Service Object-based Evaluation Framework of Economic, Social and Ecological Benefits of Urban Green Spaces

Researchers' understandings of economic, ecological and social benefits of urban green spaces were discussed from many perspectives, connotations of such three major benefits were redefined, existing problems in the present evaluation were analyzed. According to service objects of urban green spaces, 6 relationship fields were classified, specifically, global ecology, regional environment, regional health, basic life, spiritual life and material life, a basic framework for evaluating economic, ecological and social benefits of urban green spaces was proposed.

Evaluation method of the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and application conditions

The importance of ecological benefit analyses about green space systems has been widely discussed on the basis of a perceived bias towards the landscaping effect of green spaces to be built in urban areas as opposed to the perception of comprehensive ecological benefits of designed plant communities. Given the basic principle of ecological benefit analyses and evaluation methods widely applied today, the methodology to calculate ecological benefits and to model the expansion of urban green spaces by CITY- green 5.0 and its conditions for application were explored. We propose that aerial images can be substituted by AutoCAD graphics of a green space containing detailed information of plant dispositions by digitizing the key features during the working process in order to evaluate the ecological benefits quickly and to offer proper guidance to the establishment of small scale green spaces in urban areas. The theoretical foundation, potential application range and prospects for extension of the method are introduced by using the analysis of ecological benefits of the green spaces on the campus of Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, as an example.

Open pit limit optimization considering economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits

Pit limit design has,up to date,focused mainly on maximization of economic profit alone,with environmental and social issues largely ignored.This paper focuses on incorporating both environmental and social issues in the pit limit design process and provides an approach to pit limit optimization that is in compliance with sustainable development.The case study demonstrates that ecological costs have a substantial down-sizing effect and social benefits have a substantial up-sizing effect on the optimal pit limit.When the ecological costs are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 37.5%smaller than the economically optimal pit limit.However,when the social benefits are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 48.3%larger than the economically optimal one.The overall optimal pit limit,with the economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits simultaneously considered,is a result of balancing conflicting goals of maximizing economic profit,minimizing ecological cost,and maximizing social benefit.

Study on the Comprehensive Benefits Evaluation of Ecological Embankment Based on GAHP

Ecological embankment is a new bank protection technique.The present domestic and international studies on ecological embankment mainly focus on its definition,type,implementation procedures,problems as well as attentions.The authors put forward an evaluation method based on Group Analytic Hierarchy Process(GAHP) to establish an evaluation index system,comprehensively evaluate late works of a project,and prove the rationality of the model.

Evaluation on Regional Ecological Benefits of Windbreak Systems

This paper studied how dynamically to evaluate regional ecological benefits of windbreak systems in a county scale. Data of air temperature. humidity. wind speed, crop yield and forest cover percentage were investigated and collected in some of counties of Heilongjiang Province, where windbreak systems were established in the last thirty years. Through analysis, an evaluation index system estimating regional ecological benetits of windbreak systems was set up, which consists of both a vegetation index system and a climate index systeln. The former includes a forest cover percentage index and a crop yield index; the later does three variable indexes of wind speed, air temperature and humidity. An integrated regional ecological benefit index.was developed through combinations of some coined evaluation indexes from the evaluation system.And to take Zhaozhou County and Anda County as a case study, the regional ecological benetits since establishment of windbreak systems of the two counties were evaluated dynamically using the integrated index.

Ecological Benefits Evaluation in Ecological Migration Zone Based on Ecological Green Equivalent: A Case Study of Migration Zone in Yanchi County

With four ecological migration zones in Huamachi Town of Yanchi County in Ningxia Autonomous Region as the object of study,we carry out the evaluation of ecological benefits in ecological migration zone. Using the SPOT satellite remote sensing image in 2008 and UAV aerophotographic image in 2013,we first monitor and analyze the land use change over five years in the study area,and then adopt ecological green equivalent evaluation model for the evaluation of ecological benefits in the ecological migration zone. Studies have shown that:( i) from 2008 to 2013,the ecological green equivalent in the study area was increased and the ecological environment was improved;( ii) the ecological green equivalent in the study area was less than 1 in 2008 and 2013,and ecological environment was still fragile in the migration zone;( iii)the forest coverage rate of the study area was 20% less than the minimum forest coverage rate of the United Nations,but 15% higher than the forest coverage rate of the Ministry of Environmental Protection. There is a large gap between the forest coverage rate based on ecological green equivalent and optimal forest coverage rate,suggesting that the land use still needs to be adjusted in study area,and it is necessary to increase efforts to strengthen ecological restoration and continue to implement forest conservation,returning land for farming to forestry and other measures.

Comprehensive Evaluation on Social Benefit of East Street Reconstruction Project

Through analysis on existing problems and rationality of East Street reconstruction project,its social benefit had been analyzed sysmatically and comprehensively from the aspects of social environment,natural environment and traffic safety environment.Furthermore,evaluation indexes of East Street reconstruction project had been established and weighting of each index had been identified by analytic hierarchy process(AHP).Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model had been founded through fuzzy synthetic evaluation method.Finally,scientific judgment was conducted on social benefit of East Street reconstruction project by applying established evaluation system.It demonstrated that East Street reconstruction project could bring great social benefit,so it should support this project.

Evaluation on Ecological Agriculture Benefit and Coordinated Development Level in Henan Province

[Objective] The aim was to establish theevaluation index system of ecological agriculture benefit in Henan Province to assess its ecological agriculture benefit and coordinated development level. [Method] Based on the existing evaluation index system of ecological agriculture, the evaluation index system of ecological agriculture benefit in Henan Province was established by means of factor analysis from the aspects of economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit, so as to assess the ecological agriculture benefit and coordinated development level of cities at prefecture level in Henan Province. [Result] Zhengzhou City had the highest development level in ecological agriculture in Henan Province, and coordination level was the highest in Anyang City, while coordinated development level was the highest in Zhengzhou and lowest in Sanmenxia City. [Conclusion] The study could provide reference for the evaluation on ecological agriculture benefit in China.

Evaluation Model of the Ecology Benefit Value of Woodland in China

Main influencing factors affecting the ecology benefit value of woodland are analyzed,mainly including the water conservation value,environment cleaning value,water and soil conservation value,and climate regulation value.Evaluation model of the ecology benefit value of woodland is put forward which can deal with the uncertain information.Method for determining index weights is discussed,as well as the processing method for uncertain information during the evaluation of ecology benefit value of woodland.Finally,the feasibility and convenience of the evaluation model of the woodland ecology benefit value are illustrated with examples.

Benefits Evaluation of Water Resources Used for Ecosystem in Shiyang River Basin of Gansu Province

Among the numerous inland river basins in the arid northwest China,Shiyang River basin is known for its most serious water shortage that constrains its social and economic developments and for some of the worst ecological and environmental deterioration in China.The research on the value of water resources used for ecosystem is the basis for reasonable allocation of water resources between users of ecosystem and economic system.In this paper the concept of dynamic value for the ecosystem services is proposed.A modified coefficient for the ecosystem service value per unit area is proposed according to the cover degrees of biomes combined with expert consultation.Based on the developmental stage coefficient and scarcity of ecological resources,a dynamic evaluation method is proposed.The theoretical formula and simple calculation formula of the sharing benefits coefficient and benefits per unit ecological water utilization are proposed.The result shows that the benefit of unit ecological water utilization in the lower reach was greater than that in the upper reach in the Shiyang River basin.

Method for Evaluating the Degrees of Land Use Sustainability of Mountainous County and its Application in Yunnan Province,China

The evaluation of sustainable land use is the key issue in the field of studying the sustainable land utilization. In general analysis, the sustainable land use is evaluated respectively from its ecological sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability in China and other countries in recent years. Although this evaluation is an important work, it seems insufficient and hard to comprehensively reflect the whole degree of land use sustainability. Thus, to make up this deficiency, this paper brings forward the evaluation indexes, which make it possible to quantitatively reflect the whole degree of land use sustainability, namely, the concept of ＂degrees of overall land use sustainability＂ （Dos）, and research and measurement development of the method of and calculation in Dos. Taking the evaluation of the degree of land use sustainability in county regions of Yunnan Province as the actual example for analysis, results are basically as follows： 1） The degree of land use sustainability （Dos） is the ration index to organically and systematically integrate the degree of ecological friendliness （DeF）, the degree of economic viability （Dev） and the degree of social acceptability （Dsa）, able to comprehensively reflect the whole sustainability degree of regional land use 2） Based on the value of Dos, the grading system and standard for the sustainability of land use may be established and totally divided into five grades, namely, the high-degree sustainability, middle-degree sustainability, low-degree sustainability, conditional sustainability and non-sustainability. Meanwhile, the standard for distinguishing sustainability grades has also been confirmed so as to determine the nature of sustainability degrees in different grades. This makes the possibility for the combination of nature determination with ration in research result and provides with the scientific guideline and decision-making gist for better implementation of sustainable land use strategy. 3） The practice in evaluation of sustainability degree in county regional land use in Yunnan shows that the value of the degree of land use sustainability （Dos） of whole Yunnan Province is only 58.39, belonging to the grade of low-degree sustainability. Two thirds of counties in the whole province represent the grade of ＂conditional sustainability＂ and ＂non-sustainability＂ in the sustainability of land use. Among these counties, 11.11 % shows ＂non- sustainability＇. The lowest degree of land use sustainability appears especially in the middle plateau mountain region of Northeast Yunnan, where the value of Dos in most counties （districts） is below 40 %, belonging to the grade of ＂non-sustainability＂. The sustainability degree in the karst mountainous region in lower-middle plateau mountain region in Southeast Yunnan is generally low and the value of sustainability degree （Dos） in most of the counties （cities and districts） is below 55. The value of sustainability degree （Dos） in most of the counties （cities and districts） in the north, west, northwest and southwest parts of Yunnan is below 55. This article also analyzes the reasons of low degree of sustainability in land use in Yunnan and puts forward the countermeasures to increase the degree of sustainability in land use in the whole province.

Functions, Problems and Countermeasures of China’s Rural Ecosystems

At present,the whole country is fully implementing rural revitalization strategy and actively promoting rural ecosystems development in China.From the perspective of ecology and agroecology,the main functions of rural ecosystem in China,the current outstanding problems,and the corresponding countermeasures and measures are discussed in the paper,in order to provide references for promoting the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization and the sustainable development of rural ecosystem.China’s rural ecosystem has multi-functions such as carrying population,improving environment,providing products,increasing income,expanding employment and tourism,inheriting culture,popularizing science and technology,educating people,training talents,and providing places for the aged urban residents.Currently,there are still many problems and challenges in rural ecosystem in China,such as ecological destruction,waste of resources,environmental pollution,natural disasters,economic poverty,backward science and education,laggard culture and medical care,lack of public services,bad social morality,loss of villagers and disappearance of villages.In order to promote implementation of rural revitalization strategy and to promote sustainable development of rural ecosystems in China,the following measures should be taken based on the principles of integrating “tri-benefits”(economic,ecological and social benefits),gradual progress,comprehensive governance,adaptation to local conditions and long-term efforts and success.Eventually,the following measures are suggested:① enhancing awareness;② planning well;③ improving environment;④ optimizing ecological structure;⑤ improving ecological functions;⑥ improving ecological conditions;⑦ strengthening public services;⑧ improving laws and regulations;⑨ improving great investment;⑩ accelerating personnel training.

On Approach of Quantifying Economic Benefits of Urban Green Space:A Case Study of Wuxi City

Urban green space has its important social, economic and ecological benefits. Quantifying of those benefits helps healthy development of urban green space. The essay discusses approach of quantifying direct economic benefits of land utilizing and construction derivated from urban green space system itself through the optimization of space structure and ecological function. It is the affirmation and promotion of the achievements of urban greening industry.

Method of Evaluating Social Benefit of Energy-Conservation Based Generation Dispatching in Guangdong Province

Energy-conservation based generation dispatching is the revolutionary change in operation mode which could reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions, promote power industry restructuring, and achieve sustainable development. Social benefit evaluation of the energy-conservation based generation dispatching under the new situation and environment has come into being as an important theoretical issue. A new scenario analysis based social benefit evluating method, which is implemented by comparing the energy., consumption and pollutant emissions of different scenarios defined by the key indicators, i.e., load factor and coal consumption structure, is proposed in the paper. Then the composition of social benefit is analyzed from the point of the dispatching mode and the coal consumption structure. The method proposed is of clear physical meaning. It is not only practical, but also applicable for the implementation of energy-conservation based generation dispatching in diffferent phases and with different goals.

CCUS-EOR项目经济系统评价方法及其应用

CCUS-EOR是碳捕集利用与封存体系中专用于强化采油或提高采收率的技术,是社会和企业实现“双碳”目标的重要技术途径。CCUS-EOR项目投资大、风险高,经济效益和社会效益显著,开展科学评价工作尤为重要。结合工作实践,梳理了CCUS-EOR项目经济评价的方法和流程,并对精细分析增量成本、多层次多角度评价项目效益、评价碳减排指标、评估社会效益以及全产业链经济效益评价等关键指标开展了深入的分析和总结,创造性地提出了一些指标和观点,探索形成了聚焦CCUS项目全产业链要素的CCUS-EOR项目经济系统评价方法体系。研究成果为此类项目科学决策提供了技术支持。

生态产品价值实现效益评价及障碍因子分析--以喀斯特山区贵州省为例

基于生态产品价值实现的内涵和运作机理,明晰生态产品价值实现效益的主要内容,构建起包括生态效益、经济效益、社会效益三个子系统15个指标的生态产品价值实现效益评价体系。运用熵权法测度地区生态产品价值实现效益,通过障碍度模型识别制约生态产品价值实现效益提升的障碍因子,并以喀斯特山区贵州省为例展开实证研究。研究结果表明:(1)2011—2020年贵州省生态产品价值实现综合效益稳步提升,综合效益值从0.2310增长到0.8197,年均增速约为15.11%;(2)经济效益增长显著,生态效益次之,社会效益增长较慢;(3)影响贵州省生态产品价值实现效益的主要障碍因子有农村常住居民人均可支配收入、旅游收入、农村常住居民人均消费性支出、城乡常住居民人均消费性支出差异等。为推动贵州省生态产品价值实现,应坚持生态优先,拓展生态产品价值实现模式,促进城乡要素流动,缩小城乡差距。

基于组合权重的城市轨道交通项目效益评价

利用组合权重对城市轨道交通项目效益评价进行研究,以优化轨道交通建设资源分配,使前期建设规划更具有指导性、可行性。首先,选取轨道交通项目的交通效益、环境效益、社会效益三个方面的节约乘客出行时间、减少交通事故、诱增客流、节约能源、减少环境污染、减少噪声影响、发掘经济潜力、促进国土增值和增加就业机会9个指标,构建轨道交通项目效益评价体系。然后,结合AHP(层次分析法)和CRITIC(客观权重法)各自特点,设计组合权重模型对评价指标进行组合权重计算。最后,研究选取成都轨道交通项目数据进行仿真实验。结果表明,组合权重可以弥补单一评价方法的不足,基于组合权重的评价体系得出的指标权重更具有可靠性,并为轨道交通项目前期规划设计提供一定的参考。

水电工程生态效益评价指标体系研究

针对水电工程生态效益内涵模糊、生态效益价值难以量化等问题,以三峡工程为例,梳理现有生态效益研究,界定了水电工程生态效益内涵。基于河流生态系统服务功能,从供给服务功能、支持服务功能、调节服务功能、文化服务功能4个方面提出水电工程生态效益评价框架,构建水电工程生态效益评价指标体系。收集相关数据,针对不同效益指标进行定量分析,采取影子价格法等方法将其转换成可量化的经济价值数据。结果表明,三峡工程供给服务功能效益价值为1 047.83亿元,支持服务功能效益价值为200.74亿元,调节服务功能效益价值为833.8亿元,文化服务功能效益价值为195.56亿元,共计2 277.93亿元。研究结果可为长江流域建立生态产品价值实现机制,完善市场化、多元化生态补偿,提供技术支持。

广藿香种植生态因子分析与生态种植模式研究进展

广藿香是著名的南药,为现代医药和工业的重要原料,市场需求量较大。但因广藿香生长过程中存在严重的连作障碍,导致广藿香病害加重、品质下降。该文概述了适宜广藿香生长的生态因子如气候因子、土壤因子和地形因子,分析了其种植中存在的连作障碍与病害问题,综述了广藿香现有的轮作、间作、套种和林下种植等生态种植模式,并对广藿香生态种植模式的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益进行了综合评价,以期为广藿香生态种植模式的推广提供理论依据和参考。

综合生态与社会效益的辽西北沙化土地生态治理成效评估模型

辽西北是阻止科尔沁沙地侵入华北平原和东北平原的重要生态屏障,开展该区域生态治理成效评估具有重要意义。为了更加全面地评估沙化土地生态治理成效,本文建立了顾及生态效益和社会效益的沙化土地治理成效评估模型。利用多源遥感数据和地面调查统计,基于建立的综合模型评估辽西北十县沙化土地生态治理成效,并依据遥感数据之间的交叉验证和野外调查结果,分析模型关键技术的合理性和可靠性。结果表明:①利用Landsat和Sentinel-2数据,交叉验证模型估算的生态效益单一指标和综合指标,发现相同指标结果之间具有较强的相关性,Pearson系数介于0.61~0.84,p<0.01;②模型估算的FVC与野外调查的植被盖度间也具有较强的一致性,Pearson系数达0.76,p为0.016,表明了模型关键技术的合理性;③利用综合评估模型评估辽西北十县沙化土地生态治理成效时,发现其在时间和空间上变化不稳定。综上,建立的成效评估模型较好地综合了沙化土地治理的生态效益和社会效益,可为其他生态治理成效或生态修复成效评估提供参考,但针对不同区域时模型参数需加以调整。