Cost-benefit Analysis of Land Development Projects Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model

Ecological and environmental issues have always been the focus of government work. The economic losses caused by air pollution,water pollution,noise pollution and solid waste pollution caused by land use development projects are estimated,and the total population economic losses are incorporated into project costing. Using the analytic hierarchy process,four benefit indicators and five cost indicators are selected for constructing a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the cost-benefit of projects of different scales. The projects of different scales are ranked according to the level of comprehensive scores. The results show that large-scale projects are cost-effective and stable over the long term,and there are differences in the main sources of pollution-caused economic losses for projects of different scales. At last,reasonable policy suggestions are made to relevant planning and management personnel.

Cost and Benefit Evaluation of Graffiti Countermeasures on the Nevada Highways

Nevada is one of the major states that are currently suffering from graffiti problem. It was estimated that graffiti costs Southern Nevada around $30 million per year. The major highway structures that were suffering from graffiti were bridges, sound walls, retaining walls and traffic signs. Removing graffiti from these infrastructures was a big challenge to the maintenance division of Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT). Thus, the department was looking for cost effective proactive countermeasures to prevent graffiti on highway infrastructure. This study first identified a spectrum of proactive countermeasures, and then evaluated them by conducting a cost-benefit analysis. Pedestrian fencing and chain link fence were found to be cost effective countermeasures for preventing graffiti on bridges and sound walls. However, for relative long sound walls, the chain link becomes less cost effective. Rat guard was found to be cost effective for road signs;however, it was more useful for traffic signs that are located in the area where the taggers cannot find the way to bypass the rat guard. Coating and landscaping were found to be cost effective for small structures. The security camera countermeasure was not cost effective at the locations where the reduction in graffiti was small. The software for spectrometers was relatively high cost and might hinder the cost effectiveness of this countermeasure. To reduce the cost of the software, developing the software internally could be adopted. And finally, the electronic database was recommended since it was not difficult to develop and maintain.

Research status and hotspots of economic evaluation in nursing by co-word clustering analysis

Objective:The aim of this study is to discover research status and hotspots of economic evaluation(EE)in nursing area using co-word cluster analysis.Methods:Medical Subject Heading(MeSH)term“cost–benefit analysis”was searched in PubMed and nursing journals were limited by the function of filter.The information of author,country,year,journal,and keywords of collected paper was extracted and exported to Bicomb 2.0 system,where high-frequency terms and other data could be further mined.SPSS 19.0 was used for cluster analysis to generate dendrogram.Results:In all,3,020 articles were found and 10,573 MeSH terms were detected;among them,1,909 were MeSH major topics and generated 42 high-frequency terms.The consequence of dendrogram showed seven clusters,representing seven research hotspots:skin administration,infection prevention,education program,nurse education and management,EE research,neoplasm patient,and extension of nurse function.Conclusions:Nursing EE research involved multiple aspects in nursing area,which is an important indicator for decision-making.Although the number of papers is increasing,the quality of study is not promising.Therefore,further study may be required to detect nurses’knowledge of economic analysis method and their attitude to apply it into nursing research.More nursing economics course could carry out in nursing school or hospitals.

Advanced Methods of Evaluating Benefits from Improved Flood Immunity in Queensland

The regular occurrence and the high costs of flooding to both road agencies and communities is a strong impetus to investigate the methodologies applied to evaluating flood immunity road projects. Very little literature exists on methods of evaluating the benefits of improving flood immunity through better road infrastructure. This paper attempts to address some of the numerous issues hindering the accurate evaluation of flood immunity road projects. The methodologies presented in this paper are designed to evaluate benefits that are not normally included or not fully considered in evaluations; such benefits include reduced flood related road accidents, costs of not travelling during the closure period and additional costs from unanticipated flood events. A key focus of the paper is the consideration of the evaluation of improved flood immunity from a network perspective rather than the typical approach of evaluating flood immunity projects in isolation to each other. The application of the proposed methodologies is demonstrated with a hypothetical example of a typical rural network subjected to regular flooding. The results of the analysis, conducted using the proposed methodologies, reveals that the currently applied methodologies account for less than half the likely value of benefits of a package of projects that will prevent the complete isolation of communities during serious flood events.

The need for a new framework for the economic evaluation of health services in a national health scheme

The normative theory of economic evaluation and its welfare theoretic basis are deeply problematical and result in recommendations which are potentially unfair. The root cause of the problem is the set of assumptions behind the theory which posit behaviours and motivations that are not universal, and which exclude other behaviours and motivations that are potentially important. As falsification of assumptions may be evaded indefinitely this paper presents an alternative critique. We commence with six an- omalies with the theory which are attributable to the assumptions. The first three—the net present value criterion, the willingness to pay criterion and moral hazard—arise from welfare theory. The remaining three are associated with the present definition of cost, the concept of efficiency and the omission of sharing, which are common to most economic evaluation. We argue that these anomalies are indicative of a defective core theory and that they are equivalent to observations that conflict with a positive theory. In the final section we outline and illustrate a more general framework for decision making that is capable of overcoming the ano- malies we discuss.

CCUS-EOR项目经济系统评价方法及其应用

CCUS-EOR是碳捕集利用与封存体系中专用于强化采油或提高采收率的技术,是社会和企业实现“双碳”目标的重要技术途径。CCUS-EOR项目投资大、风险高,经济效益和社会效益显著,开展科学评价工作尤为重要。结合工作实践,梳理了CCUS-EOR项目经济评价的方法和流程,并对精细分析增量成本、多层次多角度评价项目效益、评价碳减排指标、评估社会效益以及全产业链经济效益评价等关键指标开展了深入的分析和总结,创造性地提出了一些指标和观点,探索形成了聚焦CCUS项目全产业链要素的CCUS-EOR项目经济系统评价方法体系。研究成果为此类项目科学决策提供了技术支持。

2011—2020年四川省实施结核病防治规划的卫生经济学评价

目的:评估2011—2020年四川省结核病防治经费投入产生的社会效益,为制定新时期中长期发展规划提供参考依据。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,从“结核病管理信息系统”和“传染病监测”系统中收集四川省2011—2020年(“十二五”和“十三五”期间)涂阳肺结核患者治疗转归情况和肺结核患者劳动人口比例,结合四川省统计年鉴和全国结核病防治规划终期评估规划自评调查表等获取经费资料和人均国内生产总值(GDP),采用卫生经济学中常用的成本-效果、成本-效用、成本-效益等3种分析方法估算10年间结核病防治经费投入的社会效果、社会效用和社会效益,并对比分析“十二五”和“十三五”期间的估算结果。结果:2011—2020年,四川省共投入结核病防治经费76032.60万元,成功治疗涂阳肺结核患者160167例,避免了696899名健康人受到传染,挽救了1155277个伤残调整寿命年(disability adjusted life year,DALY),为社会节约医疗费用6.05亿元,挽回社会经济损失约370.32亿元。每投入1091.01元即可避免1名健康人被传染,每投入658.13元即可挽回1个DALY,每投入1元即可产生49.50元的社会经济效益。“十三五”期间带来的总社会效益(209.22亿元)较“十二五”期间(167.14亿元)增长了25.18%[(209.22-167.14)/167.14],但政府每投入1元的结核病防治经费产生的社会效益(47.56元)较“十二五”期间(52.17元)减少了4.61元。结论:2011—2020年间各级政府和国际项目对四川省结核病防控工作投入的经费产生了较好的社会效果、效用和效益。建议在保持目前经费投入力度的基础上,各级政府进一步加大投入,尤其对病原学阳性肺结核患者的发现和治疗管理力度,以期产生更高的社会效益。

“三类六区”单井效益评价方法在油田配产中的应用

油气田上游企业单独配置产量与成本造成资源配置长期不均衡的现象,传统按油井能力配产已无法满足油田高质量、可持续发展的需求,投资、成本、产量等资源如何合理配置是油田生产经营中需要解决的难题。为此,以油井为单元建立“三类六区”效益评价方法,引入最低变动成本识别无效益产量,在此基础上通过最低变动成本及单井效益贡献值的统一优化排序,利用盈亏平衡、成本最低及利润最大三种模型测算经济产量规模,以指导高成本及无效益产量进行效益优化,提出分类治理措施。此研究应用于制定XJ油田效益配产方案,基于油田能力配产方案及成本预算方案,以油田盈亏平衡产量、成本最低产量及利润最大产量为参考,调整产量规模、优化配置成本,得到量效兼顾产量方案,为油田生产经营决策提供依据。

吐哈油田开发效益评价体系建立与应用

随着中国石油集团提质增效活动深入开展,效益评价工作在促进油田高质量发展方面的支撑作用愈加突出。吐哈油田践行油藏管理向油藏经营管理转变的理念,建立了油田开发效益综合评价技术体系。该体系以“业财融合”平台为支撑,以油气田开发效益综合评价为主线,以产能建设、增产措施和提高采收率效益专项评价为辅助,通过精细成本归集、精细产品类别、精细生产活动、精细评价技术,对油田主要生产活动实现全覆盖、全评价。采用收入成本对比评价方法,可完成公司、采油管理区、油气田、区块和单井5个级别的效益评价分类,以及所有增产措施、产能建设新井和提高采收率项目的效益评价。通过分析影响效益的成本因素,详细评价主要生产活动的效益贡献,找出影响整体效益的主要因素和存在问题,从而为油田公司宏观决策提供技术支持,为生产单位改善经营效益提供具体指导。

中国出口经济利益与环境成本绩效评价

文章利用多区域投入产出模型并借助“贸易条件”概念,编制相对出口增加值率和出口隐含碳污染条件指数;构建出口经济利益-环境成本增长弹性系数,对中国通过出口获得的经济利益与付出的环境成本进行绩效评价。结果表明:加入世界贸易组织初期,中国总体出口经济利益处于有利地位,但此后呈现持续下滑态势;中国总体出口环境成本相对较大,但呈现相对改善态势;中国对贸易伙伴出口的经济利益与环境成本绩效总体呈现优化态势。

基于绿色建筑全寿命周期的增量成本与收益模型研究

基于绿色建筑全寿命周期理论,以现有绿色建筑评价标准为基础,分析绿色建筑全寿命周期内增量成本与增量收益,构建经济性评价模型,并对某绿色建筑项目进行评估与分析,打破绿色建筑“高消费”的固有模式,推动绿色建筑市场化、普及化,促进绿色建筑发展,加速低碳经济转型。

基于费用效益分析的工业供水项目再生水定价

再生水利用系统建设需要综合考虑资源、环境、社会等外部效益,合理制定再生水水价才能有效激励政府和用水户选择再生水。通过研究构建了费用效益分析计算体系,综合考虑了再生水项目的建设运营费用和再生水项目相对其他水源供水产生的资源环境效益,利用增量净年值法评价再生水项目经济可行性,并提出替代方案法计算再生水的合理定价。将该方法应用于安吉县某工业用水项目的再生水定价中。通过分析可知:再生水供水方案相对自来水供水和西苕溪取水方案经济可行;在兼顾了不增加用水户用水负担和保护水资源环境的前提下,采用替代方案法计算得到再生水合理定价区间为1.26~1.41元/m^(3).

51HAZOP安全分析方法指导第五代等温变换炉设计投用

为了指导合成氨工艺中第五代等温变换炉设计及投用,使用危险和可操作HAZOP安全评价法,助力等温变换炉工艺的逐步发展,科学分析等温变换炉发展历程,不断完善提高本质安全性,提高其寿命。用科学的评价方法指导第五代等温变换炉技术发展,开辟了第五代等温变换炉的实践经验。

价值工程理论驱动下的既有住宅建筑节能改造效益评价

本研究具体评估了价值工程理论于既有住宅建筑节能改造效益评价中的实际应用。文中界定了既有住宅节能改造及相应价值工程理论的基本内涵,明晰了基于价值工程理论开展建筑节能改造效益评价工作的优越性。在此基础上以无锡市某既有住宅项目为例,详细阐述了该住宅建筑项目现有节能措施,从建筑外墙、窗户、屋顶及照明系统四方面提出了具体的节能改造方案。且对新型建筑节能改造方案实施成本及效益进行了全面的评估分析,由此验证了价值工程理论在实际节能改造项目中的可行性。研究结果表明,在价值工程理论的指导下,既有住宅建筑节能改造方案的实施能显著提高能源使用效率,降低运营成本,进而为既有住宅建筑节能改造提供经济有效的方案方法。

胸外科微量注射泵和输液泵前瞻性效益评估模型构建及应用价值研究

目的:构建前瞻性效益评估模型,探究其应用于胸外科微量注射泵和输液泵设备管理的效果和价值。方法:通过数据采集、数据分析和数据应用3个阶段构建前瞻性效益评估模型。选取2021—2023年重庆市人民医院胸外科临床在用的11台医用注射泵(6台微量注射泵和5台输液泵),将2021年1—12月设备使用期间采用传统管理方法,2022年1月至2023年12月设备使用期间采用前瞻性效益评估模型管理(简称前瞻性管理),对比两种管理方法的设备使用效率和设备运行效益增幅情况。结果:采用前瞻性管理方法的设备使用效率中设备完好率、年开机率、收益率和利用率分别为(0.98±0.12)%、(2.14±0.28)%、(1.31±0.19)%和(25.14±1.27)%,均高于传统管理方法,差异有统计学意义(t=3.525、3.463、7.591、11.779,P<0.05);采用前瞻性管理方法的设备管理费用增幅、成本效益增幅和社会效益增幅分别为(0.65±0.23)%、(5.92±1.14)%和(6.31±1.29)%,管理费用增幅低于传统管理方法,而成本效益增幅和社会效益增幅高于传统管理方法,差异有统计学意义(t=3.099、3.763、4.798,P<0.05)。结论:采用前瞻性效益评估模型对胸外科微量注射泵和输液泵设备进行管理,能够提高设备使用效率,强化设备管理质量,提升设备效益增幅。

某炼油项目环境影响经济评价研究

炼油行业是国家支柱产业之一,在实践中对炼油建设项目进行环境影响评价已经达到相当水平,但仍需与经济评价进一步有效结合。文章对某炼油项目采用费用-效益法,建立对炼油建设项目经济评价的指标体系,并应用炼油建设项目环境影响经济评价方法对各个指标进行计算。结果表明,环保投资不只是单纯地增加项目费用,从整个社会层面上计算是有收益的。

成本效益分析在国企财务决策中的挑战与实践路径

在市场竞争日益激烈的新环境下,企业盈利能力成为其生存与发展的关键。为保持竞争优势,企业必须不断降低成本、提高效益。在此背景下,成本控制与效益评估成为财务管理中重要的组成部分。特别是在国有企业在市场环境、政策影响等方面独具特点,成本效益分析在其财务决策中扮演着重要角色。因此,文章将着重探讨成本效益分析在国企中的应用,分析其中存在的挑战,并提出相应的实践路径,旨在为国企财务决策提供参考。

The Bruce Highway Action Plan Program Evaluation

The BHAP （Bruce Highway Action Plan） Program Evaluation was a momentous task conducted in most part by the TMR （Transport and Main Roads） CBA （cost benefit analysis） team. The evaluation included 189 overtaking lanes, 404 km of road widening and shoulder sealing in various places between Brisbane and Cairns, 56 capacity focused projects and 16 flood immunity focused projects. The total projected capital costs of all projects proposed as part of the BHAP amounted to over 16 billion dollars. The program evaluation conducted, due to the short timeframes, lack of available data and strategic nature of the plan, has been ＂coined＂ a strategic evaluation. This paper focuses on the methodology applied to the projects proposed in the BHAP. A TMR designed project/program evaluation model （CARP （Concise Analysis of Road Programs） V1.0） was used to evaluate the majority of the proposed BHAP projects. The model produces streams of discounted benefits and costs of the projects and program using limited and incomplete data. The large scale of work and the close proximity of projects allowed for an integrated approach to the analysis, which considered the impact projects have on each other. The result of the program, if all evaluated projects are included, is a BCR （benefit cost ratio） of approximately 0.7l at a discount rate of 7%. If the less viable projects are removed from the program, the program can obtain a benefit cost ratio of greater than 1 with a sufficiently large number of projects remaining.

减污降碳协同效应的量化评估研究——基于边际减排成本视角

实现减污降碳协同增效是新发展阶段推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型的内在要求。受范围经济的启发,本文基于边际减排成本视角构造一种新的减污降碳协同效应量化评估方法,运用该方法对我国减污降碳协同效应进行实证考察。研究发现:2006—2018年间,我国减污降碳协同效应年均增长2.63%。党的十八大以来,我国减污降碳协同效应提升更加明显,2012—2018年间,年均增长4.41%。在生态优先、降碳优先和能源革命3种情形下,我国减污降碳协同效应的提升空间可达到29%~43%。本文为量化评估减污降碳协同效应提供了方法论支撑,为“十四五”时期推动减污降碳协同增效提供参考。

成本效益分析在事前绩效评估中的应用探讨——以L县供热政策性补贴项目为例

将成本效益分析纳入事前绩效评估,是预算绩效管理进入改革深水区的尝试与探索,是实现预算管理与绩效管理一体化的必由之路,更是当前财政压力增大背景下优化财政资源配置的重要途径。基于此,本文将成本效益分析在事前绩效评估中如何有效应用作为一个突破口,在详细阐述将成本效益分析纳入事前绩效评估的具体实施步骤基础上,以L县供热政策性补贴项目为例进行实践探讨,发现根据成本效益分析核定的政府补贴定额标准和供热政策性财政补贴资金都得到一定程度的核减。这为增强预算绩效管理科学性提供了一个崭新的思路。