Spatial pattern of tree diversity and evenness across forest types in Majella National Park,Italy

Background： Estimation of tree diversity at broader scale is important for conservation planning. Tree diversity should be measured and understood in terms of diversity and evenness, two integral components to describe the structure of a biological community. Variation of the tree diversity and evenness with elevation, topographic relief, aspect, terrain shape, slope, soil nutrient, solar radiation etc. are well documented. Methods： Present study explores the variation of tree diversity （measured as Shannon diversity and evenness indices） of Majella National Park, italy with five available forest types namely evergreen oak woods, deciduous oak woods, blacWaleppo pine stands, hop-hornbeam forest and beech forest, using satellite, environmental and field data. Results： Hop-hornbeam forest was found to be most diverse and even while evergreen Oak woods was the lowest diverse and even. Diversity and evenness of forest types were concurrent to each other i.e. forest type which was more diverse was also more even. As a broad pattern, majority portion of the study area belonged to medium diversity and high evenness class. Conclusions： Satellite images and other GIS data proved useful tools in monitoring variation of tree diversity and evenness across various forest types. Present study findings may have implications in prioritizing conservation zones of high tree diversity at Majella.

STUDY ON THE METHOD FOR EFFECTIVELY QUICK DETECTING THE EVENNESS OF A KNITTED FABRIC

In this paper,the relations between the parameters of stitch structure and the needle penetra-tion force,and the method by using the needle penetration force detected to evaluate the looplength and evenness of knitted fabric indirectly are analysed and discussed.A microcomputer system with a needle sensor and author’s program are used as a pick up setcombined with a data analysis system,for sampling and analysing the needle penetration forcedata.A lot of experimental research work has been done for knitted fabric of some kinds of knittedstitch and loop length.As a summary of this study,some conclusions can be drawn from the linearregression between the needle penetration force and the loop length.Then,the size and evenness ofthe loop length of knitted fabric can be indicated indirectly by detecting the value and variance ofneedle penetration force.It offers an effective method to detect and evaluate the evenness of knit-ted fabric with an efficiently high speed.

Approaches for a 3D assessment of pavement evenness data based on 3D vehicle models

Pavements are 3D in their shape. They can be captured in three dimensions by modern road mapping equipment which allows for the assessment of pavement evenness in a more holistic way as opposed to current practice which divides into longitudinal and transversal evenness. It makes sense to use 3D vehicle models to simulate the effects of 3D surface data on certain functional criteria like pavement loading, cargo loading and driving comfort. In order to evaluate the three criteria mentioned two vehicle models have been created： a passenger car used to assess driving comfort and a truck-semitrailer submodel used to assess pavement and cargo loading. The vehicle models and their application to 3D surface data are presented. The results are well in line with existing single-track （planar） models. Their advantage over existing 1D/2D models is demonstrated by the example of driving comfort evaluation. Existing ＂geometric＂ limit values for the assessment of longi- tudinal evenness in terms of the power spectral density could be used to establish corre- sponding limit values for the dynamic response, i.e. driving comfort, pavement loading and cargo loading. The limit values are well in line with existing limit values based on planar vehicle models. They can be used as guidelines for the proposal of future limit values. The investigations show that the use of 3D vehicle models is an appropriate and meaningful way of assessing 3D evenness data gathered by modern road mapping systems.

以EVENS综合征为主要表现的高龄B细胞淋巴瘤1例

患者,男,89岁,因“发现血小板减少2天”于2022年12月5日来院就诊。血常规:WBC:5.10×10^(9)/L,Hb:84g/L,PLT:33×10^(9)/L,总胆红素36.3μmol/L,间接胆红素25.1μmol/L,LDH:1123 U/L,血清铁蛋白>1675.56 ng/m L,网织红细胞计数:0.155,网织红细胞比值:5.32%。

Diversity of woody plant species and their relationship to physiographic factors in central Zagros forests (Case study： Perc forest, Khorramabad, Iran)

Topography is the most factor that has the greatest impact of all factor that affect the distribution. To study the diversity of trees and shrub species in the Perc forest situated in Khorramabad, Lorestan, 140 circular plots of 1200 m2 in a grid of 300 m × 250 m were surveyed, using a systematic random sampling method. In each plot, the Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Hill＇s N1 and Simpson indices and the evenness index of Simpson and Smith-Wilson were calculated and ordered on the basis of different classes of elevation, exposition and slope. The results indicated that slope did not have any significant effect on the indices. Exposition and elevation classes significant impacted the richness and diversity indices, but did not influence evenness. In general, the highest plant diversity was observed for slopes less than 15 %, northern aspects, without geographical direction, and elevations of 2100-2200 m. This information can be very useful in achieving the goals for sustainable management of forests. In addition to greater protection for regions with high diversity and reforestation （compatible species） in degraded area, we can help increase diversity in forests.

Pedodiversity: a controversial concept

The concept of pedodiversity and its measurement methodology proposed and developed by Ibá?ez research term is introduced. An attempt to apply pedodiversity to analyze spatial soil variation and distribution patterns on the global scale is briefly demonstrated. Furthermore, constructive comments and criticisms on pedodiversity and its measurement from the noted pedologists and ecologists are outlined. Finally, potential applications of pedodiversity in soil science and other relevant disciplines are discussed.

Effect of livestock grazing and human uses on herbaceous species diversity in oriental beech(Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests, Guilan, Masal, northern Iran

Plant diversity plays key ecological roles in forest ecosystems, including influencing succession, resilience and nutrient cycling. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of livestock grazing and human uses on herbaceous species diversity. We surveyed 50 ha of protected area and 50 ha of unprotected area to evaluate herbaceous species diversity in oriental beech （Fagus orientalis Lipsky） forests in northern Iran. We calculated and compared three indices each of diversity and evenness, and species richness between the two areas. Herbaceous cover was higher in the unprotected area while leaf litter depth and tree canopy cover were higher in the protected area. The diversity indices, H （Shan- non-Wiener index ）, N~ （McArthur index）, N2 （Hill＇s index）, EQ （Modified Nee index）, E,ar （Smith-Wilson index）, E5 （modified index of Hill） and R=S （species richness） and species richness R=S were greater in the protected area than in the unprotected area, suggesting that protection from grazing results in increased numbers of plants and species. The effect of land protection on plant diversity was more pronounced for evenness than for species richness and the positive correlation between diversity and evenness indices was higher than that between diversity and richness.

Species Diversity Based on Vertical Structure as Indicators of Artificial Restoration for Coniferous Forests in Southwest China

Five indices of species richness, species diversity and species evenness were used to assess a diversity of four types of coniferous forests undergone different artificial regeneration time. The study was based on the vertical structure of forests, involving growth-forms of total plants as well as vertical layers of woody plants. The results showed that, except for the fourth layer of woody plants, the vertical structure of the four forests exhibited significant difference in terms of their species richness, species diversity and species evenness, suggesting that a species diversity index provided more detailed information and was a better index reflecting the regeneration processes in this region. It was recommended that silvicultural management of artificially regenerated forests should be strengthened to conserve the biodiversity of the forests, optimize forest structure and, in the long run, promote sustainable development of forest ecosystems.

Diversity of Phlebotomine sand flies(Diptera: Psychodidae) in mountainous and plain areas of an endemic focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran

Objective: To determine the diversity of sand flies in different biotopes of mountainous and plain areas of Bam County as the most infected focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeast Iran, and synanthropic index of Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, and Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli as the main vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.Methods: Sand flies were captured once a month using sticky traps in domestic, peri-domestic, agricultural, and sylvatic biotopes in the plain and mountainous areas. Alpha diversity indices, including richness, evenness, Shannon-Wiener;beta diversity indices(Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s similarity indices) and synanthropic index were calculated. Results: A total of 2 664 specimens of 9 sand fly species were collected from mountainous(47%) and plain(53%) areas. Species richness, species evenness, and Shannon-Wiener indices were obtained as 9, 0.637, and 1.399, respectively in the mountainous area. Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi were constant species with the synanthropic index of-18.463 and-29.412, respectively. In addition, species richness, species evenness, and Shannon-Wiener indices were 4, 0.690, and 0.956, respectively in the plain area. Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi were dominant species with the synanthropic index of +9.695 and +36.207, respectively. Similarity indices were low among different biotopes of plain and mountainous areas.Conclusions: A basic knowledge about the diversity of sand flies in various biotopes is essential to design sound control programs. Biodiversity and synanthropic indices of sand flies are different in plain and mountainous areas due to the difference in biotic and abiotic factors between the two areas.

Effect of pre-and post-wildfire management practices on plant recovery after a wildfire in Northeast Iberian Peninsula

Fire and pre-or post-fire management practices shape the distribution and richness of plant species.Here,the effects of pre-and post-fire management on vegetation recovery were studied at different times,up to 18 months after a wildfire.Two months after a 2015 wildfire,18 study plots were established(three 4-m^2 plots for each treatment),vegetation regrowth was monitored and vegetal species richness(S),evenness(IT),density(D),diversity(H0)and maximum diversity(HMax)after 2,10 and 18 months.The treatments were(1)control,unaffected by 2015 wildfire;(2)no treatment(NT),burned in 2015 wildfire and not managed;(3)managed in 2005 and burned in 2015(M05B);(4)managed in 2015,2 months before wildfire(M15B);(5)cut and manual removal after the 2015 wildfire(CR);(6)cut and no trunk removal randomly deposited on topsoil after the 2015 wildfire(CL).All the treatments were carried out in a Pinus halepensis Miller forest.At 10 and 18 months after the wildfire,vegetation recovery was greater in NT,CR and CL plots than in M05B and M15B the plots.By 18 months after the wildfire,Brachypodium retusum(Pers.)P.Beauv.and Rosmarinus officinalis L.were still dominant,especially in M15B,corroborating the belief that pre-fire treatment reduced ecosystem resilience and vegetal recovery compared to the NT and post-fire managed plots.Richness was significantly lower 10 months after wildfire in control plots,and IT was significantly higher in that inventory than previously in M15B.Eighteen months after the wildfire,H0 was significantly lower in M15B.Ten months post-wildfire,HMax was significantly lower in the control plots.Eighteen months after the wildfire,HMax,was significantly higher in CR,CL and M05B than in the control and M15B plots.Overall,pre-fire management was detrimental to post-fire vegetation recovery,while manual post-fire management proved beneficial.

Long-term effect of fire on herbaceous species diversity in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in northern Iran

We studied the long-term impacts of natural burning on herbaceous species diversity 37 years after a fire occurred in the Roudbar forests of Guilan Province, northern Iran. Numerous studies have examined short-term changes in understory vegetation following wildfire; however, very few long-term studies are available or changes inferred from retrospective studies based on chro- nosequences. For this study, 170 ha of forest （85 ha, burned areas; 85 ha, unburned areas） were surveyed. Because the 1000 m2 plots were too large for detailed measurements of herbaceous species, we determined a sub-sample size according to the Whittaker＇s nested plot sampling protocol and minimal areas method. Hence, sub-plots of 32 m2 were used for herbaceous species measurements, which consisted of percent cover of each species based on the Domin criterion. We measured plant diversity （Shannon-Wiener index）, spe- cies richness （Margalef＇s index）, and evenness （Smith-Wilson index）. Mean percent cover, together with diversity, richness and even- ness, increased markedly in burned areas compared to unburned controls. This suggests that the biodiversity of these forests could be restored within 37 years after fire. However, the abundance of invasive species such as Rubus fruticosus and Bromus benekenii increased significantly in burned areas, but these could be controlled by relevant silvicultural operations.

Effect of Blending Ratio on he Properties of Ramie/Polyester Blended Yarn

The effects of the blending ratio on the properties of Ramie/Polyester blended yarns are discussed in this paper. The experimental results show that the elongation of the yarn with the polyester content more than 40% is better than that of others. There is a lowest tenacity of the yarn corresponding to the blending ratio of 50/50 or so. The other properties of the yarn, such as the evenness and hairiness, will be improved with the increasing of the polyester content.

Invasive Species <i>Echinochloa colona</i>Reduces Abundance and Diversity of Resident Plant Communities in Tropical Wetland

Although the relationship between invasive alien species (IAS) and plant community structure has attracted considerable interest, the impacts of IAS on abundance and diversity of resident plant communities in species rich-ecosystems, such as tropical wetlands are poorly understood. Consequently, this has impeded development of improved management strategies and successful restoration of invaded tropical wetlands. Therefore, data on vegetation were collected from 60 plots of 20 × 50 m to study the impacts of alien invasive grass Echinochloa colona (L.) Link abundance on plant community abundance, richness, evenness and diversity of resident plant species within grasslands of the Kilombero Valley wetland, Tanzania. Moreover, the impacts of abundance of E. colona on plant functional groups (i.e. graminoids, forbs and shrubs) richness were also explored. Generalized linear models showed that community richness, evenness, diversity and abundance of resident species were negatively related to the E. colona abundance. There was a negative relationship between richness of graminoids and shrubs and the abundance of E. colona. Similarly, the abundance of graminoids, forbs and shrubs is related negatively to the abundance of E. colona. Given that most of the community and functional group attributes of resident plants is related negatively to E. colona abundance, improved management strategies should be developed to minimize the abundance and further spread of E. colona to restore and conserve wetland biodiversity.

Spinning System for Pineapple Leaf Fiber via Cotton Spinning System by Solo and Binary Blending and Identifying Yarn Properties

By nature, pineapple fiber (PALF) obtained from pineapple leaf is a smooth, shiny and white natural cellulosic fiber. In current investigation of spinning technique for pineapple leaf fiber based on cotton spinning method comparison of produced yarn properties has been reported. For one of the investigations of this study, the fibers were cut into staple length and various properties of fibers were analyzed. Data and results acquired from this illustrated that there is excellent spinnability on the fiber. Two separate researches were conducted with consideration to produce resultant yarn by spinning of PALF. Yarn derived by solo spinning technique of 100% PALF and PALF blending with polyester and cotton fibers through binary blending technique in equal proportion has been spun, then yarn count, tensile properties, yarn evenness, hairiness have been evaluated and analyzed. The results from numerical simulations analysis indicated that yarn obtained from the Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) had great potential to be used in apparels.

Considering and comparing regeneration in natural and man-made stands in northern Iran

In this study the regeneration diversity of Syahkal forests afforestated and natural stands in north of Iran was studied and compared from the point of view of evenness and diversity index. In order to accomplish this study two natural and man-made stands that almost are located in the same height above the sea level were chosen. The area of each stand was 30 ha and the inventory was done by the random-systematic method with a 5R land measurement （500 m2） selected. Also, in order to study the regeneration in the center of each sample piece 125 square meters micro plots were formed. The results show that regeneration diversity index in natural stands is more than that in man-made stands which in this case Mc-Arthur index with 2.41 has the most amount while Simpson index with 0.543 has the least amount. But the evenness indexes in man-made stands are more than that in natural stand which the main reason is the purity of the man-made stand.

Functional Diversity: An Important Measure of Ecosystem Functioning

Functional diversity is a component of biodiversity that generally covers the range of functional traits of microorganisms prevailing in an ecosystem. Functional diversity is of high ecological importance because it is capable of influencing several aspects of ecosystem functioning like ecosystem dynamics, stability, nutrient availability, etc. Functional diversity of a community can be measured by functional richness and evenness. Functional richness refers to the number of species inhabiting a particular niche and functional evenness reveals how evenly the species are being distributed. Increase or decrease in functional richness and evenness simultaneously increases and decreases the functional diversity respectively. Decrease in functional richness and evenness decreases the ecosystem productivity and stability which ultimately decreases functional diversity of the same ecosystem. The effects of functional diversity on the productivity of an ecosystem can be quantitatively explained by the sampling effect model and the niche differentiation model. There are other proposed mechanisms like Niche complementarity and species redundancy relating functional diversity with ecosystem functioning. Rivets and idiosyncratic models relate functional diversity and species richness with ecosystem functioning. By considering the above proposed models on ecosystem functioning, it can be considered that functional diversity is a principal component of ecosystem functioning. So it can be assumed that, knowledge about a particular ecosystem reveals its richness and evenness which enable an individual knowing about the diversity of functional traits prevailing in the ecosystem. Thus, it opens up a new way in understanding and carrying out ecology related studies more efficiently and precisely in ecosystem.

这个从句中的that起什么作用?

[问][387]新修订的《大学英语》(上海外语教育出版社,1997年12月第2版)精读第三册第8单元中有一个句子(p.175):Attitudes to wards daydreamingare changing in much the same way thatattitudes towards night dreaming havechanged.请问that在这里起什么作用呢?

Distribution Pattern of Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients and Phytoplankton Diversity in River Estuary, Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia

Nutrients are influenced by anthropogenic activities and consequently change the diversity and density of phytoplankton. The spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton diversity and density were determined in river estuary, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Samples of water and phytoplankton were collected from six locations of river estuary during the month of May 2019 to October 2019. The highest abundances of 86% diatoms were determined during the study period. This was followed by 13% and 1% of dinoflagellates and Cyanobacteria respectively. The most dominance species of Skeletonema costatum, with density of 1186.69 × 103 cells/L and Thalassiosira sp. (938.01 ×103 cells/L) were recorded from Station 1 (upstream) and Station 5 (mangrove area) respectively. The Chaetoceros sp. (84.25 × 103 cells/L) was the dominated in Station 6 (control site). Station 4 (residential area) accounted the highest diversity of species such as Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira sp., Peridinium sp., Gonyaulax sp., and Cylindrotheca sp. with total cell density of 142.98 × 103 cells/L. The high diversity index of 5.2 to 7.09 and evenness index of 1.81 to 2.87 were determined from this river estuary. Very poor relationship was observed with the cell density and dissolved inorganic nutrients, phosphate (R2 = 0.2437), ammonium (R2 = 0.301) and nitrate (R2 = 0.406). The diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in this river estuary not only depend on nutrients, but might be associated with other environmental factors, tidal fluctuations and rate of discharge of nutrient inputs from surrounding areas. This study suggests that long term monitoring not only the nutrients, but discharges and flushing of nutrient during rainfall and tidal fluctuation together with environmental factors should be considered in order to conclude status on the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in river estuary.

Floristic Composition, Diversity and Structure of the Rainforest in the Mayoko District, Republic of Congo

Botanically, the Mayoko district is known only through anecdotal descriptions made in the colonial era. The present study was undertaken as part of the prerequisite for a mining feasibility study where a benchmark of the floristic composition, diversity and structure of the vegetation was needed to evaluate potential biodiversity offset areas and to guide species selection for post-mining re-vegetation. The study area comprised approximately 160,000 ha and 235 sample sites were surveyed using the Braun-Blanquet method of phytosociology. Diversity of each plant association was expressed in terms of various diversity parameters. Twelve associations were described and mapped. The associations ranged from highly disturbed and degraded to fairly intact forest associations. A wet to dry gradient and permanently inundated to temporary inundated gradient could also be distinguished. The approach followed here proved remarkably robust in illustrating the complexity in a topographically complex region of the Chaillu Massif. The data provided a high level of insight into the possible dynamics of the rainforest and indications as to possible successional pathways. This information provides a better level of understanding of forest structure and evolution potential than studies limited to trees, remote sensing carbon assessments, or time change series.