QoS aware routing and wavelength allocation in optical burst switching networks using differential evolution optimization

The issue of burst losses imposes a constraint on the development of Optical Burst Switching （OBS） networks. Heavy burst losses strongly affect the Quality of Service （QoS） intended by end users. This article presents a QoS aware Routing and Wavelength Allocation （RWA） technique for burst switching in OBS networks. The RWA problem is modeled as a bi-objective Integer Linear Programming （ILP） problem, where objective functions are based on minimizing the number of wavelengths used and the number of hops traversed to fulfill the burst transmission requests for a given set of node pairs. The ILP model is solved using a novel approach based on a Differential Evolution （DE） algorithm. Analytical results show that the DE algorithm provides a better performance compared to shortest path routing, which is a widely accepted routing strategy for OBS networks.

The Multilinear Evolution of Folk Culture:Rendition and Diffusion

Shaanxi is the cradle of Chinese culture,whose folk culture has long won the world’s attention.More research efforts have been attracted to this field particularly after China’s initiative of Chinese culture“going global”.Taking as examples some Shaanxi folk culture on the representative list of national intangible cultural heritage,the paper explores its multilinear routes of cross-cultural evolution via rendering and diffusing from the perspective of cultural ecology in an attempt to highlight difficulties and corresponding solutions.The research findings of this paper may shed light on more Chinese culture’s rendition and diffusion in methodology and paradigm,helping it leap over language hurdles to be means of cross-cultural communication,effectively and efficiently.

Real traffic-data based evaluation of vehicular traffic environment and state- of-the-art with future issues in location-centric data dissemination for VANETs

Extensive investigation has been performed in location-centric or geocast routing protocols for reliable and efficient dissemination of information in Vehicular Adhoc Networks （VANETs）. Various location-centric routing protocols have been suggested in literature for road safety ITS applications considering urban and highway traffic environment. This paper characterizes vehicular environments based on real traffic data and investigates the evolution of location-centric data dissemination. The current study is carded out with three main objectives： （i） to analyze the impact of dynamic traffic environment on the design of data dissemination techniques, （ii） to characterize location-centric data dissemination in terms of functional and qualitative behavior of protocols, properties, and strengths and weaknesses, and （iii） to find some future research directions in information dissemination based on location. Vehicular traffic environments have been classified into three categories based on physical characteristics such as speed, inter-vehicular distance, neighborhood stability, traffic volume, etc. Real traffic data is considered to analyze on-road traffic environments based on the measurement of physical parameters and weather conditions. Design issues are identified in incorporating physical parameters and weather conditions into data dissemination. Functional and qualitative characteristics of location-centric techniques are explored considering urban and highway environments. Comparative analysis of location-centric techniques is carded out for both urban and highway environments individually based on some unique and common characteristics of the environments. Finally, some future research directions are identified in the area based on the detailed investigation of traffic environments and location-centric data dissemination techniques.