An enhanced PSO-DEFS based feature selection with biometric authentication for identi¯cation of diabetic retinopathy

Recently,automatic diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy(DR)from the retinal image is the most significant ressearch topic in the medical applications.Diabetic macular edema(DME)is the.major reason for the loss of vision in patients suffering fom DR.Early identification of the DR enables to prevent the vision loss and encourage diabetic control activities.Many techniques are.developed to diagnose the DR.The major drawbacks of the existing techniques are low accuracy and high time complexity.To owercome these issues,this paper propases an enhanced particle swarm optimization differential evolution feature selection(PSO DEFS)based feature selection approach with biometric aut hentication for the identification of DR.Initially,a hybrid median filter(HMF)is used for pre processing the input images.Then,the pre-processed images are embedded with each other by using least significant bit(LSB)for authentication purpose.Si-multaneously,the image features are extracted using convoluted local tetra pattern(CLTrP)and Tamura features.Feature selection is performed using PSO DEFS and PSO-gravitational search algorithm(PSO GSA)to reduce time complexity.Based on some performance metrics,the PSO-DEFS is chosen as a better choice for feature selection.The feature selection is performed based on the fitness value.A multi-relevance vector machine(M-RVM)is introduced to dlassify the 13 normal and 62 abnormal images among 75 images from 60 patients.Finally,the DR patients are further dassified by M-RVM.The experimental results exhibit that the proposed approach achieves better accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity than the exist ing techniques.

On Palaeozoic Tectonics in the Alxa Region, Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract: Two ophiolitic mélange belts in the Late Carboniferous formations have been discovered recently in the Alxa region. One is in the Engger Us fault and possesses properties of oceanic crust. The other is in the Badain Jaran fault and shows properties of a back-arc basin. These two faults, together with the Yagan fault, constitute the important boundaries of tectonic units in the Alax region. The four tectonic units delimited by these faults are different in rock assemblages, metamorphism and geochemistry. They reflect the nature of tectonic environments in which they are found. The tectonic units may be traced and correlated to the eastern and western neighbouring areas. The formation and evolution process of the units and their interaction in the Alxa region may be described in terms of the evolution of the Palaeo-Mongolian Ocean and its continental margins.

EVOLUTIONAL FEATURES OF INTERANNUAL LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF EL NINO

A simplified data set with 8°×8° grid system in a region of 32°S--32°N from 1951 to 1979 for the elements of sea surface temperature (SST), zonal wind at sea level (U), sea level pressure (SLP) and total cloud amount (CA) is made from the COADS. The oscillation components with periods of 2 years (QBO), 3.5 years (SO) and 5.5 years (FYO) in interannual low-frequency oscillations have been studied by using the methods of extended EOF (EEOF) and lag correlation analysis with the oscillational components of SST in the equator of eastern Pacific as the reference element. In our paper, the relationship between oscilla- tion components and occurrence of El Nino is also investigated.