Exists Gravitation Inverse Matter

Existence of gravitation inverse matter in finite space is shown inevitable. As an example, direction of gravitation of rest mass of electron is opposite to that of positron. That is, electron and positron are gravitationally repulsive to each other. The physical space has previously been shown of finite extent. Therefore, if gravitation normal matter is found prevailing in the physical space then, according to the law of mass/charge balance in finite space, the Universe, i.e., the physical space and all that it contains/confines, must be a shell-structured black hole in a higher dimensional space.

A Different Cosmology—Thoughts from Outside the Box

In this paper, we present a new cosmology based on the idea of a universe dominated by vacuum energy with time-varying curvature. In this model, the universe began with an exponential Plank era inflation before transitioning to a spacetime described by Einstein’s equations. While no explicit model of the Plank era is yet known, we do establish a number of properties that the vacuum of that time must have exhibited. In particular, we show that structures came into existence during that inflation that were later responsible for all cosmic structures. A new solution of Einstein’s equations incorporating time-varying curvature is presented which predicts that the scaling was initially power law with a parameter of y=1/2 before transitioning to an exponential acceleration of the present-day scaling. A formula relating the curvature to the vacuum energy density is also a part of the solution. A non-conventional model of nucleosynthesis provides a solution for the matter/antimatter asymmetry problem and a non-standard origin of the CMB. The CMB power spectrum is shown to be a consequence of uncertainties embedded during the initial inflation and the existence of superclusters. Using Einstein’s equations, we show that so-called dark matter is, in fact, vacuum energy. A number of other issues are discussed.

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Occam’s Razor

Even though dark matter and dark energy have long been accepted as being of fundamental importance in cosmology, in this paper, we will present arguments to show that neither is necessary. Instead, the phenomena they are thought to be responsible for are consequences of a vacuum whose curvature varies with time. We will focus on three phenomena that are thought to require the existence of dark energy and dark matter. The first is the idea that dark energy is responsible for the observed accelerating expansion of the universe. We will show instead that with time-varying curvature, Einstein’s equations demand such an acceleration without reference to dark or any other form of energy. Turning to dark matter, it is supposedly required to explain the observed constant velocity profile of the stars making up the disks of spiral galaxies and to explain the strong gravitational lensing observed in galaxy clusters. We will show, however, that both phenomena can again be understood in terms of the vacuum and its curvature. In the former case, we will show that galaxies exist within a rotating volume of the vacuum and that this leads directly to the observed constant velocity profiles. In the latter case, gradients of the vacuum curvature serving as a varying index of refraction are responsible. Using numerical results from our new model of nucleosynthesis, we estimate the degree of bending to expect and find that the results are in accord with observation. Our new model very naturally explains the phenomena attributed to dark matter and dark energy and since neither has been observed after several decades of looking, Occam’s razor tells us that neither exists.