rates calculated by the model are validated against the experimental observations of gas-liquid spontaneous imbibition. The good match above indicates the newly proposed model can show the water saturation profile at a macroscopic scale while capture the underlying physics of the multiphase flow in a porous medium at a microscopic scale. Simulation results obtained from this model indicate that both wettability and viscosity ratio can affect the sequence of fluid imbibition into pores of different sizes during the multiphase flow, where less-viscous wetting fluid is preferentially imbibed into larger pores while more-viscous wetting fluid tends to be imbibed into smaller pores. Furthermore, this model provides an avenue to calculate the imbibition rate in pores of different sizes during wettability alteration and capture the non-Darcy effect in micro-and nano-scale pores.

Volume-averaged modeling of multiphase solidification with equiaxed crystal sedimentation in a steel ingot

Macrosegregation is a critical factor that limits the mechanical properties of materials.The impact of equiaxed crystal sedimentation on macrosegregation has been extensively studied,as it plays a significant role in determining the distribution of alloying elements and impurities within a material.To improve macrosegregation in steel connecting shafts,a multiphase solidification model that couples melt flow,heat transfer,microstructure evolution,and solute transport was established based on the volume-averaged Eulerian-Eulerian approach.In this model,the effects of liquid phase,equiaxed crystals,columnar dendrites,and columnar-to-equiaxed transition(CET)during solidification and evolution of microstructure can be considered simultaneously.The sedimentation of equiaxed crystals contributes to negative macrosegregation,where regions between columnar dendrites and equiaxed crystals undergo significant A-type positive macrosegregation due to the CET.Additionally,noticeable positive macrosegregation occurs in the area of final solidification in the ingot.The improvement in macrosegregation is beneficial for enhancing the mechanical properties of connecting shafts.To mitigate the thermal convection of molten steel resulting from excessive superheating,reducing the superheating during casting without employing external fields or altering the design of the ingot mold is indeed an effective approach to control macrosegregation.

Quantitative Modelling of Multiphase Lithospheric Stretching and Deep Thermal History of Some Tertiary Rift Basins in Eastern China

The stretching process of some Tertiary rift basins in eastern China is characterized by multiphase rifting. A multiple instantaneous uniform stretching model is proposed in this paper to simulate the formation of the basins as the rifting process cannot be accurately described by a simple (one episode) stretching model. The study shows that the multiphase stretching model, combined with the back-stripping technique, can be used to reconstruct the subsidence history and the stretching process of the lithosphere, and to evaluate the depth to the top of the asthenosphere and the deep thermal evolution of the basins. The calculated results obtained by applying the quantitative model to the episodic rifting process of the Tertiary Qiongdongnan and Yinggehai basins in the South China Sea are in agreement with geophysical data and geological observations. This provides a new method for quantitative evaluation of the geodynamic process of multiphase rifting occurring during the Tertiary in eastern China.

Water model experiments of multiphase mixing in the top-blown smelting process of copper concentrate

We constructed a 1：10 cold water experimental model by geometrically scaling down an Isa smelting furnace. The mixing processes at different liquid heights, lance diameters, lance submersion depths, and gas flow rates were subsequently measured using the conductivity method. A new criterion was proposed to determine the mixing time. On this basis, the quasi-equations of the mixing time as a function of different parameters were established. The parameters of the top-blown smelting process were optimized using high-speed photography. An excessively high gas flow rate or excessively low liquid height would enhance the fluctuation and splashing of liquid in the bath, which is unfavorable for material mixing. Simultaneously increasing the lance diameter and the lance submersion depth would promote the mixing in the bath, thereby improving the smelting efficiency.

Simulation of macrosegregation in a 36-t steel ingot using a multiphase model

Macrosegregation is the major defect in large steel ingots caused by solute partitioning and melt convection during casting.In this study,a three-phase(liquid,columnar dendrites,and equiaxed grains)model is proposed to simulate macrosegregation in a 36-t steel ingot.A supplementary set of conservation equations are employed in the model such that two types of equiaxed grains,either settling or adhering to the solid shell,are well simulated.The predicted concentration agrees quantitatively with the experimental value.A negative segregation cone was located at the bottom owing to the grain settlement and solute-enriched melt leaving from the mushy zone.The interdendritic liquid flow was carefully analyzed,and the formation of A-type segregations in the mid-height of the ingot is discussed.Negative segregation was observed near the riser neck due to the specific relationship between flow direction and temperature gradient.Additionally,the as-cast macrostructure of the ingot is presented,including the grain size distribution and columnar–equiaxed transition.

A multicomponent multiphase lattice Boltzmann model with large liquid–gas density ratios for simulations of wetting phenomena

A multicomponent multiphase（MCMP） pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann（LB） model with large liquid–gas density ratios is proposed for simulating the wetting phenomena. In the proposed model, two layers of neighboring nodes are adopted to calculate the fluid–fluid cohesion force with higher isotropy order. In addition, the different-time-step method is employed to calculate the processes of particle propagation and collision for the two fluid components with a large pseudoparticle mass contrast. It is found that the spurious current is remarkably reduced by employing the higher isotropy order calculation of the fluid–fluid cohesion force. The maximum spurious current appearing at the phase interfaces is evidently influenced by the magnitudes of fluid–fluid and fluid–solid interaction strengths, but weakly affected by the time step ratio.The density ratio analyses show that the liquid–gas density ratio is dependent on both the fluid–fluid interaction strength and the time step ratio. For the liquid–gas flow simulations without solid phase, the maximum liquid–gas density ratio achieved by the present model is higher than 1000：1. However, the obtainable maximum liquid–gas density ratio in the solid–liquid–gas system is lower. Wetting phenomena of droplets contacting smooth/rough solid surfaces and the dynamic process of liquid movement in a capillary tube are simulated to validate the proposed model in different solid–liquid–gas coexisting systems. It is shown that the simulated intrinsic contact angles of droplets on smooth surfaces are in good agreement with those predicted by the constructed LB formula that is related to Young＇s equation. The apparent contact angles of droplets on rough surfaces compare reasonably well with the predictions of Cassie＇s law. For the simulation of liquid movement in a capillary tube, the linear relation between the liquid–gas interface position and simulation time is observed, which is identical to the analytical prediction. The simulation results regarding the wetting phenomena of droplets on smooth/rough surfaces and the dynamic process of liquid movement in the capillary tube demonstrate the quantitative capability of the proposed model.

A Multiphase Wellbore Flow Model for Sour Gas “Kicks”

This study presents a new multiphase flow model with transient heat transfer and pressure coupling to simulate HTHP(high temperature and high pressure)sour gas“kicks”phenomena.The model is intended to support the estimation of wellbore temperature and pressure when sour gas kicks occur during drilling operation.The model considers sour gas solubility,phase transition and effects of temperature and pressure on the physical parameters of drilling fluid.Experimental data for a large-diameter pipe flow are used to validate the model.The results indicate that with fluid circulation,the annulus temperature with H2S kicks is the highest,followed by CO_(2),and CH_(4) is the lowest.The phase transition point of H2S is closer to wellhead compared with CO_(2),resulting in a faster expansion rate,which is more imperceptible and dangerous.With fluid circulation,the drilling fluid density and plastic viscosity both first decrease and then increase with the increase in the well depth.The bottom hole pressure when H2S kicks is greater than that for CO_(2) with the same amount of sour gas,and the pressure difference gradually increases with the increase of H2S/CO_(2) content.In addition,a parametric sensitivity analysis has been conducted to evaluate qualitatively and rank the influential factors affecting the bottom hole temperature and pressure.

Exact solutions to drift-flux multiphase flow models through Lie group symmetry analysis

In the present paper, Lie group symmetry method is used to obtain some exact solutions for a hyperbolic system of partial differential equations （PDEs）, which governs an isothermal no-slip drift-flux model for multiphase flow problem. Those sym- metries are used for the governing system of equations to obtain infinitesimal transforma- tions, which consequently reduces the governing system of PDEs to a system of ODEs. Further, the solutions of the system of ODEs which in turn produces some exact solutions for the PDEs are presented. Finally, the evolutionary behavior of weak discontinuity is discussed.

Study of modeling theory of multiphase gas distribution in exhaust process of automobile

According to experiments and the phenomena that tailpipes often have dirty particulate matter, this paper takes dynamic theory analysis as its study aim, beginning with the description method of multiphase gas distribution differential equation. According to the characteristics that exhaust gas will flow with high velocity in a tailpipe, it is supposed that gas mass that differ largely will layer when flowing with high velocity in a tailpipe. This means the exhaust gas is mixed with particulate matter, gas with large mass （CO2,HC,NOx） and gas with small mass （CO,H2O,N2,O2）. The interface of two phase fluid will be become clearer as it flows in the pipe for a long distance. The fluid continuous equation between gas phase and solid phase and the mathematical relationship between the geometry parameter and the flowing are established by a multiphase gas flowing theory. Analyzing the interface and state of layers will provide a basic theory for developing a catalytic converter with high efficiency.

Elliptic Flow Splitting between Particles and their Antiparticles in Au＋Au Collisions from a Multiphase Transport Model

The elliptic flow v2, for π±, K±, p and p in Au＋Au collisions at center-of-mass energies √sNN=7.7, 11.5, 14.5 and 19.6 GeV, is analyzed using a multiphase transport model. A significant difference in the v2 values for p and p is observed, and the values of v2 splitting are larger compared with π＋ and π-, K＋ and K-. The difference increases with decreasing the center-of-mass energy. The effect of the quark coalescence mechanism in a multi-phase transport model to the value of elliptic difference △v2 between p and p- has been discussed. The simulation of Au＋Au collisions at 14.5 GeV shows that the effect of hadron cascade to △v2 is not obvious, and a larger patton-scattering cross section can lead to a larger △v2.

Uncertainty analysis of flow rate measurement for multiphase flow using CFD

The venturi meter has an advantage in its use,because it can measure flow without being much affected by the type of the measured fluid or flow conditions.Hence,it has excellent versatility and is being widely applied in many industries.The flow of a liquid containing air is a representative example of a multiphase flow and exhibits complex flow characteristics.In particular,the greater the gas volume fraction（GVF）,the more inhomogeneous the flow becomes.As a result,using a venturi meter to measure the rate of a flow that has a high GVF generates an error.In this study,the cause of the error occurred in measuring the flow rate for the multiphase flow when using the venturi meter for analysis by CFD.To ensure the reliability of this study,the accuracy of the multiphase flow models for numerical analysis was verified through comparison between the calculated results of numerical analysis and the experimental data.As a result,the Grace model,which is a multiphase flow model established by an experiment with water and air,was confirmed to have the highest reliability.Finally,the characteristics of the internal flow Held about the multiphase flow analysis result generated by applying the Grace model were analyzed to find the cause of the uncertainty occurring when measuring the flow rate of the multiphase flow using the venturi meter.A phase separation phenomenon occurred due to a density difference of water and air inside the venturi,and flow inhomogeneity happened according to the flow velocity difference of each phase.It was confirmed that this flow inhomogeneity increased as the GVF increased due to the uncertainty of the flow measurement.

Pore-scale study of the pressure-sensitive effect of sandstone and its influence on multiphase flows

The pressure-sensitive effect on the pore structure of sandstone was investigated using X-ray computed micro-tomography and QEMSCAN quantitative mineral analysis. In a physical simulation study, we extracted the pore network model from digital cores at different confining pressures and evaluated the effect of pressure sensitivity on the multiphase displacement process. In both the pore network model and QEMSCAN scanning, the pore structure was observed to be damaged under a high confining pressure. Due to their different scales, the pores and throats exhibited inhomogeneous changes; further, the throats exhibited a significant variation compared to that exhibited by the pores. Meanwhile, the heterogeneity of the pore structure under the two aforementioned activities was aggravated by the elastic-plastic deformation of the pore structure.The pressure-sensitive effect increased the proportion of mineral particles, such as quartz(the main component of the core skeleton), and reduced the proportion of clay minerals. The clay minerals were originally attached to the pore walls or interspersed in the pores; however, as the pressure increased, the clay minerals accumulated in the pores resulting in blockage of the pores. While simulating the multiphase displacement process, increasing the confining pressure was observed to severely restrict the flowability of oil and water. This study promises to improve the efficiency of reservoir development in terms of oil and gas exploitation.

High-precision nonisothermal transient wellbore drift flow model suitable for the full flow pattern domain and full dip range

A reliable multiphase flow simulator is an important tool to improve wellbore integrity and production decision-making.To develop a multiphase flow model with high adaptability and high accuracy,we first build a multiphase flow database with 3561 groups of data and developed a drift closure relationship with stable continuity and high adaptability.Second,a high-order numerical scheme with strong fault capture ability is constructed by effectively combining MUSCL technology,van Albada slope limiter and AUSMV numerical scheme.Finally,the energy equation is coupled into the AUSMV numerical scheme of the drift flow model in the form of finite difference.A transient non-isothermal wellbore multiphase flow model with wide applicability is formed by integrating the three technologies,and the effects of various factors on the calculation accuracy are studied.The accuracy of the simulator is verified by comparing the measurement results with the blowout experiment of a full-scale experimental well.

蚬子外壳仿生表面减阻结构的设计与分析

受天然生物蚬子在泥沙环境中优异的运动能力的启发,提出了仿生蚬子表面形貌减阻方法,并根据其外壳表面形貌特征的显微图像设计了仿生表面减阻结构,利用CFD数值模拟方法中的多相流Mixture模型对设计的3种仿生表面结构进行横向仿真模拟并与光滑表面结构进行减阻效果对比。结果表明,在不同的两相流流速下,3种仿生表面结构在横向模拟中都具有一定的减阻特性,且以棱纹结节表面结构的减阻性能最佳。

履齿结构对深海沉积物扰动分析

为探究集矿车在行进过程中履带运动对深海沉积物的扰动机理,并建立适用于机械结构与沉积物作用的仿真模型,结合水槽实验和模拟分析,设定对照试验,研究机械结构运动对沉积物的扰动作用和羽状流扩散现象。实验与仿真结果表明:偏置一字形履齿低扰动性能较好,扰动最大速度在1.5 m/s以下;扰动源的下陷深度和转速对水槽中的浊度变化有显著影响,浊度计最大和最小测量值为4 381.3 mg/L和3 073.3 mg/L,相差29.9%,峰值时间相差超过50%。搭建欧拉多相流模型,设定参数和边界条件,仿真与试验结果接近,可用于后续开展小范围内的机械扰动研究。

高铁开通对中国航空客运网络连通性的影响

为了科学优化中国航空客运网络发展,选取2000—2018年中国定期通航的运输机场所在地级及以上城市的非平衡面板数据,将高铁开通视为一项准自然实验,采用多期双重差分模型实证分析高铁开通对中国航空客运网络连通性水平的影响。研究发现:高铁开通显著提升了中国航空客运网络连通性水平;高铁开通对节点中心性的提升作用不受该城市所处区域的影响,均有显著的促进作用,对东部城市中心性的促进作用大于中西部城市。

COSINE多相场子通道程序格架模型开发与评估

格架模型作为子通道程序中的重要模块,对大破口事故中再淹没工况下热工水力学参数的计算具有重要意义,COSINE多相场子通道程序包括格架的压降模型、壁面传热增强模型、相间传热增强模型、液滴破裂模型、格架再湿模型、格架温度模型等。本研究选取棒束传热实验装置(RBHT)典型再淹没工况进行建模分析,评估格架模型对再淹没工况下热工水力学参数计算的影响。计算结果表明:采用格架模型后,程序计算的通道换热能力显著增强,格架模型可提高计算的骤冷前沿速度,加快包壳冷却及蒸汽温度的下降,并显著降低燃料包壳峰值温度(PCT),程序计算结果与实验数据符合良好;程序计算的格架温度变化趋势与实验值符合良好;程序中采用的液滴破裂模型可模拟格架前后的液滴尺寸变化,可精准预测液滴直径散射比;程序预测的格架附近液滴速度随时间的变化与实验趋势符合良好。COSINE多相场子通道程序中采用的格架模型可有效提高程序对再淹没工况下热工水力学参数的预测能力,程序中采用的格架模型是有效且合理可靠的。

气固鼓泡床结构双流体传热模型及其模拟验证

介尺度结构显著影响非均匀气固复杂系统内的流动传递反应特性。构建了结构双流体传热模型用于模拟复杂气固系统内的流动传热过程,按照流动控制机制将鼓泡床系统划分成由气体主导的气泡相和颗粒主导的乳化相两个相互渗透的连续流体,进而确立考虑介尺度结构影响的控制方程及本构关系,其中相间曳力、乳化相黏度、相间传热系数及各相热导率均采用合理的经验关联式进行封闭。利用双流体传热模型与显式解析壁面流动和传热边界层方法相结合,对安装加热管的鼓泡床系统进行了模拟。结果表明:结构双流体传热模型可成功预测鼓泡床系统内固含率的轴向分布及床层壁面传热系数的变化规律;模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,密相区壁面传热系数模拟值与实验值的相对误差小于10%,稀相区壁面传热系数的模拟值与实验值在同一量级,表明结构双流体传热模型可准确刻画鼓泡床系统内气固两相的流动传热特性。

天然气水合物固态流化开采井筒多相流动模型

为了研究水合物浆体输送过程中水合物分解规律与井筒多相流动特征,基于气-液-固三相的质量、动量和能量守恒方程,考虑水合物分解引起的相间传热和传质,结合双层连续管开采水合物的工艺特点,建立了水合物相变条件下全瞬态非等温气-液-固多相流动模型。基于MWD实测温度数据对模型的准确性进行了验证。利用模型分析了水合物浆体输送过程中,井筒温度、井筒压力、水合物分解速率与各相体积分数随开采时间变化的规律。模拟结果表明:在开采前2 h内,水合物分解速率较为缓慢,管内各相体积分数变化较小;随着开采时间的延长,管内各相体积分数发生显著变化;在开采约5 h后达到稳定状态,此时井口气相体积分数约为40%;此外,在井下举升泵位置处,固-液相体积分数均发生显著突变。研究结果对深入了解水合物开发过程中的多相流动规律具有一定的参考价值,有助于水合物开采技术的进一步发展。