Conflictive management of small mammals considered as pests： A long way to evidence-based policy making

This paper discusses the controversial management decisions made by policy-makers worldwide regarding poisoning campaigns aimed to control small mammal populations, often considered harmful economic pests. Aside from considerations re- garding the biological consequences of these campaigns, we argue that when society rejects all values of science and expertise then only badly supported and negligent decisions will be made about conservation and management issues. The extermination of small mammal species, some of which play crucial ecological roles in several regions of the world, is just an example of such discredit and misinformation. Without a strong commitment towards evidence-based policy-making, economic investments in re- search and development could be entirely compromised

Can Evidence-based Policy Contribute to Correcting Overreaction？--Considering Democracy and Rationalized Policy Making

This paper focuses on evidence-based policy-making and democracy, along with political overreaction. In many countries, evidence-based policy-making is a prominent aspect of administration and aims to rationalize the policy-making process. Moreover, democracy is subject to many critiques nowadays because it cannot guaxmatee good public policy-making. Under such circumstances, some researchers have suggested that democracy should be limited, especially in public policy-making processes. There axe many critiques of such arguments because they ignore the participation that is necessary for democracy. There is some hope that evidence-based policy-making can teach laypersons using evidence. However, evidence is too difficult to understand for many laypersons. In this paper, the author suggests limited participatory analysis to support evidence-based policy. In this system, only knowledge holders would be allowed to participate. If evidence-based policy meant that the formulation of policy relied only on narrower experts, it would not make a positive contribution. However, if evidence-based policy were to adopt a participatory policy-creation process, it would offer greater potential

Use of Research Evidence in Policy and Decision-Making: Views, Attitudes and Practices of Health Policy Makers in Lusaka Province of Zambia

Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as Zambia. However, the lack of capacity to understand and value research evidence by policy and decision makers makes it difficult for them to find and use research evidence in a timely manner even when motivated to do so. This study aimed to establish the views, attitudes and practices of policy makers on the use of research evidence in policy and decision-making process in Zambia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia among selected public health decision and policy making institutions. A purposive sample of 21 consenting policy makers who were working in different positions in the Ministry of Health Headquarters, Provincial and District Health Offices, Health Professions Regulatory Bodies, United Nations Agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations and University Deans from the University of Zambia participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Windows Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The concept of Evidence Informed Health Policy was not well understood such that only less than half (47.5%) of the participants reported having heard specifically about Evidence Informed Health Policy meanwhile almost two thirds (61.9%) reported that they used research evidence in decision making and policy formulation. Similar discrepancy was expressed in the understanding of and use of rapid response mechanisms such that although (47.6%) of the participants reported having heard about it, (57%) had never used rapid response mechanisms for deci-sion-making. With regard to the sources of information, about half (52.3) of the participants reported scholarly articles as their main source of evidence. Con-clusion and Recommendations: There is need for more sensitization and ca-pacity building among the decision and policy makers on the importance of using research evidence in decision and policy making process as incorporation of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health policy making pro-cess is a key strategy for improving health systems.

Building a Business and Strategic Intelligence Policy as a Strategy for Promoting Congolese Business Progress and Healthy Economic Development in Eastern DRC

The aim of this study was to verify the existence of business and strategic intelligence policies at the level of Congolese companies and at the state level, likely to foster progress and healthy development in the east of the DRC. The study was based on a mixed perspective consisting of objective analysis of quantitative data and interpretative analysis of qualitative data. The results showed that business and strategic intelligence policies have not been established at either company or state level, as this is an area of activity that is not known to the players in companies and public departments, and there are no units or offices in their organizational structures responsible for managing strategic information for competitiveness on the international market. In addition, there is a real need to establish strategic information management units within companies, upstream, and to set up a national strategic information management department or agency to help local companies compete in the marketplace, downstream. This reflects the importance and timeliness of building business and strategic intelligence policies to ensure economic progress and development in the eastern DRC. Business and strategic intelligence provides companies with an appropriate tool for researching, collecting, processing and disseminating information useful for decision-making among stakeholders, in order to cope with a crisis or competitive situation. The study suggests a number of key recommendations based on its findings. To the government, it is recommended to establish the national policy of business and strategic intelligence by setting up a national agency of strategic intelligence in favor of local companies;and to companies to establish business intelligence units in their organizational structures in favor of stakeholders to foster advantageous decision-making in the competitive market and achieve progress. Finally, the study suggests that studies be carried out to fully understand the opportunities and impact of business and strategic intelligence in African countries, particularly in the DRC.

An Exploration of Policy Making in Public and Organisational Domains

This article critically analyses the interplay between policy at institutional level and policy at national level. It also examines the policy-making process by using examples from literature and identifies consultation as a more organic way of policy-making.

Is Evidence-Based Conservation Applied in Urban Forestry? A Case Study from Toronto, Canada

Evidence-based conservation seeks to incorporate sound scientific information into environmental decision making. The application of this concept in urban forest management has tremendous potential, but to date has been little applied, largely because existing scientific studies emphasize the importance of urban forests in large-scale ecological and anthropogenic processes, but in practice, scientific evidence is ostensibly incorporated into North American urban forest management only when deciding the fate of individual trees. Even under these disjunctive conditions, the degree to which evidence influences tree-level decisions remains debatable. In analyzing preliminary data from a case study from Toronto, Canada, we sought to test if and how scientific evidence factored into the decision to remove or preserve 53 trees, located in close proximity to a provincially significant area of natural and scientific interest (ANSI). We found that by far the strongest tree-level correlate of the recommendation to remove or preserve trees was whether or not an individual tree was in conflict with proposed development. In comparison, species identity, tree condition, and suitability for conservation were statistically unrelated to the final recommendation. Our findings provide the basis to expand our analysis to multiple case studies across Canada, and internationally. Furthermore, when interpreted with available research and policy, our preliminary (and future) analysis highlights clear opportunities where scientific evidence can and should be readily incorporated into urban forestry management and policy.

Policy Making Shall Be Inclusive and Fair

Global trade has been growing by 2-3% in the past 7 years,compared with the 7%of previous years.This makes it vital to study what has happened.In fact,many short-term measures failed to solve long-term issues.

MAKING CLEAR STRATEGIC PRIORITIES, STRENGTHENING POLICY ORIENTATION AND PROMOTING INSTITUTIONAL ADJUSTMENT

Ⅰ. CURRENT DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE TASKS The period from the "Ninth Five-Year Plan"(1990-2000) to the year 2010 is the key stage for realizing the three-step strategy for economic construction in China. The socialist market economy system will gradually develop to perfection,the market will play a fundamental role in allocating resources,and the State’s centralizing guidance and macro-control over the social and economic development will be more scientific,reasonable and effective.In recent years,despite of

关于完善我国糖尿病患者肺结核筛查政策的思考

糖尿病不仅增加结核病的发病风险,还会增加结核病患者治疗的失败、复发和死亡风险。基于现有的研究发现,在我国糖尿病患者中大规模开展结核病筛查总体收益不高,在高负担地区或存在高危因素的糖尿病患者中开展结核病筛查或许是一个更佳的选择,具有较高的成本-效益。本文中,笔者指出了目前我国糖尿病患者结核病筛查存在的问题,并介绍了相应的对策与建议。

美国行政法中政策声明制定程序及启示

我国行政管理中存在大量的指导性文件,其在法律效力和功能上与美国的政策声明相似。政策声明是美国行政规则体系中的重要组成部分。在法律效力方面,政策声明不具有法律拘束力和法律效果,但可能产生事实上的拘束效果。在制定程序方面,政策声明虽豁免适用《联邦行政程序法》第553节规定的通告评论程序,但在实践中经历了加强程序控制、反思过度正式化的程序、关注制定程序电子化和灵活性的发展历程,折射出美国国家机关持续在行政效率与民主价值之间寻求平衡的努力。在类型化的基础上,政策声明的制定可能经历启动、拟定草案、审查、公众评论、公布最终规则和后评估等具体环节。政策声明制定程序受到法院的一定控制,法院可以对行政机关拒绝公众请愿的决定、通告评论、公布最终规则等重要程序进行审查。可借鉴美国政策声明制定程序的规范要求与实践经验,完善我国指导性文件的制定程序,注重指导性文件制定程序的规范性与灵活性,通过前评估与后评估程序发挥行政自我拘束作用。

政策制定对学术研究的使用:程度测量、影响因素、对策及启示

[目的/意义]循证决策是西方国家政策制定科学化和改革型政府的核心。作为一种较为前沿的公共政策理论,其要义是在政策制定中充分使用学术研究以提高公共政策的质量。[方法/过程]本文通过文献回顾和梳理,展示西方国家政策制定中学术研究使用的研究脉络,并探究其对我国循证决策的启示。[结果/结论]西方国家首先运用多种测量工具和方法获知学术研究的使用程度,从中发现研究使用情况存在“研究—政策鸿沟”;其次提出3类理论模型、4个维度的影响因素来解释“研究—政策鸿沟”形成的原因;最后基于程度测量和影响因素研究的结果,设计促进政策制定中使用学术研究的对策。基于西方研究成果,本文提出从开发和设计我国政策制定中学术研究使用程度的测量量表,构建影响我国政策制定中学术研究使用的解释性框架,制定研究与决策协同的行动框架和具体对策这三方面来开展我国循证决策的研究和实践。

证据驱动的循证决策国际进展、趋势与展望

起源于上世纪90年中期英国政府的循证实践,近年来在全球战略规划制定、国际学术交流、国际合作网络搭建、跨部门协作等方面涌现出诸多新进展,推动了循证决策的快速发展。上述新进展显示出循证决策已成为全球治理和政策制定的共同愿景、循证决策制度化成为全球共同追求的治理创新、证据流动系统成为循证决策的基础遵循、多元化证据产品贯穿于循证决策全过程等发展趋势。随着循证决策助推国际战略规划制定更加科学和有效,证据获取体系、证据评估系统、多样化证据产品将得到快速发展,政府决策者的循证决策能力将得到快速提升。

高质量发展形势下广东粮食生产现状、问题与对策

广东是经济强省,也是人口大省,保障粮食安全对促进社会经济高质量发展具有重要作用。通过调研、查阅资料和系统分析,发现广东粮食生产中存在以下几方面问题:人均粮食产量和粮食自给率低、粮食播种面积和单产下降、各地市发展不平衡、种粮普遍亏损和种粮主体老龄化严重。这些问题严重威胁着广东粮食安全和产业高质量发展。在社会经济高质量发展的大背景下,提出保证粮食安全和产业发展的建议:首先是全省一盘棋,制定粤粮提升战略,建立粮食产业综合管理部门,从粮食产业链发展角度,制定约束性发展目标和落实措施;其次是突出重点,补齐各地产能短板,包括口粮为先、水稻为主、稳定水稻面积、增加粮食种植面积和以平均单产低于全省平均的地级市为重点等;三是精准施策,实现“政府要粮安和农民要效益”的协调,包括“藏粮于地”提高土地利用率、“藏粮于技”科技驱动、多措并举实现大面积均衡增产、合理补贴提高种粮效益与积极性,扶持各类农业新型经营主体带动农户同步发展。

大数据驱动的决策制定:乐观抑或悲观?

大数据驱动公共决策模式迭代升级,重构了决策制定、执行、监督和反馈全链条中的权力关系与资源配置。对此,学界出现了乐观论与悲观论两种基本的论调:乐观者认为大数据驱动的决策制定具有诸多优势和良好发展前景;悲观者则认为现实中的大数据并不一定会促使决策更加精准、科学和民主,反而可能会因数据本身来源和格式的复杂性、数据互通和共享标准的差异性、多主体利益博弈的政治性以及隐私侵犯和信息泄露的可能性而导致更为复杂的政策失灵。进一步分析发现,乐观论和悲观论之间的分歧主要源于技术与政治、权利与权力、工具理性与价值理性之间孰轻孰重。面向未来,可以推动大数据驱动的决策制定向审慎的乐观主义迈进,建构数字技术、政治过程与制度运作之间的互嵌与互适关系,以此锚定大数据驱动决策制定的基本方向,真正发挥大数据在政府决策和社会治理中的作用。

校园足球政策执行利益主体决策行为的演化博弈研究

校园足球政策执行涉及利益主体众多,均衡各方主体利益是校园足球政策有效执行的关键所在.从利益视角出发,构建地方校足办、学校和家长三方利益主体的动态演化博弈模型,以Matlab为工具仿真分析三方主体决策行为的演化路径和演化规律.结果表明:地方校足办、学校、家长三方初始策略概率相互影响,不同概率取值对三方主体向理想状态收敛速度产生差异化影响,当三方达到较高水平的初始概率时,动态系统更易达到理想稳定状态;地方校足办的收益水平对系统趋于理想状态具有正向作用,收益越高,系统收敛于理想稳定状态的速度越快.为促使三方策略选择趋向利益均衡状态,从加大理念价值传播、提高三方参与意愿、建立利益表达机制、降低信息不对称程度、完善执行考核机制、构建监督评价体系等方面提出相应的政策建议.

长短期财政政策不确定性、企业创新决策与全要素生产率

笔者通过构建包含财政政策反应函数的成分GARCH模型测度了长期和短期财政政策不确定性,基于中国A股上市公司的面板数据推断了长期和短期财政政策不确定性对全要素生产率的因果效应,并从理论和实证角度分析内在作用机制。研究发现:长期和短期财政政策不确定性对全要素生产率的影响方向不同,长期财政政策不确定性有利于全要素生产率提升,短期财政政策不确定性则降低全要素生产率。其中,企业创新决策是长短期财政政策不确定性影响全要素生产率的重要机制,长期财政政策不确定性鼓励企业选择增加创新的决策,而短期财政政策不确定性导致企业选择推迟创新的决策。短期财政政策不确定性对非国有企业全要素生产率的负面影响更大,而长期财政政策不确定性对不同所有权属性企业全要素生产率的影响无差异。

面向自动驾驶的多任务辅助驾驶策略学习方法

随着自动驾驶技术的发展,深度强化学习成为实现高效驾驶策略学习的重要手段。然而,实施自动驾驶面临着复杂多变的交通场景带来的挑战,并且现有的深度强化学习方法存在场景适应能力单一、收敛速度较慢的问题。针对此类问题,为提高自动驾驶车辆的场景适应能力和策略学习效率,文中提出了一种多任务辅助的驾驶策略学习方法。该方法首先基于深度残差网络构建了编码器-多任务解码器模块,将高维驾驶场景压缩为低维表征,并采用语义分割、深度估计和速度预测的多任务辅助学习,以提高低维表征的场景信息丰富程度;然后,以该低维表征作为状态输入,构建基于强化学习的决策网络,并设计多约束奖励函数来引导驾驶策略的学习;最后,在CARLA中进行仿真实验。结果表明:相较于DDPG、TD3等经典方法,文中方法通过多任务的辅助改善了训练进程,学习到更优的驾驶策略;在环岛、路口等多个典型城市驾驶场景中实现了更高的任务成功率和驾驶得分,具备优秀的决策能力和场景适应性。

“三农”领域高校智库建设现状及发展路径探析

“三农”领域高校智库在“三农”问题分析、决策拟定及政策工具弥补纠正等方面发挥着重要作用。为促进中国“三农”领域学术研究与智库研究有效对接,分析相关高校智库建设现状,总结其发展行为、运行机制、成果水平等方面及特点。研究发现,中国“三农”领域的高校智库建设主要依托一批专业化的研究团队和学术机构,在“三农”领域智库中数量占比最高且呈现快速增长趋势,并表现出强烈的地域性特征,在推动农业产业高质量发展方面发挥重要作用;但面临着服务乡村振兴的激励有限、协同合作能力有限、农业生产活动复杂性与农村调查公益性、成果实效水平不高和政策转化力度不够、资源及资金投入缺乏多元化与灵活性等困境。针对此,提出发挥涉农学科优势、推动成果评价制度改革、营造良好生态体系、畅通资政服务渠道、打造政产学研联盟共同体、构建“旋转门”机制、与新农村发展研究院协同建设等对策建议,以期对“三农”领域高校智库体系的建设与转型升级有所裨益,更好地满足新时期全面推进乡村振兴战略的智力需求。

乌克兰危机背景下日本政治信念的变化与安全战略调整

日本对外政策制定立足于国家战略利益目标确定、国际环境判定以及对对手威胁界定的基础之上。决策的判断依据与政策手段的选取,受到政策精英政治信念的影响。以乌克兰危机为契机,日本政策精英的政治信念呈现出新的变化特征。对日本政府关于安保政策的官方文件的操作码指标进行测算,证实了日本政策精英的政治信念在岸田时期已进一步显示出消极和悲观的强现实主义色彩。哲学信念重新界定了日本的国家利益和战略目标、塑造了日本的风险偏好,工具信念则改变了日本政策手段的选择,使得激进性、冒险性和进攻性共同构成了日本安全战略大转向的显著标志。