Characteristics and Evaluation of the High-Quality Source Rocks of Cretaceous Continental Shale Oil in Tonghua Basin, China

The presence of shale oil in the Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation in the Tonghua Basin, drilled by the well TD-01, has been discussed in this geological investigation for the first time. To evaluate the high-quality source rocks of Cretaceous continental shale oil, the distribution characteristics and the evolution of the ancient environment, samples of shale were systematically analyzed in terms of sedimentary facies, organic geochemistry, and organic carbon isotopic composition. The results demonstrate that a TOC value of 1.5% represents the lower-limit TOC value of the high-quality source rocks. Source rocks have an aggregate thickness of 211 m and contain abundant organic matter, with TOC values of 2.69% on average and a maximum value over 5.44%. The original hydrocarbon-generative potential value(S_1+S_2) is between 0.18 mg/g and 6.13 mg/g, and the Ro is between 0.97% and 1.40%. The thermal maturation of the source rocks is relatively mature to highly mature. The δ^(13)C value range is between -34.75‰ and -26.53‰. The ratio of saturated hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons is 1.55 to 5.24, with an average of 2.85, which is greater than 1.6. The organic types are mainly type Ⅱ_1, followed by type Ⅰ. The organic carbon source was C_3 plants and hydrophytes. The paleoclimate of the Hengtongshan Formation can be characterized as hot and dry to humid, and these conditions were conducive to the development of high-quality source rocks. A favorable paleoenvironment and abundant organic carbon sources provide a solid hydrocarbon generation base for the formation and accumulation of oil and gas in the shale of the Tonghua Basin.

New methods of safety evaluation for rock/soil mass surrounding tunnel under earthquake

The objective of this work is to obtain the seismic safety coefficient and fracture surface and proceed with the seismic safety evaluation for the rock mass or soil mass surrounding a tunnel,and the limitation of evaluating seismic stability is considered using the pseudo-static strength reduction.By using the finite element software ANSYS and the strength reduction method,new methods of seismic safety evaluation for the rock mass or soil mass surrounding a tunnel are put forward,such as the dynamic finite element static shear strength reduction method and dynamic finite element shear strength reduction method.In order to prove the feasibility of the proposed methods,the results of numerical examples are compared with that of the pseudo-static strength reduction method.The results show that 1) the two methods are both feasible,and the plastic zone first appears near the bottom corners; 2) the safety factor of new method Ⅱ is smaller than that of new method I but generally,and the difference is very small.Therefore,in order to ensure the safety of the structure,two new methods are proposed to evaluate the seismic stability of the rock mass or soil mass surrounding a tunnel.A theoretical basis is provided for the seismic stability of the rock mass or soil mass and the lining surrounding a tunnel and also provided for the engineering application.

Growth behavior and resource potential evaluation of gas hydrate in core fractures in Qilian Mountain permafrost area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.

Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts

The bolt support quality of coal roadways is one of the important factors for the efficiency and security of coal production. By means of a self-developed technique and equipment of random non-destructive testing, non-destructive detection and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts were performed in a number of mining areas. The measured data were obtained in the detection instances of abnormal in-situ stress and support invalidation etc. The corresponding relation between axial bolt load variation and roadway surrounding rock deformation and stability was summarized in different mining service stages. Pre-warning technology of roadway surrounding rock stability is proposed based on the detection of axial bolt load. Meanwhile, pre-warning indicators of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are offered and some successful pre-warning cases are also illustrated.The research results show that the change rules of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are quite similar in different mining areas. The change of axial bolt load is in accord with the adjustment of surrounding rock stress, which can consequently reflect the deformation and stability state of roadway surrounding rock. Through the detection of axial bolt load in different sections of roadways, the status of real-time bolt support quality can be reflected; meanwhile, the rationality of bolt support design can be evaluated which provides reference for bolting parameters optimization.

Deformation prediction model of surrounding rock based on GA-LSSVM-markov

Command protection engineering is the important component of national protection engineering system. To raise the level of its construction, a deformation prediction model is given based on Genetic Algorithm (GA), Least Square Support Vector Machines (LSSVM) and markov theory. Genetic algorithm is used to improve the parameter of LSSVM. Markov predict method is used to improve the precision of the prediction model. Finally, be used to a certain command protection engineering, the accuracy of the algorithm is improved obviously. The model is proved to be credible and precise.

Multiscale hierarchical analysis of rock mass and prediction of its mechanical and hydraulic properties

Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of foundation rock and surrounding rock mass are the main factors that affect the stability of underground engineering. This paper presents the concept of multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models to describe the rock mass, including its structures in different scales and corresponding scale dependence. Four scales including regional scale,engineering scale, laboratory scale and microscale are determined, and the corresponding scaledependent geological structures and their characterization methods are provided. Image analysis and processing method, geostatistics and Monte Carlo simulation technique are used to establish the multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models, in which the main micro-and macro-structures of rock mass in different geological units and scales are reflected and connected. A computer code is developed for numerically analyzing the strength, fracture behavior and hydraulic conductivity of rock mass using the multiscale hierarchical digital models. Using the models and methods provided in this paper, the geological information of rock mass in different geological units and scales can be considered sufficiently,and the influence of downscale characteristics(such as meso-scale) on the upscale characteristics(such as engineering scale) can be calculated by considering the discrete geological structures in the downscale model as equivalent continuous media in the upscale model. Thus the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass may be evaluated rationally and precisely. The multiscale hierarchical digital rock mass models and the corresponding methods proposed in this paper provide a unified and simple solution for determining the mechanical and hydraulic properties of rock mass in different scales.

Multiscale Hierarchical Digital Rock Mass Models and Numerical Testing on Mechanical and Hydaulic Properties of Rock Mass

Underground space utilization and exploration is an irreversible trend for promoting sustainable development especially in megacities.Geotechnical engineering safety is always one of the most important issues in all phases,including planning,design, construction and operation,of the underground project.Engineering geological and hydro-geological characteristics of the foundation rock mass

基于质量指标的隧道围岩智能分级及精益建造研究

隧道工程围岩级别的准确判识是围岩稳定性评价及隧道开挖精益支护的基础。围岩质量指标是围岩级别评判的依据,由于围岩质量指标计算包括定性与定量因素,存在定性指标难以准确评定,围岩级别精准评价困难的问题。采用围岩质量指标分级法与机器学习算法融合构建围岩智能分级软件系统,量化分析围岩分级质量指标要素,数值法求解围岩质量指标,围岩级别判定卡采集围岩要素,卡片信息软件系统自动识读、自动分析,快速判定围岩级别,精准确定支护参数,动态优化原支护设计方案。研究成果在3项隧道工程中实践应用,实现隧道围岩精准分级、精益支护建造的目标。

基于BWO-RF模型的岩体质量评价方法

岩体质量分级是地下工程初期设计和施工的基础。为了更加高效准确地开展岩体质量评价,提出了一种基于白鲸优化(BWO)随机森林的岩体质量评价模型——BWO-RF模型,同时构建了麻雀搜索算法优化随机森林(SSA-RF)、粒子群优化随机森林(PSO-RF)和未优化随机森林(RF)的岩体质量评价模型进行对比。在模型构建前,建立了包含131组工程实例数据的数据库,运用该数据库最终完成了4种模型的训练和测试。基于模型测试结果,采用准确率、查准率、召回率、F1值和AUC值5个评价指标对模型进行对比优选。研究结果表明:BWO-RF模型各项评价指标均优于其余3种模型,具有更优的评价性能;经过工程实例验证,本研究所提出的BWO-RF模型预测准确率达90%,可为实际工程建设提供参考依据,具备实际工程应用价值。

南山口抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩工程特性评价

基于数据库的三维地质建模已广泛应用于地质勘测领域,本文以南山口抽水蓄能电站为例,展示利用CnGIM_ma三维地质软件构建的地下厂房围岩的三维模型,并通过对围岩进行等级分类准确评估其力学参数。结果显示,利用三维模型能更准确地反映岩体的真实条件,为地下厂房的建设及开发提供参数基础,并及时呈现地质信息成果。

浅埋河谷段TBM施工应用与适宜性评价

TBM施工技术应用于隧洞开挖,技术上已经成熟,并广泛应用于深埋长大隧洞施工中。影响隧洞TBM施工的因素基本清楚,一般认为穿越浅埋河谷段隧洞采用TBM施工容易发生围岩塌方、涌水事故,不适宜采用TBM施工。为了研究浅埋河谷段TBM施工适宜性,通过两个典型的穿越浅埋河谷段隧洞TBM施工的工程实例,对比详细的工程地质条件,分析塌方的原因,进行TBM施工适宜性分析,结果表明,隧洞上覆弱风化岩体大于1倍洞径段进行适当的工程处理后,采用TBM施工是适宜性的。

基于加权隶属度矩阵的岩体质量优化分级及支护研究

巷道围岩质量分级是巷道围岩稳定性分析、合理支护设计与施工的基础。提高分级结果的准确性,是提升支护效果和巷道围岩稳定性的关键途径。以RMR法为基础,以某一测点的分级因素指标值为例,构建RMR法各分级指标的隶属度矩阵,再结合熵值法确定分级指标的权重,得到加权隶属度矩阵,构造优化后的评分公式,进行指标优化评分和围岩质量分级,然后根据围岩质量分级结果及松动圈监测结果设计支护参数,利用FLAC3D进行模拟计算以巷道围岩塑性区体积和顶底板收敛量为评价指标,研究优化前后的支护效果。研究结果表明:经过优化后的指标评分和围岩等级更加准确,巷道支护参数设计更加合理,数值模拟结果显示其能有效地提升围岩的稳定性,并将优化后的支护设计参数应用于工程,取得了良好的效果。研究成果可有效解决巷道围岩分级因素指标值位于分级边界或分级跨度大的问题,为矿山岩体质量分级与支护设计提供参考。

基于TBM掘进大数据和特征参数的引水隧洞塌方分析

针对TBM掘进过程中缺乏对围岩质量和塌方风险快捷、精准的预测预警方法,通过对TBM掘进大数据的深入挖掘,结合对实际工程塌方数据的剖析,提出潜在塌方风险的辅助判断依据。首先,对冗杂、连续的原始采集数据进行预处理,获取高质量的分析数据;然后,基于参数的相关性分析提出围岩特征参数的计算方法,并围绕特征参数的合理性和适用性,通过理论推导、室内试验和现场原位掘进试验进行论证;最后,结合实际的TBM塌方案例分析特征参数与围岩地质情况的相关性,提出塌方风险快速判断依据。结果表明:基于TBM掘进数据获取的围岩特征参数在一定程度上反映了围岩质量,其数值与围岩质量正相关,当其数值显著降低、变幅超过69.2%时,当前的掘进循环极大可能存在塌方风险。

基于优化组合赋权的可拓学磷矿山岩体质量评价

为解决岩体质量评价相邻等级之间指标参数模糊不确定性问题,引入可拓学理论,提出基于优化组合赋权的可拓学岩体质量分级模型,对昆阳二矿磷矿山地下开采的岩石进行质量评价。首先,根据矿山地质特征选取岩石单轴饱和抗压强度(Rc)、岩石质量指标(RQD)、节理间距(Jd)、结构面条件(Jf)、地下水状态(W)和地应力影响系数(Z)6个影响指标,将每个指标划分为5个等级;然后通过改进的层次分析法和熵权法分别确定指标的主观和客观权重,引入矩估计法对主客观权重进行优化组合;最后应用修正的RMR法和Q系统法对岩体质量进行评价,将分级结果与基于优化组合赋权的可拓学岩体质量分级结果进行比较。研究表明:5个待评价岩体中,除上矿体N3的模型分级结果与修正RMR法存在差异之外,其余岩体的分级结果与修正RMR法相同,使用Q系统法的评价结果整体偏低。此外,该模型可得出岩体质量等级偏向于相邻等级的程度,分级结果符合昆阳二矿磷矿山生产勘探地质报告岩体质量范围,比修正RMR法和Q系统法更加准确,验证了本文方法的可靠性,为地下矿山开采提供了技术支撑。

复杂艰险山区铁路隧道勘察现状分析与总结

研究目的:艰险山区地质条件复杂,勘察期间难以详尽查明艰险山区隧道的工程地质问题,导致施工期间揭示的地质情况与勘察成果存在一定差异,勘察精度不能满足艰险山区隧道建设的需要。依托艰险山区5条铁路隧道工程已有勘察成果与施工资料,通过分析隧道建设过程中存在的围岩变更、重大地质条件变化、工期延误与投资超概问题,对艰险山区复杂地质铁路隧道地质勘察现状进行分析与总结,以期提高艰险山区复杂地质铁路隧道勘察精度。研究结论:(1)导致隧道施工期间揭示地质情况与勘察成果存在差异的主要勘察原因是勘察周期设计不合理、勘探点布置不合理、地下水以及软岩大变形识别精度不足;(2)基于此提出了调整勘察周期、优化勘探点布置、高压富水带精细化评价以及高地应力环境软岩大变形分级的对策;(3)本研究成果可为艰险山区复杂地质隧道工程地质勘察工作提供借鉴。

敞开式TBM开挖隧洞围岩变形安全评价方法及应用

当TBM开挖隧洞遭遇不良地质条件下的围岩大变形地质灾害时,通常会造成卡机或侵限等风险。开展TBM开挖隧洞围岩变形安全评价工作对降低卡机或侵限等风险具有重要的现实意义。通过分析敞开式TBM开挖隧洞围岩变形特点,建立了敞开式TBM开挖隧洞围岩变形安全评价方法。该方法通过采用三维数值分析和围岩变形现场监测手段,可获得围岩在护盾区间以及出露护盾后的变形,从而实现敞开式TBM开挖隧洞围岩变形安全性判别。在滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞的工程应用表明,所提方法能够有效判别不同支护方案下的围岩变形安全性,从而为敞开式TBM开挖隧洞施工期支护方案实时调整提供依据。

基于关键块体的井巷围岩稳定性分析及支护研究

为了进一步研究关键块体对巷道围岩稳定性的影响及通过关键块体分析进行支护措施的设计。以蒙库铁矿地下开采某一巷道为研究对象,通过工程地质调查与现场测试工作,对围岩节理裂隙统计与分段,并进行岩块强度试验和岩体的波速测试,获得了岩体完整性参数,依据此进行了详细的岩体工程分级,给出不同岩体的分级力学参数,再通过Unwedge进行关键块体分析,对不稳定岩块进行划定,确定了锚喷支护的参数及重点支护位置,然后采用有限元软件模拟开挖过程并分析了开挖过程中围岩及支护的应力应变变化情况,最后进行现场采动应力的监测与分析。研究结果表明:经过关键块体分析,更准确地辨别出可能导致巷道失稳的不稳定岩块,针对关键块体分析结果提出稳定性支护措施,并应用于现场,进行采动应力监测与分析,取得了良好的效果。研究结果在一定程度上为围岩稳定性分析及支护设计提供了可靠依据。

高应力炭质板岩隧道开挖支护结构受力评价研究

为探究高应力下炭质板岩隧道开挖过程中围岩位移、支护结构内力变化规律,依托渭武高速木寨岭公路隧道,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立三台阶七步开挖法下炭质板岩隧道的数值模型,提出强、中、弱3种支护方案;分析开挖距离对围岩位移、支护结构内力等因素的影响,并对支护设计参数合理性评价。研究结果表明:开挖过程中围岩累计沉降和收敛变形量比较:强支护<中支护<弱支护;开挖相同距离下,随着支护强度上升,支护提供的弹性抗力越强,围岩沉降和收敛变形减小;以强支护为例,支护结构轴力呈现先增大后减小的趋势,最终轴力不断上升但趋势变缓的特征,开挖距离50 m趋于稳定;支护设计参数评价时,开挖距离(50 m)结束,强、中、弱3种方案钢架受压安全系数最小值分别为3.903、3.718、3.264,#1拱顶处强支护钢架较喷射混凝土先破坏,混凝土安全系数最小值分别为3.491、2.987、2.666,#2左拱腰处喷射混凝土较钢架先破坏,故选择中支护方案,材料I25b×C25、初衬厚度26 cm、钢架距离0.8 m。研究成果可为类似软岩隧道开挖和支护结构的设计提供一定参考。

大西沟铁矿边坡稳定性数值模拟研究

基于现场工程地质调查与室内岩石物理力学试验数据,对大西沟铁矿边坡岩体质量进行评价,确定了岩体的物理力学参数。采用数值模拟方法,对露天矿不同开采阶段的边坡应力、位移、滑移带及安全系数进行了分析,研究结果表明:边坡安全系数随台阶高度下降不断降低;自然条件下,边坡开挖不同阶段安全系数均在1.8以上,边坡稳定性较好。降雨对边坡的稳定性影响显著,饱和状态下终了边坡的安全系数降至1.36,但高于GB 51016—2014《非煤露天矿边坡工程技术规范》规定的安全系数(1.25~1.20),说明矿山采场边坡设计参数合理。研究结果可为矿山后续安全设施设计提供参考依据。

煤炭工业发展关键技术突破与超级煤矿建设

为了发展煤炭领域先进生产力,助力煤炭工业高质量发展,研究了近年来我国采场围岩控制技术发展历程,分析了采动应力演化规律及围岩断裂失稳过程,创新提出了超大采高工作面围岩断裂失稳力学模型、控制准则及液压支架合理工作阻力计算方法。系统阐述了我国综采技术装备发展历程,研发了最大采高10 m的超大采高综采成套装备,以及最大支护高度7.0 m的超大采高综放成套装备,解决了西部矿区浅埋深、坚硬、厚及特厚煤层安全高效开采技术难题。系统分析了我国主要煤炭产区煤矿智能化建设现状、关键技术、取得的建设成效及存在的主要问题,提出了智能化超级煤矿的定义、特征及内涵,研究了典型超级煤矿建设成效与经验,并从标准体系、数据体系、技术体系、管理体系、生态体系建设等方面阐述了未来煤炭工业主要发展方向。