Entropy method for determination of weight of evaluating indicators in fuzzy synthetic evaluation for water quality assessment

Considering the difficulty of fuzzy synthetic evaluation method in calculation of the multiple factors and ignorance of the relationship among evaluating objects, a new weight evaluation process using entropy method was introduced. This improved method for determination of weight of the evaluating indicators was applied in water quality assessment of the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results showed that this method was favorable for fuzzy synthetic evaluation when there were more than one evaluating objects. One calculation was enough for calculating every monitoring point. Compared with the original evaluation method, the method predigested the fuzzy synthetic evaluation process greatly and the evaluation results are more reasonable.

Evaluation index system for positive operation of water conservancy projects

The conditions for the positive operation of water conservancy projects are described in this paper. A scientific and effective evaluation index system was established based on frequency analysis, theoretical analysis, and expert consultation. This evaluation index system can be divided into six first-level indices： the degree to which facilities are intact and functionality standards are reached, the status of operation and management funds, the rationality and degree of advancement of the management team structure, the adaptability and rationality of the water conservancy project management system, the degree of automatization and informationization of the management techniques, and the conduciveness of the exterior environment. The weights for evaluation indices were obtained through the analytic hierarchy process method with consideration of the difference between public welfare and profit-oriented water conservancy projects. This study provides a scientific method for evaluating the positive operation of water conservancy projects.

Study on Evaluation Method of Ecological Restoration for Soil and Water Conservation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

On the basis of deeply understanding the domestic existing evaluation method of ecological restoration for soil and water conservation, under the premise of analyzing characteristics of current commonly used evaluation index of ecological restoration, based on the actual situation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, taking objectivity, independence and operability as the principles, nine evaluation indexes were selected, and a set of comprehensive evaluation method of ecological restoration for water and soil conservation based on AHP was constructed. The hundred mark system corresponded with ecological restoration level, and the weight of each index in evaluation system was calculated according to comparison matrix constructed by frontline workers of soil and water conservation. The method could be used to determine difficult degree of restoration of the disturbed and destroyed ecosystem and the rationality of ecological restoration for soil and water conservation.

Comprehensive evaluation of water quality parameters in Tianjin Dagu Dainage Canal

In this paper, some indices of sulfide, organic carbon, oil and heavy metals （copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and chromium） in the sediments from Dagu Dainage Canal at the Bohai Bay during four seasons in 2012 - 2013 are selected, and Water Quality Pollution Index （API） is applied to evaluate water quality indices, aiming for the systematic evaluation of the water quality of Dagu Dainage Canal. The results showed that four stations of D3, D6, D7and D9 for S2 had the type Ⅱand Ⅲ of water; others had the type Ⅰ ; the total level of TOC, TPH, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As and Cr were type Ⅰ, Ⅳ, Ⅱ, Ⅴ, Ⅱ, Ⅴ, Ⅲ, Vand Ⅴ. Water Quality Pollution Index （API） was 3.28, which illustrated Dagu Dainage Canal was in the state of contamination and the degree of pollution exceeded the standard functional areas.

Evaluation Model of Carrying Capacity of Water Resources Based on Standardized Indices of Radial Basis Function

[Objective] The aim was to study on RBF model about evaluation on carrying capacity of water resources based on standardized indices. [Method] The indices were transformed and the averages of standard values in different levels were taken as the standardized values of components of central vectors for basic functions of RBF hidden nodes. Hence, the basic functions are suitable for most indices, simplifying expression and calculation of basic functions. [Result] RBF models concluded through Monkey-king Genetic Algorithm with weights optimization are used in evaluation on water carrying capacity in three districts in Changwu County in Shaanxi Province, which were in consistent with that through fuzzy evaluation. [Conclusion] RBF, simple and practical, is universal and popular.

Toward Water Conservation Society:the Connotationand Assessment Indication System

Water saving and developing water conservation society are the two key strategies both for wise water allocation and sustainable utilization. The paper analyses the connotation of water saving and water conservation society. Essentially, water saving means freeing up water from non-beneficial uses and providing it to some more productive uses. Basic principles for setting indicator are presented by providing efficient use of water, considering social issues and ecological protection. An integrated assessing water saving system aiming at more sustainable and efficient consumption is given considering unbalanced social and economic development in regions and basins. The hierarchy indicator system provides qualified tools to the practice of water conservation and evaluates the value for water conservation society construction.

Evaluation of Farmland Drainage Water Quality by Fuzzy–Gray Combination Method

The complex relationships between indicators and water conditions cause fuzzy and gray uncertainties in evaluation of water quality. Compared to conventional single-factor evaluation methods, the combination evaluation method can consider these two uncertainties to produce more objective and reasonable evaluation results. In this paper, we propose a combination evaluation method with two main parts:(1) the use of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and gray correlation analysis as submodels with which to consider the fuzzy and gray uncertainties and(2) the establishment of a combination model based on minimum bias squares. In addition, using this method, we evaluate the water quality of a ditch in a typical rice–wheat system of Yixing city in the Taihu Lake Basin during three rainfall events. The results show that the ditch water quality is not good and we found the chemical oxygen demand to be the key indicator that affects water quality most significantly. The proposed combination evaluation method is more accurate and practical than single-factor evaluation methods in that it considers the uncertainties of fuzziness and grayness.

Dynamic evaluation of water resources carrying capacity of the Dianchi Lake Basin in 2005-2015,based on DSPERM framework model and simulated annealing-projection pursuit model

With the intensi fed impact of human activities,most lakes have been severely disturbed and the lake ecosystem has been seriously damaged,which exerted a great impact on the living envi-ronment of human beings in the lake basins.The health of the lake ecosystem has gradually become one of the hot issues in recent years.In this study,the water resources carrying capacity(WRCC)was used to reveal the chain rel ationship between human activities and water environ-ment in the economic dewelopment of the Dianchi Lake Basin in Kunming City of China during 2005-2015.Specifically,we chose 25 ewaluation indicators related to the water environment and socialeconomic activities,classified them into six subsystems,Le,the driwing force subsystem(D),the water resources si tuation and consumption subsystem(S),the water resources pressure subsystem(P),the water environmental situation subsystem(E),the response subsystem(R),and the management subsystem(M),and built a comprehensive assessment system-DSPERM frame-work model.Si mulated annealing-projection pursuit model which reflects the structure or feature of high-dimensional data was adopted to calculate the WRCC of the Dianchi Lake Basin during 2005-2015 by weighting each evaluation indicator and each subsystem of the DSPERM frame work model.The resuls show that the WRCC of the Dlanchi Lake Basin was in level II(medium carying capacity)from 2005 to 2012.Since 2013,the WRCC has been at level II(strong carying capacity),and from 2005 to 2015,it showed a gradual upward trend.The evaluation indicators of each subsystem varied greatly and exhibited different development trends.The indicators of the water resources pressure subsystem had the greatest impact on the WRCC,followed by the in-dicators of the water environmental si tuation subsystem and the water resources situation and consumption subsystem.We recommend that the DSPERM framework model and the simulated anneal ing-projection pursuit model constructed in this work can be used to analyze the dynamic changes of the WRCC over the years.They have the advantages of practicability and feasibilty,and can provide the basis for the scienti fic decision-making and comprehensive management of regional water environment planning.

Evaluation on the Essentiality Grades of Water Conserving in Tibet, China

Taking Tibet as an example, the functional essentiality degrees of water resources conserving of regions were discussed in this paper. At first, based on the status of regional vegetation, whether the region has the function of water conserving was made certain. And then, according to the impacted objects of water resources conserving, taking into account the demands for water and regional supply capacities of water and the requirement of environmental protection, the functional grades of regional water resources conserving of Tibet were evaluated in this paper.

Research on performance evaluation of small water conservancy facilities construction project in Hebei Province

This paper takes Hebei province of small water conservancy facilities construction project as the research object, the performance evaluation purposes of construction of farmland water conservancy facilities project, the data sources when carry out performance evaluation, performance evaluation procedures and limitations of farmland water conservancy facilities construction project performance evaluation were discussed.

Safety evaluation system for hydraulic metal structures based on knowledge engineering

A comprehensive safety evaluation system taking the most influential factors into account has been developed to evaluate the reliability of hydraulic metal structures. Applying the techniques of AI and DB, the idea of a one-machine and three-base system is proposed. The framework of the three-base system has been designed and the structural framework constructed in turn. A practical example is given to illustrate the process of using this system and it can be used for comparison and analysis purposes. The key technology of the system is its ability to reorganize and improve the expert system＇s knowledge base by establishing the expert system. This system utilizes the computer technology inference process, making safety evaluation conclusions more reasonable and applicable to the actual situation. The system is not only advanced, but also feasible, reliable, artificially intelligent, and has the capacity to constantly grow.

建立科学评价体系促进水土保持措施的可持续发展

为促进水土保持措施的可持续发展,分析了当前水土保持工作的局限性,重点关注管理不足、监测体系不完善以及科研与技术创新滞后等问题。针对这些挑战,建议建立综合评价指标体系,优化数据收集与监测手段,并选择适当的评价方法,以科学评估水土保持措施的实际效果及其长期影响,促进水土保持的科学决策。通过构建多维度评价指标体系和实施综合数据监测,为有效开展水土保持工作提供指导,从而促进生态环境改善与可持续发展,确保在应对日益严峻的水土流失问题时,实现资源的高效利用与生态平衡的维护。

甘蔗生理生化特性对干旱胁迫及复水的响应及抗旱性评价

【目的】随着甘蔗种植区域向旱坡地转移,干旱胁迫已对甘蔗生长造成严重威胁。抗旱品种的筛选与评价是应对干旱胁迫、提高植物耐旱性和产量稳定性的重要措施。【方法】本研究以13个“国家糖料产业技术体系”甘蔗区试品种和4个甘蔗主栽品种作为试验材料,以正常浇水为对照,干旱胁迫和复水3 d为处理,通过测定叶绿素、H2O2、MDA、SOD、POD、CAT、APX、脯氨酸、SP、SS等生理生化指标,运用抗旱系数法和隶属函数值法,对不同甘蔗品种进行抗旱性评价和鉴定,为抗旱育种和品种示范推广提供理论支撑。【结果】结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后甘蔗的叶绿素总含量显著低于正常浇水处理,复水3 d后指标恢复正常;干旱胁迫处理后,脯氨酸含量显著高于正常浇水处理,并在复水3 d后恢复;不同甘蔗品种的SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性,H2O2、MDA、SP、SS含量在干旱胁迫处理和复水3 d处理后分别有不同程度的变化。【结论】甘蔗响应干旱胁迫及复水的生理生化指标变化显著;甘蔗品种‘云瑞14662’和‘桂糖14811’推荐于云南开远等亚热带高原季风气候地区进行推广种植。

Effects of Zero Tillage and Residue Retention on Soil Quality in the Mediterranean Region of Northern Syria

Zero-tillage (ZT) and crop residue retention on the soil surface—two components of Conservation Agriculture (CA)—have been identified as promising management practices for sustainable agri- cultural intensification for some time. However, CA technology uptake by farmers in the dry areas of West Asia and North Africa (WANA) has yet to happen large-scale, even though the positive im- pact on yield has been demonstrated repeatedly. To explain the observed consistent increases in crop yield under ZT, a range of soil quality indicators were regularly monitored during 2008 to 2012 in the long-term ZT/CA trials at the headquarters of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in northern Syria. Results showed that CA had a positive im- pact on soil fertility. This was measurable by higher soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial bio- mass contents, increased levels of extractable phosphate, sometimes (but not always) higher amounts of larger water-stable soil aggregates, increased soil infiltration capacity and soil water retention. The buildup of SOM and associated carbon (C) sequestration was in the range of 0.29 Mg C/ha/yr, i.e. rather modest. High amounts of surface residues delayed the desiccation of the topsoil during the fallow period, but could not diminish the overall longer-term drying of the topsoil. The observed positive changes in soil quality were little, but nevertheless, in combination with the economic savings that ZT offers, this type of agricultural intensification provides an attractive op- tion for farmers in WANA, from the standpoints of economy and ecological efficiency.

基于相对联系数的区域水利高质量发展评价指标体系筛选方法

为综合判断在区域水利高质量发展目标、发展途径、发展条件相互作用下区域水资源-经济社会-生态环境复合系统不断协同优化的系统高质量发展水平状态,构建了由发展目标、发展途径和发展条件3个子系统组成的区域水利高质量发展初步评价指标体系。为定量分析初步评价指标体系的专家咨询信息,根据专家指标排序合理性模糊关系的取值区间特点提出了相对联系数,用相对联系数的平均集对势估计各专家指标排序合理性的权重,进而可得各指标重要性的专家综合排序值,据此筛选初步评价指标体系,构建了基于相对联系数的区域水利高质量发展评价指标体系筛选方法(SM-RCN)。SM-RCN在陕西省的应用结果表明:筛选后的指标体系汇聚了各专家对区域水利高质量发展主要影响指标的综合评判;SM-RCN可克服评价指标体系构建过程缺乏定量分析依据的不足,可识别不同专家、同一专家对不同评价方面的指标排序合理性的程度。该筛选方法在区域水利现代化、水资源空间均衡、水资源承载力等评价指标体系构建过程中具有应用前景。

基于集对分析的区域水利高质量发展评价方法

基于发展目标、发展途径、发展条件相作用形成的区域水利高质量发展系统结构和相对联系数的指标体系筛选方法,构建了由59个评价指标、11个发展方面、3个发展子系统组成的区域水利高质量发展评价指标体系;利用专家咨询和遗传层次分析法确定各指标权重,采用集对分析计算指标、方面、子系统和样本4个层次与区域水利高质量发展评价标准集对间的联系数,应用减法集对势判断4个层次区域水利高质量发展状态,建立了基于集对分析的区域水利高质量发展评价方法(SPA-HDEM),并将其应用于陕西省2020年10个地市的水利高质量发展评价中。结果表明:西安水利高质量发展状态处于中等偏较高等级,咸阳、汉中、渭南、安康、宝鸡、榆林均处于中等等级,延安、商洛、铜川均处于较低偏中等等级;非陕南的7个地市的发展条件均不佳,10个地市的发展途径均相对较低;各地市处于反势的指标中,西安有“人均水资源量”等11个、铜川有“防洪堤防达标率”等32个、宝鸡有“水利投资占GDP比重”等16个、咸阳有“人均生活用水量”等14个、渭南有“水资源开发利用率”等19个、延安有“供水模数”等21个、榆林有“供水模数”等22个、汉中有“防洪堤防达标率”等15个、安康有“防洪堤防达标率”等21个、商洛有“人均工资”等25个,重点调控这些反势指标是全省水利高质量发展工作中的重要任务。SPA-HDEM适用性强,在已知评价等级标准的实际区域水利高质量发展评价问题中具有应用前景。

中国农业节水十年:成就、挑战及对策

水是农业的命脉。在水资源紧缺形势下,保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给,必须实施农业节水,发展高水效农业。在系统总结过去10年我国农业节水在保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给、促进区域农业可持续发展和生态环境改善、促进现代农业转型升级和提质增效以及带动农业节水产业发展等方面取得的巨大成就基础上,分析了当前我国农业节水与国际先进水平的差距,以及在农业节水相关基础数据观测和长期积累、节水评价指标体系和考核标准、灌溉面积盲目扩张与农业适水发展、灌区续建配套节水改造和高标准农田建设衔接、高效节水灌溉与农艺技术配套、农业水价综合改革与节水灌溉工程设施可持续运行机制和政策、农业节水科技创新与节水产业发展等方面面临的问题和挑战,提出了促进农业节水高质量发展的建议。

基于代理指标的供水管网抗震改造优化

基于水力模型计算的管网供水量满足率(SSIQ)指标,是评估供水管网震后性能的常用指标。在供水管网抗震改造优化模型中,若采用SSIQ表示优化目标函数,优化求解需进行大量水力模型计算,计算耗时很长。为减小管网抗震改造优化模型的计算量,对节点流量韧性指标(FR)进行了改进,增加了管道破坏漏水能量损失的影响项,提出了一种管网能量指标(Energy Resilience, ER)表示震后管网性能;以ER指标作为SSIQ的代理指标,用于量化抗震改造优化模型的目标函数。仅通过管道地震失效概率、管网震前正常运行工况的水力参数计算ER指标,不必进行震后管网水力模型计算,以期提升优化模型计算效率。以供水管网震后性能最大化和改造费用最小化为目标,以管道抗震改造措施为优化变量,建立了管网抗震改造多目标优化模型,并比较了ER指标、FR指标以及两个拓扑代理指标的替代效果。案例管网应用结果表明,ER指标与SSIQ指标相关系数呈现强相关性,基于ER指标的优化方案与基于SSIQ指标的优化方案的差异小于3%,ER指标优化模型计算时间不足SSIQ指标优化模型计算时间的1%。

水资源承载力评价关键因子与高效评价方法研究

适宜的评价指标和评价方法是确保水资源承载力评价科学、客观的关键。为识别影响水资源承载力评价的关键因子,并探索高效的评价方法,以2020年中国各地区指标数据为基础,结合水资源承载力的内涵,从经济、人口、环境3个维度构建了包含20项指标的水资源承载力评价指标体系,采用障碍度模型从定性和定量两方面筛选关键指标,对4种单一评价方法(熵权-TOPSIS、熵权-线性加权、模糊综合评价和因子分析法)和3种组合评价方法(模糊Borda法、漂移度组合评价法、离差最大化组合评价法)开展比较研究,并基于研究结果对2004~2022年中国水资源承载力演变趋势开展测度分析。结果表明:①影响中国水资源承载力的关键因子是人均水资源占有量(障碍度指数高达0.556),其次是生态环境用水比例(障碍度指数0.181)和农村生活污水处理率(障碍度指数0.057)等指标。②组合评价法在稳定性和趋势性方面的表现优于单一评价法,但其计算过程较为复杂,组合评价法中,离差最大化组合评价法表现最优,平均误差仅为1.56%;单一评价法中,熵权-线性加权法表现最优,平均误差为4.30%。③2004~2022年中国水资源承载力指数从0.115增长至0.867,主要得益于政府在推动节约用水和生态环境改善方面发挥的关键作用。研究成果可为区域水资源管理提供科学依据。

漳河水库灌区水效领跑者引领行动的实践与评价

开展灌区水效领跑者引领行动及评价,是强化、规范农业灌溉用水管理的重要措施。基于有关部门印发的《灌区水效领跑者引领行动实际细则》和漳河水库灌区实践情况,采用层次分析方法(AHP),建立了漳河水库灌区水效领跑者引领行动的评价指标体系和评价阈值,分析了节水技术评价、节水管理评价和鼓励性评价等敏感指标,并对其进行评价,结果表明漳河水库灌区水效领跑者引领行动综合评价值0.94与实际情况吻合。