Mpox and related poxviruses:A literature review of evolution,pathophysiology,and clinical manifestations

The recently re-emerged mpox(monkeypox)virus that causes mpox disease is a member of genus Orthopoxvirus and has unprecedentedly spread worldwide.Numerous studies have contributed to our understanding of its evolution,pathophysiology,and clinical manifestations.The current outbreak of the mpox virus depicts its novel route of transmission as a new variant.However,the exact reason for its transition from an epidemic to a pandemic remains unclear.Furthermore,other poxviruses such as vaccinia virus,variola virus,and cowpox virus,also belong to the same genus,Orthopoxvirus.In the present review,our objective was to summarize the evidence on evolution,pathophysiology,and clinical manifestations of mpox virus and its related poxviruses.The present review would aid in a better understanding of the current circulating mpox virus and its differences from other poxviruses.In addition,the shared genetic factors contributing to virulence in these Orthopoxvirus highlight their evolutionary connections and genetic similarities.While they exhibit differences in virulence,studying these genetic relationships is crucial for understanding their biology,pathogenicity,and the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics to curb mpox disease.

Experimental study on permeability evolution of deep high-stressed coal under major horizontal stress unloading paths

Both bulk stress(σ_(i i))and stress path(SP)significantly affect the transportation characteristics of deep gas during reservoir pressure depletion.Therefore,the experimental study of horizontal stress unloading on seepage behavior of gas-bearing coal under constantσi i-constraints is performed.The results show that coal permeability is affected by horizontal stress anisotropy(σ_(H)≠σh),and the contribution of minor horizontal stress to permeability is related to the differential response of horizontal strain.The slippage phenomenon is prominent in deep high-stress regime,especially in low reservoir pressure.σ_(i i)and SP jointly determine the manifestation of slippage effect and the strength of stress sensitivity(γ)of permeability.Deep reservoir implies an incremental percentage of slip-based permeability,and SP weakens the slippage effect by changing the elastic–plastic state of coal.However,γis negatively correlated with slippage effect.From the Walsh model,narrow(low aspect-ratio)fractures within the coal under unloading SP became the main channel for gas seepage,and bring the effective stress coefficient of permeability(χ)less than 1 for both low-stress elastic and high-stress damaged coal.With the raise of the effective stress,the effect of pore-lined clay particles on permeability was enhanced,inducing an increase inχfor highstress elastic coal.

Cervical Myelopathy: Diagnostic Aspects, Surgical Treatment and Evolution of Patients Operated upon in Yaounde

Introduction: Although cervical myelopathy is the most common degenerative cervical spine pathology in adults, the indications and approaches of surgical treatment have not yet been clearly defined in the literature. Very few studies exist regarding these aspects in our setting, and they are mostly outdated. This study aimed to describe the diagnostic aspects, current surgical treatment with technical improvements, and progression in patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted a multicentre retrospective descriptive study over a 10-year period between January 2011 and January 2020 in three referral centres in Yaoundé. All patients who underwent surgery for cervical myelopathy were included. Results: Fifty-two patients were recruited. The rate of operated cervical myelopathies among all degenerative spinal pathologies was 14.05%. The M/F sex ratio was 3/1, and the average age was 52 ± 10 years. All included patients had gait problems, 90.38% demonstrated motor deficiency, and 67.30% experienced at least three levels of compression. Surgery was decided based on the Nurick grade;a posterior approach was applied to 86.54% of patients. Postoperative progression showed a neurological improvement of 82% with an average follow-up of 4 years. Conclusion: In this study, the patients who underwent surgery were relatively young, their clinical presentations were mostly advanced, and surgical management showed good results in well-selected cases.

Evolution of treatment options for juvenile idiopathic arthritis

A recent study published in World J Clin Cases addressed the optimal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)for juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA).Herein,we outline the progress in drug therapy of JIA.NSAIDs have traditionally been the primary treatment for all forms of JIA.NSAIDs are symptom-relief medications,and well tolerated by patients.Additionally,the availability of selective NSAIDs further lower the gastrointestinal adverse reactions compared with traditional NSAIDs.Glucocorticoid is another kind of symptom-relief medications with potent anti-inflammatory effect.However,the frequent adverse events limit the clinical use.Both NSAIDs and glucocorticoid fail to ease or pre-vent joint damage,and the breakthrough comes along with the disease-mo-difying antirheumatic drugs(DMARDs).DMARDs can prevent disease pro-gression and reduce joint destruction.Particularly,the emergence of biologic DMARDs(bDMARDs)has truly revolutionized the therapeutics of JIA,compared with conventional synthetic DMARDs.As a newly developed class of drugs,the places of most bDMARDs in the management of JIA remain to be well estab-lished.Nevertheless,the continuous evolution of bDMARDs raises hopes of improving long-term disease outcomes for JIA.

Evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different loading cycles and stress paths

Surrounding rocks at different locations are generally subjected to different stress paths during the process of deep hard rock excavation.In this study,to reveal the mechanical parameters of deep surrounding rock under different stress paths,a new cyclic loading and unloading test method for controlled true triaxial loading and unloading and principal stress direction interchange was proposed,and the evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different stress paths was studied,including the deformation modulus,elastic deformation increment ratios,fracture degree,cohesion and internal friction angle.Additionally,stress path coefficient was defined to characterize different stress paths,and the functional relationships among the stress path coefficient,rock fracture degree difference coefficient,cohesion and internal friction angle were obtained.The results show that during the true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading process,the deformation modulus and cohesion gradually decrease,while the internal friction angle gradually increases with increasing equivalent crack strain.The stress path coefficient is exponentially related to the rock fracture degree difference coefficient.As the stress path coefficient increases,the degrees of cohesion weakening and internal friction angle strengthening decrease linearly.During cyclic loading and unloading under true triaxial principal stress direction interchange,the direction of crack development changes,and the deformation modulus increases,while the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease slightly,indicating that the principal stress direction interchange has a strengthening effect on the surrounding rocks.Finally,the influences of the principal stress interchange direction on the stabilities of deep engineering excavation projects are discussed.

Highly mass activity electrocatalysts with ultralow Pt loading on carbon black for hydrogen evolution reaction

Pt-based nanocatalysts offer excellent prospects for various industries.However,the low loading of Pt with excellent performance for efficient and stable nanocatalysts still presents a considerable challenge.In this study,nanocatalysts with ultralow Pt content,excellent performance,and carbon black as support were prepared through in-situ synthesis.These~2-nm particles uniformly and stably dispersed on carbon black because of the strong s-p-d orbital hybridizations between carbon black and Pt,which suppressed the agglomeration of Pt ions.This unique structure is beneficial for the hydrogen evolution reaction.The catalysts exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction,exhibiting a potential of 100 mV at 100 mA·cm^(-2),which is comparable to those of commercial Pt/C catalysts.Mass activity(1.61 A/mg)was four times that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst(0.37 A/mg).The ultralow Pt loading(6.84wt%)paves the way for the development of next-generation electrocatalysts.

Role of iron ore in enhancing gasification of iron coke:Structural evolution,influence mechanism and kinetic analysis

The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated.Furthermore,a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings indicate that compared to coke,iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area,and the micropores further extend and interconnect.This provides more adsorption sites for CO_(2) molecules during the gasification process,resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke.Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke.The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix,reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure,which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms.The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure.Moreover,as the proportion of iron ore increases,the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases,from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.

Catalyst–Support Interaction in Polyaniline‑Supported Ni_(3)Fe Oxide to Boost Oxygen Evolution Activities for Rechargeable Zn‑Air Batteries

Catalyst–support interaction plays a crucial role in improving the catalytic activity of oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Here we modulate the catalyst–support interaction in polyaniline-supported Ni_(3)Fe oxide(Ni_(3)Fe oxide/PANI)with a robust hetero-interface,which significantly improves oxygen evolution activities with an overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)and specific activity of 2.08 mA cm_(ECSA)^(-2)at overpotential of 300 mV,3.84-fold that of Ni_(3)Fe oxide.It is revealed that the catalyst–support interaction between Ni_(3)Fe oxide and PANI support enhances the Ni–O covalency via the interfacial Ni–N bond,thus promoting the charge and mass transfer on Ni_(3)Fe oxide.Considering the excellent activity and stability,rechargeable Zn-air batteries with optimum Ni_(3)Fe oxide/PANI are assembled,delivering a low charge voltage of 1.95 V to cycle for 400 h at 10 mA cm^(-2).The regulation of the effect of catalyst–support interaction on catalytic activity provides new possibilities for the future design of highly efficient OER catalysts.

Experimental Observing Damage Evolution in Cement Pastes Exposed to External Sulfate Attack by in situ X-ray Computed Tomography

The paper presents experimental investigation results of crack pattern change in cement pastes caused by external sulfate attack(ESA).To visualize the formation and development of cracks in cement pastes under ESA,an X-ray computed tomography(X-ray CT)was used,i e,the tomography system of Zeiss Xradia 510 versa.The results indicate that X-CT can monitor the development process and distribution characteristics of the internal cracks of cement pastes under ESA with attack time.In addition,the C3A content in the cement significantly affects the damage mode of cement paste specimens during sulfate erosion.The damage of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)pastes subjected to sulfate attack with high C3A content are severe,while the damage of sulfate resistant Portland cement(SRPC)pastes is much smaller than that of OPC pastes.Furthermore,a quadratic function describes the correlation between the crack volume fraction and development depth for two cement pastes immermed in sulfate solution.

Low‑Temperature Oxidation Induced Phase Evolution with Gradient Magnetic Heterointerfaces for Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Gradient magnetic heterointerfaces have injected infinite vitality in optimizing impedance matching,adjusting dielectric/magnetic resonance and promoting electromagnetic(EM)wave absorption,but still exist a significant challenging in regulating local phase evolution.Herein,accordion-shaped Co/Co_(3)O_(4)@N-doped carbon nanosheets(Co/Co_(3)O_(4)@NC)with gradient magnetic heterointerfaces have been fabricated via the cooperative high-temperature carbonization and lowtemperature oxidation process.The results indicate that the surface epitaxial growth of crystal Co_(3)O_(4) domains on local Co nanoparticles realizes the adjustment of magnetic-heteroatomic components,which are beneficial for optimizing impedance matching and interfacial polarization.Moreover,gradient magnetic heterointerfaces simultaneously realize magnetic coupling,and long-range magnetic diffraction.Specifically,the synthesized Co/Co_(3)O_(4)@NC absorbents display the strong electromagnetic wave attenuation capability of−53.5 dB at a thickness of 3.0 mm with an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.36 GHz,both are superior to those of single magnetic domains embedded in carbon matrix.This design concept provides us an inspiration in optimizing interfacial polarization,regulating magnetic coupling and promoting electromagnetic wave absorption.

Boosting Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance on NiFe‑Based Catalysts Through d‑Orbital Hybridization

Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers(AEMWEs)for green hydrogen production have received intensive attention due to their feasibility of using earth-abundant NiFe-based catalysts.By introducing a third metal into NiFe-based catalysts to construct asymmetrical M-NiFe units,the d-orbital and electronic structures can be adjusted,which is an important strategy to achieve sufficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance in AEMWEs.Herein,the ternary NiFeM(M:La,Mo)catalysts featured with distinct M-NiFe units and varying d-orbitals are reported in this work.Experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that the doping of La leads to optimized hybridization between d orbital in NiFeM and 2p in oxygen,resulting in enhanced adsorption strength of oxygen intermediates,and reduced rate-determining step energy barrier,which is responsible for the enhanced OER performance.More critically,the obtained NiFeLa catalyst only requires 1.58 V to reach 1 A cm^(−2) in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer and demonstrates excellent long-term stability of up to 600 h.

The Path,Trends,and Approaches of the Civilization Evolution of Rural Marriage Forms

Rural marriage has characteristics such as close relationship with labor production,deep integration of traditional culture,shy and introverted expression of subjective emotions,and illegal and rough marriage.The civilization evolution of rural marriage forms is moving towards a path that is conducive to the development of production and the pursuit of happiness for farmers,the construction of rural spiritual civilization,and the comprehensive development of rural society.This study analyzes the direction of the evolution of rural marriage form civilization,predicts the trend of rural marriage form civilization evolution,and proposes the future path of rural marriage form civilization evolution,including adhering to human’s most original value expectations of marriage life,drawing nourishment from excellent traditional Chinese culture,and continuously adjusting marriage and family policy tools to keep up with changes in the world of life.

Nonlinear Relationship and Its Evolutionary Trace between Node Degree and Average Path Length of China Aviation Network Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network,the relationship between the node degree and the average path length of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 was studied.According to the theory and method of complex network,the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the airline as the edge of the network.On the basis of the statistical data,the node average path length of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 was calculated.Through regression analysis,it was found that the node degree had a logarithmic relationship with the average length of node path,and the two parameters of the logarithmic relationship had linear evolutionary trace.Key word:China aviation network,complex network,node degree,average length of node path,logarithmic relationship,evolutionary trace.

Ru⁃doped Co_(3)O_(4)/reduced graphene oxide:Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution property

Binary composites(ZIF-67/rGO)were synthesized by one-step precipitation method using cobalt nitrate hexahydrate as metal source,2-methylimidazole as organic ligand,and reduced graphene oxide(rGO)as carbon carrier.Then Ru3+was introduced for ion exchange,and the porous Ru-doped Co_(3)O_(4)/rGO(Ru-Co_(3)O_(4)/rGO)composite electrocatalyst was prepared by annealing.The phase structure,morphology,and valence state of the catalyst were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).In 1 mol·L^(-1)KOH,the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance of the catalyst was measured by linear sweep voltammetry,cyclic voltammetry,and chronoamperometry.The results show that the combination of Ru doping and rGO provides a fast channel for collaborative electron transfer.At the same time,rGO as a carbon carrier can improve the electrical conductivity of Ru-Co_(3)O_(4)particles,and the uniformly dispersed nanoparticles enable the reactants to diffuse freely on the catalyst.The results showed that the electrochemical performance of Ru-Co_(3)O_(4)/rGO was much better than that of Co_(3)O_(4)/rGO,and the overpotential of Ru-Co_(3)O_(4)/rGO was 363.5 mV at the current density of 50 mA·cm^(-2).

Nonlinear Relationship and Its Evolutionary Trace between Average Degree and Average Path Length of Edge Vertices of China Aviation Network Based on Complex Network

In order to reveal the complex network characteristics and evolution principle of China aviation network,the relationship between the average degree and the average path length of edge vertices of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 was studied.According to the theory and method of complex network,the network system was constructed with the city where the airport was located as the network node and the airline as the edge of the network.On the basis of the statistical data,the average degree and average path length of edge vertices of China aviation network in 1988,1994,2001,2008 and 2015 were calculated.Through regression analysis,it was found that the average degree had a logarithmic relationship with the average path length of edge vertices and the two parameters of the logarithmic relationship had linear evolutionary trace.

Prediction of microstructure evolution of ZK61 alloy during hot spinning by internal state variable model

An internal state variable(ISV)model was established according to the experimental results of hot plane strain compression(PSC)to predict the microstructure evolution during hot spinning of ZK61 alloy.The effects of the internal variables were considered in this ISV model,and the parameters were optimized by genetic algorithm.After validation,the ISV model was used to simulate the evolution of grain size(GS)and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)fraction during hot spinning via Abaqus and its subroutine Vumat.By comparing the simulated results with the experimental results,the application of the ISV model was proven to be reliable.Meanwhile,the strength of the thin-walled spun ZK61 tube increased from 303 to 334 MPa due to grain refinement by DRX and texture strengthening.Besides,some ultrafine grains(0.5μm)that played an important role in mechanical properties were formed due to the proliferation,movement,and entanglement of dislocations during the spinning process.

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of magnesian high-K granitoids from Bundelkhand Craton,Central India:New insights into crustal evolution

Background The Bundelkhand Craton is significant for preserving the multiphase granitoids magmatism from Paleoarchean to Neoarchean periods.It consists of a variety of granite rocks,including TTGs,sanukitoids,and high-K granitoids.This study presents geochemical characteristics of high-silica(68.97 wt.%–73.99 wt.%),low-silica(58.73wt.%–69.94 wt.%),and high K_(2)O(2.77 wt.%–6.16 wt.%)contents of granitoids.Objective The data on Bundelkhand Craton’s granitic magmatism and geodynamics is not sufficiently robust.Geochemical data from this study will be used to further understand the origin,source,and petrogenesis of granitoid rocks and their implications for the evolution of geodynamics.Methodology Twenty-one samples were collected and analyzed for major,trace,and REE elements.Major elements were measured using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF),and trace and REE elements were analyzed by ICP-MS.Standard procedures from the Geological Survey of India were followed.Results The geochemical analysis presents high-silica(68.97-73.99 wt.%),low-silica(58.73-69.94 wt.%),and high K2O(2.77-6.16 wt.%)contents in granitoids,classified as granite-granodiorite.The rocks are calcic to calcalkalic,magnesian,and range from peraluminous to metaluminous composition.REE patterns showed strong LREE enrichment relative to HREEs,with prominent negative Eu anomalies corresponding to earlier plagioclase fractionation.Multi-element patterns revealed negative anomalies in Nb,Sr,P,and Ti and positive anomalies in Pb.Conclusion The geochemical signatures attributed to the post-collisional magma generation and continental crustal contamination.The studied rocks show A-type and A2-type lineage,suggesting they originated from the melting of continental crust during transitional/post-collisional tectonic activity.The formation of hybrid granitoids in the Bundelkhand Craton is connected to the fractionation of hybrid magmas in shallow-seated magma chambers during these tectonic processes.

Tectonic modes of mantle convection and their implications for Earth's tectonic evolution based on three-dimensional numerical simulations

Five tectonic modes of mantle convection are obtained and analyzed with three-dimensional numerical models in a spherical shell domain.The five tectonic convective modes are non-plate mobile-lid,plate-like mobile-lid,episodic plate-like mobile-lid,episodic stagnant-lid,and stagnant-lid convective modes,respectively.The typical characteristics of these five tectonic modes and their numerical classification criteria based on plateness,mobility,and their standard deviations are presented and discussed.The results show that the yield stress of the lithosphere has profound effects on the tectonic convective modes.With the gradual increase of yield stress,the tectonic mode of mantle convection changes from one to another sequentially through the aforementioned five modes.Additionally,as the Rayleigh number increases,the range of yield stress for the platelike mobile-lid convective mode decreases,and the dimensionless transition stress between different tectonic modes increases.Specifically,the dimensional transition stress between the non-plate mobile-lid convective mode and plate-like mobile-lid convective mode increases with the increase of Rayleigh number,but decreases between other tectonic modes.Furthermore,we find that the transition stress between different tectonic modes is inversely proportional to the internal heating rate,with the transition stress decreasing as the internal heating rate increases.The fitting analysis of the transition stress between tectonic modes shows that Earth's current plate tectonics correspond to a lithospheric yield stress of 150–250 MPa,which aligns with the strength of serpentinized mantle rock determined by experimental petrography.If the Archean mantle was 300℃warmer than it is today,then the Earth was in an episodic stagnant-lid convective mode.The tectonic evolution of the Earth's surface is closely related to the lithospheric strength and the process of thermal evolution.If the lithospheric strength was only 150 MPa,plate tectonics in the early mantle rapid cooling model would have begun before 3.8 Ga,and plate tectonics in the late mantle rapid cooling model would have begun at approximately 1.5 Ga.However,at a lithospheric strength of 200 MPa,plate tectonics in the late mantle rapid cooling model would have begun later than 0.95 Ga,and plate tectonics in the early mantle rapid cooling model would have begun at approximately 2 Ga.The early Earth was in the episodic stagnant-lid convective mode,which means that subduction might still have occurred at that time.The presence of the episodic plate-like mobile-lid convective mode in Earth's later history indicates that there might also have been intermittent surface stagnation during plate tectonics,which may provide an explanation for the quiet period of tectonic activity at approximately 1.0 Ga on Earth.This indicates that tectonic inactivity during a geological period is not an indicator that plate tectonics did not begin.

Mesozoic multi-direction collision tectonic evolution of the Ordos Basin, China: Insights from the detrital zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He analyses

The Ordos Basin(OB)in the western part of the North China Craton(NCC),was located at the jointed area of multi-plates and has recorded the Mesozoic tectonic characteristics.Its tectonic evolution in the Mesozoic is significant to understand the tectonic transformation of the northern margin of the NCC.In this work,the detrital zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He chronological system were analyzed in the northern part of the OB,and have provided new evidence for the regional tectonic evolution.The(U-Th)/He chronological data states the weighted ages of 240‒235 Ma,141 Ma with the peak distribution of 244 Ma,219 Ma,173 Ma,147‒132 Ma.The thermal evolution,geochronological data,and regional unconformities have proved four stages of regional tectonic evolution for the OB and its surroundings in the Mesozoic:(1)The Late Permian-Early Triassic;(2)the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic;(3)the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous;(4)the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene.It is indicated that the multi-directional convergence from the surrounding tectonic units has controlled the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the OB.Four-stage tectonic evolution reflected the activation or end of different plate movements and provided new time constraints for the regional tectonic evolution of the NCC in the Mesozoic.

Efficient AUV Path Planning in Time-Variant Underwater Environment Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

Robust and efficient AUV path planning is a key element for persistence AUV maneuvering in variable underwater environments. To develop such a path planning system, in this study, differential evolution(DE) algorithm is employed. The performance of the DE-based planner in generating time-efficient paths to direct the AUV from its initial conditions to the target of interest is investigated within a complexed 3D underwater environment incorporated with turbulent current vector fields, coastal area,islands, and static/dynamic obstacles. The results of simulations indicate the inherent efficiency of the DE-based path planner as it is capable of extracting feasible areas of a real map to determine the allowed spaces for the vehicle deployment while coping undesired current disturbances, exploiting desirable currents, and avoiding collision boundaries in directing the vehicle to its destination. The results are implementable for a realistic scenario and on-board real AUV as the DE planner satisfies all vehicular and environmental constraints while minimizing the travel time/distance, in a computationally efficient manner.