Evaluation of excavation damaged zones(EDZs)in Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory(URL)

Excavation of underground caverns,such as mountain tunnels and energy-storage caverns,may cause the damages to the surrounding rock as a result of the stress redistribution.In this influenced zone,new cracks and discontinuities are created or propagate in the rock mass.Therefore,it is effective to measure and evaluate the acoustic emission(AE)events generated by the rocks,which is a small elastic vibration,and permeability change.The authors have developed a long-term measurement device that incorporates an optical AE(O-AE)sensor,an optical pore pressure sensor,and an optical temperature sensor in a single multi-optical measurement probe(MOP).Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting R&D activities to enhance the reliability of high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological disposal technology.In a high-level radioactive disposal project,one of the challenges is the development of methods for long-term monitoring of rock mass behavior.Therefore,in January 2014,the long-term measurements of the hydro-mechanical behavior of the rock mass were launched using the developed MOP in the vicinity of 350 m below the surface at the Horonobe Underground Research Center.The measurement results show that AEs occur frequently up to 1.5 m from the wall during excavation.In addition,hydraulic conductivity increased by 2e4 orders of magnitude.Elastoplastic analysis revealed that the hydraulic behavior of the rock mass affected the pore pressure fluctuations and caused micro-fractures.Based on this,a conceptual model is developed to represent the excavation damaged zone(EDZ),which contributes to the safe geological disposal of radioactive waste.

Comprehensive assessment on dynamic roof instability under fractured rock mass conditions in the excavation disturbed zone

The damage process of fractured rock mass showed that the fracture in rocks induced roof collapse in Yangchangwan Coal Mine, China. The rock mass was particularly weak and fractured. There occurred 6 large-scale dynamical roof falls in the excavation disturbed zone （EDZ） with the collapsing volume of 216 m^3. First, the field detailed geological environment, regional seismic dynamics, and dynamic instability of roadways were generally investigated. Second, the field multiple-index monitoring measurements for detecting the deep delamination of the roof, convergence deformation, bolt-cable load, acoustic emission （AE） characteristic parameters, total AE events, AE energy-releasing rate, rock mass fracture, and damage were arranged. Finally, according to the time-space-strength relations, a quantitative assessment of the influence of rock-mass damage on the dynamic roof instability was accomplished.

Assessing fracturing mechanisms and evolution of excavation damaged zone of tunnels in interlocked rock masses at high stresses using a finitediscrete element approach

Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method (FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks (DFNs) of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.

Predicting the Thickness of an Excavation Damaged Zone around the Roadway Using the DA-RF Hybrid Model

After the excavation of the roadway,the original stress balance is destroyed,resulting in the redistribution of stress and the formation of an excavation damaged zone(EDZ)around the roadway.The thickness of EDZ is the key basis for roadway stability discrimination and support structure design,and it is of great engineering significance to accurately predict the thickness of EDZ.Considering the advantages of machine learning(ML)in dealing with high-dimensional,nonlinear problems,a hybrid prediction model based on the random forest(RF)algorithm is developed in this paper.The model used the dragonfly algorithm(DA)to optimize two hyperparameters in RF,namely mtry and ntree,and used mean absolute error(MAE),rootmean square error(RMSE),determination coefficient(R^(2)),and variance accounted for(VAF)to evaluatemodel prediction performance.A database containing 217 sets of data was collected,with embedding depth(ED),drift span(DS),surrounding rock mass strength(RMS),joint index(JI)as input variables,and the excavation damaged zone thickness(EDZT)as output variable.In addition,four classic models,back propagation neural network(BPNN),extreme learning machine(ELM),radial basis function network(RBF),and RF were compared with the DA-RF model.The results showed that the DARF mold had the best prediction performance(training set:MAE=0.1036,RMSE=0.1514,R^(2)=0.9577,VAF=94.2645;test set:MAE=0.1115,RMSE=0.1417,R^(2)=0.9423,VAF=94.0836).The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the relative importance of each input variable was DS,ED,RMS,and JI from low to high.

Predicting the excavation damaged zone within brittle surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns using a comprehensive approach integrating in situ measurements and numerical analysis

Excavation Damaged Zone(EDZ)scope is important for optimizing excavation and support schemes in deep underground caverns.However,accurately predicting the full EDZ scope within the surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns during excavation remains a pressing problem.This study presents a comprehensive EDZ scope prediction approach(CESPA)for the brittle surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns by coupling numerical simulation with quantitative analysis of borehole wall images and ultrasonic test results.First,the changes in both P-velocity(V_(p))and joint distribution of the surrounding rock masses before and after excavation damage are captured using ultrasonic tests and borehole digital cameras.Second,the quality Q-parameters of the surrounding rock mass before and after excavation damage are preliminarily rated with the rock mass descriptions provided by borehole wall images,and the rock mass V_(p)-parameter values are determined according to the V_(p)-borehole depth curves.Third,the Q-parameter ratings are further finely adjusted by updating the related Q-values to be similar with the Q-values estimated by V_(p)-parameter values.Fourth,the initial and residual mechanical parameters for the rock mass deterioration model(RDM)are estimated by the adjusted Q-parameter ratings based on the modified Q-based relations,and the elastic modulus deterioration index(EDI)threshold to describe the EDZ boundary is determined with the V_(p)-parameter values.Finally,EDZ scope is predicted using the elastoplastic numerical simulation with RDM and EDI based on the mechanical parameter estimates and EDI threshold.Analyses of applications in Sub-lab D1 in Jinping II project show that CESPA can provide a reliable and operable solution for predicting full EDZ scopes within the brittle surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns.

Permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in the damaged zone of an excavation

Research on the permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in the excavation damaged zone(EDZ) is beneficial for the development of gas control technology. In this study, analytical solutions of stress and strain of the roadway surrounding rock were obtained, in which the creep deformation and strain softening were considered. Using the MTS815 rock mechanics testing system and a gas permeability testing system, permeability tests were conducted in the complete stress-strain process, and the evolution characteristics of permeability and strain were studied over the whole loading process. Based on the analytical solutions of stress and strain and the governing equation of gas seepage flow, this paper proposes a hydro-mechanical(HM) model, which considers three different zones around the roadway. Then the gas flow process in the roadway surrounding rock in three different zones was simulated according to the engineering geological conditions, thus obtaining the permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in three different zones. These results show that the surrounding rock around the roadway can be divided into four regions-the full flow zone(FFZ), flow-shielding zone(FSZ), transitive flow zone(TFZ), and in-situ rock flow zone(IRFZ). These results could provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of gas extraction and gas control technology.

Optimal depth of in-situ pressure-preserved coring in coal seams considering roadway excavation and drilling disturbance

Using pressure-preserved coring technique to determine in-situ gas content provides a more precise assessment of gas resource reserves and safeguard of mining safety in coal seams. How coring technique and depth affect the determination of gas content is unclear due to borehole zoning rupture caused by roadway excavation and drilling disturbance. To this end, a proposed coupling model of stress distribution and gas migration was simulated and validated by FLAC^(3D) and COMSOL Multiphysics considering superposition effects of roadway excavation and drilling disturbance. The findings indicate that the roadway surrounding rock displays distinct zoning features including stress relief zone, stress concentration zone that is composed of plastic zone, elastic zone, and original stress zone;and the broken situations depending on the borehole peeping are consistent with the corresponding simulation results.On this basis, this study proposes a set of drilling coring depth calculation and prediction model for the gas desorption affected area under engineering disturbance. Optimal depth of coring drilling is not only approach to the in-situ coal bulk, but also can get the balance of the drilling workload and cost controlling. According to the typical mine site geological conditions and the numerical simulation results in this study, if the roadway excavation time is ~1 year, it is recommended that the pressure-preserved coring depth should be greater than 17 m.

Predicting excavation damage zone depths in brittle rocks

During the construction of an underground excavation, damage occurs in the surrounding rock mass due in large part to stress changes. While the predicted damage extent impacts profile selection and support design, the depth of damage is a critical aspect for the design of permeability sensitive excavations, such as a deep geological repository(DGR) for nuclear waste. Review of literature regarding the depth of excavation damage zones(EDZs) indicates three zones are common and typically related to stress induced damage. Based on past developments related to brittle damage prediction using continuum modelling, the depth of the EDZs has been examined numerically. One method to capture stress induced damage in conventional engineering software is the damage initiation and spalling limit(DISL) approach. The variability of depths predicted using the DISL approach has been evaluated and guidelines are suggested for determining the depth of the EDZs around circular excavations in brittle rock masses. Of the inputs evaluated, it was found that the tensile strength produces the greatest variation in the depth of the EDZs. The results were evaluated statistically to determine the best fit relation between the model inputs and the depth of the EDZs. The best correlation and least variation were found for the outer EDZ and the highly damaged zone(HDZ) showed the greatest variation. Predictive equations for different EDZs have been suggested and the maximum numerical EDZ depths, represented by the 68% prediction interval, agreed well with the empirical evidence. This suggests that the numerical limits can be used for preliminary depth prediction of the EDZs in brittle rock for circular excavations.

Calibration of coupled hydro-mechanical properties of grain-based model for simulating fracture process and associated pore pressure evolution in excavation damage zone around deep tunnels

The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for calibration of a discrete element grain-based model(GBM)to replicate the hydro-mechanical properties of a brittle rock measured in the laboratory,and to apply the calibrated model to simulating the formation of excavation damage zone(EDZ)around underground excavations.Firstly,a new cohesive crack model is implemented into the universal distinct element code(UDEC)to control the fracturing behaviour of materials under various loading modes.Next,a methodology for calibration of the components of the UDEC-Voronoi model is discussed.The role of connectivity of induced microcracks on increasing the permeability of laboratory-scale samples is investigated.The calibrated samples are used to investigate the influence of pore fluid pressure on weakening the drained strength of the laboratory-scale rock.The validity of the Terzaghi’s effective stress law for the drained peak strength of low-porosity rock is tested by performing a series of biaxial compression test simulations.Finally,the evolution of damage and pore pressure around two unsupported circular tunnels in crystalline granitic rock is studied.

Distribution characteristics and the evolution law of excavation damage zone in the large-span transition section of high-speed railway tunnel based on microseismic monitoring

Purpose–The microseismic monitoring technique has great advantages on identifying the location,extent and the mechanism of damage process occurring in rock mass.This study aims to analyze distribution characteristics and the evolution law of excavation damage zone of surrounding rock based on microseismic monitoring data.Design/methodology/approach–In situ test using microseismic monitoring technique is carried out in the large-span transition tunnel of Badaling Great Wall Station of Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway.An intelligent microseismic monitoring system is built with symmetry monitoring point layout both on the mountain surface and inside the tunnel to achieve three-dimensional and all-round monitoring results.Findings–Microseismic events can be divided into high density area,medium density area and low density area according to the density distribution of microseismic events.The positions where the cumulative distribution frequencies of microseismic events are 60 and 80%are identified as the boundaries between high and medium density areas and between medium and low density areas,respectively.The high density area of microseismic events is regarded as the high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock,which is affected by the grade of surrounding rock and the span of tunnel.The prediction formulas for the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock at different tunnel positions are given considering these two parameters.The scale of the average moment magnitude parameters of microseismic events is adopted to describe the damage degree of surrounding rock.The strong positive correlation and multistage characteristics between the depth of excavation damage zone and deformation of surrounding rock are revealed.Based on the depth of high excavation damage zone of surrounding rock,the prestressed anchor cable(rod)is designed,and the safety of anchor cable(rod)design parameters is verified by the deformation results of surrounding rock.Originality/value–The research provides a new method to predict the surrounding rock damage zone of large-span tunnel and also provides a reference basis for design parameters of prestressed anchor cable(rod).

Fracture development around deep underground excavations: Insights from FDEM modelling

Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing interest in the development of numerical modelsthat can realistically capture the progressive failure of rock masses. In particular, the investigation ofdamage development around underground excavations represents a key issue in several rock engineeringapplications, including tunnelling, mining, drilling, hydroelectric power generation, and the deepgeological disposal of nuclear waste. The goal of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a hybrid finitediscreteelement method （FDEM） code to simulate the fracturing mechanisms associated with theexcavation of underground openings in brittle rock formations. A brief review of the current state-of-theartmodelling approaches is initially provided, including the description of selecting continuum- anddiscontinuum-based techniques. Then, the influence of a number of factors, including mechanical and insitu stress anisotropy, as well as excavation geometry, on the simulated damage is analysed for threedifferent geomechanical scenarios. Firstly, the fracture nucleation and growth process under isotropicrock mass conditions is simulated for a circular shaft. Secondly, the influence of mechanical anisotropy onthe development of an excavation damaged zone （EDZ） around a tunnel excavated in a layered rockformation is considered. Finally, the interaction mechanisms between two large caverns of an undergroundhydroelectric power station are investigated, with particular emphasis on the rock mass responsesensitivity to the pillar width and excavation sequence. Overall, the numerical results indicate that FDEMsimulations can provide unique geomechanical insights in cases where an explicit consideration offracture and fragmentation processes is of paramount importance. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impact of spatially varying rock disturbance on rock slope stability

Degradation of rock mass produced by rock blasting,stress relief,and other causes is an important factor in the assessment of rock strength.Quantified as a disturbance factor,such degradation varies depending on blasting control,stress state and stress relief,and rock mass quality.This study focuses on the impact of disturbance on the safety of slopes.The disturbance in the rock mass is characterized by the geometry of the disturbed zone,its size,the magnitude,and the decaying rate with the distance away from the slope surface.A method accounting for decay of rock disturbance is presented.A study of the impact of rock disturbance characteristics on the quantitative stability measures of slopes was carried out.These characteristics included disturbed zone geometry,its thickness,the maximum magnitude of the disturbance factor,and the rate of disturbance decaying.The thickness of the disturbed zone and the maximum factor of disturbance were found to have the greatest impact.For example,the factor of safety for a 45slope in low-quality rock mass can decrease from 1.96 to 1.09 as the thickness of the disturbed zone increases from 1/4 of slope height H to the double of H and the maximum disturbance factor increases from 0.5 to 1.Uniform thickness of a disturbed zone was found to yield more conservative outcomes than the triangular zones did.The critical failure surfaces were found to be shallow for high rates of disturbance decay,and they were the deepest for spatially uniform disturbance factors.

Formation mechanism of extension fractures induced by excavation of a gallery in soft sedimentary rock,Horonobe area,Northern Japan

This paper focuses on the formation mechanism of fractures induced by excavation of a gallery in soft sedimentary rocks in the Horonobe area of Japan. Detailed fracture mapping of the gallery indicates that the fractures consist of both pre-existing shear fractures and excavation damaged zone （EDZ） fractures. EDZ fractures correspond to weak planes associated with bedding planes or transgranular cracks. The EDZ fractures terminate against pre-existing shear fractures. Therefore, even for excavations in soft sedimentary rocks, formation of the EDZ fractures are controlled by pre-existing fractures and earlier weak planes.

In situ experiments on width and evolution characteristics of excavation damaged zone in deeply buried tunnels

The seven long tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station are deeply buried.The width and evolution characteristics of excavation damaged zone(EDZ) are the key problem to the design of tunnels excavation and supports.In order to study this problem,several specific experimental tunnels with different overburden and geometric sizes were excavated at this site.Digital borehole camera,sliding micrometer,cross-hole acoustic wave equipment and acoustic emission apparatus were adopted.This paper introduced the comprehensive in situ experimental methods through pre-installed facilities and pre-drilled boreholes.Typical properties of the surrounding rock mass,including cracks,deformation,elastic wave and micro fractures,were measured during the whole process of the tunnel excavation.The width and characteristics of formation and evolution of tunnels EDZ were analyzed under different construction methods involving of TBM and drilling and blasting,the test tunnels were excavated by full-face or two benches.The relationships between EDZ and tunnel geometry sizes,overburden and excavation method were described as well.The results will not only contribute a great deal to the analysis of rock mass behavior in deeply buried rock mass,but also provide direct data for support design and rockburst prediction.

Numerical simulations for describing generation of excavation damaged zone: Important case study at Horonobe underground research laboratory

The aim of the present research was to establish a case study for the prediction of the unknown EDZ(Excavation Damaged Zone)distribution using a numerical analysis calibrated by replicating the trends in the EDZ observed from one of the representative underground research fields in Japan(Horonobe URL).In this study,a 2D numerical analysis using a damage model,which can determine rock deformation and fracturing simultaneously,is presented.It was calibrated to reproduce the excavation of the gallery at the Horonobe URL at a depth of 350 m.Simulated results show an excellent agreement with the extent of the measured EDZ and capture the failure modes of EDZ fractures suggested by the in-situ observations.Finally,the calibrated numerical analysis was used to realistically estimate the EDZ formation for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste(HLW)under the same environment as that of the above-mentioned galley at the Horonobe URL.Consequently,it was shown that the tensile/shear hybrid fractures dominantly constituted the EDZ and propagated to a maximum extent of about 0.3 m from the cavity wall during the cavity excavation for the HLW disposal.Overall,the calibrated numerical analysis and resulting estimations,targeted for the environment at the depth of 350 m at the Horonobe URL,where mudstone is located,should be useful for predicting the trends in the EDZ distribution expected in the implementation of HLW disposal projects under deep geological conditions,such as those that exist in Japan,which are dominated by sedimentary rocks,including mudstone。

First-arrival traveltime tomography for monitoring the excavation damaged zone in the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory

Subsurface excavation results in the formation of a zone called excavation damaged zone(EDZ)around the tunnel wall.An EDZ is a major concern in the field of high-level radioactive waste disposal because it may act as a flow path after the closure of a repository.In this study,first-arrival traveltime tomography was repeatedly conducted on the EDZ at a depth of 350 m in the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory.However,the acquired data was highly affected by the support structure on the drift wall.For proper visualization of the EDZ,information about the structure was incorporated into the inversion by modifying the model constraint.The synthetic study showed that the approach reproduced the EDZ in the model without the artifacts.The method was applied to field data,and the EDZ around the drift was detected.The inversion was extended to a time-lapse inversion to trace the changes in P-wave velocity in the EDZ.The synthetic study demonstrated that temporal changes in the P-wave velocity distribution could be detected.Data obtained from 12 surveys under open-drift conditions were analyzed by time-lapse inversion.The results indicated that the EDZ did not undergo sealing or evolution at the site for approximately seven years.

掏土孔应力扰动法下的塑性区范围研究

针对普通浅层掏土法下倾斜建筑回倾速度慢、沉降不均匀的问题,提出掏土孔应力扰动法。在岩石力学的弹性圈和塑性圈应力解中引入修正系数,得到掏土孔应力扰动法下的塑性区半径计算公式。在进行现场掏土孔周应力扰动试验时,采用地锚反压的形式模拟上部建筑荷载,利用长钉在掏土孔周围进行深度为50 mm的螺旋扰动,通过测量应力扰动前后的孔周土体应力并结合有限元模拟结果,得到实际塑性区范围,验证了塑性区半径公式的正确性。结果表明:当掏土孔半径为100 mm,应力扰动范围为孔径的1/2时,塑性区范围扩大30%~40%,掏土孔应力扰动法对于扩大塑性区范围、加快建筑纠倾速度具有工程应用价值。

复杂应力路径下的花岗岩洞室开挖损伤区研究

在储库的建设与运行过程中,复杂的应力路径是控制围岩损伤的主要因素。然而在围岩的损伤区研究中,应力路径仍未得到充分考虑,特别是忽略了主应力轴旋转在围岩损伤中的作用。基于岩石扭剪仪开展岩石主应力轴旋转试验,利用断裂力学理论对裂隙的尖端应力场进行了分析。结果表明,应力旋转会提高裂隙尖端的拉应力以促进裂隙的进一步发育,从而导致岩体强度的降低,且降低幅度与旋转角度呈明显的正相关关系。基于上述结果提出了一种考虑应力旋转的损伤演化表征法,在岩体最大偏应力超过第一次起裂应力后,对主应力轴任意方向的旋转角度进行累加,得到累计有效旋转角度。利用其随深度变化规律实现开挖损伤区(excavation damage zones,简称EDZS)的圈定,同时利用损伤区的最大深度和超过第2次起裂应力的偏应力范围划定剥落区。该方法综合考虑了应力路径中主应力的幅值与旋转角度的变化,更加全面地反映了围岩损伤演化机制,并通过Mine-by隧道数值模型与现场监测数据的对比进行了有效性验证。本研究可以为理解围岩损伤机制和预测围岩损伤范围提供新思路。

灰岩隧道开挖损伤区特征研究:以桐梓隧道为例

【目的】隧道损伤区范围及其损伤特征的精确表征对隧道工程岩体质量评价和围岩支护优化十分重要。【方法】以贵州桐梓隧道为研究对象,通过围岩钻孔岩芯精细编录、钻孔波速测试和钻孔电视摄影,获得围岩内开挖诱发裂隙分布及岩体波速劣化特征;并对不同钻进深度的岩芯开展核磁共振测试,认识损伤区岩芯细微观结构改变特征。【结果】结果显示,岩芯获得率在1.25倍洞径范围内降低,新生裂隙在1.25倍洞径范围内出现,岩体波速在0.4~0.6倍等效洞径范围内降低明显;孔隙率在0~3 m内急剧下降,该范围内大孔孔隙增大明显。【结论】对比多种理论强度计算的开挖损伤区范围结果发现,Hoek-Brown准则、统一强度理论和数值模拟计算获得的损伤区范围与实测结果一致,适用于灰岩体损伤强度理论计算。损伤范围判定的经验公式,获得了判定损伤区的指标,对定量判定灰岩隧道开挖损伤范围具有重要意义。

基于改进XGBoost算法的深部巷道松动圈智能预测研究

深部巷道爆破开挖后由于爆炸冲击和原位应力动态卸载耦合作用,围岩内不可避免地产生松动圈,进而影响结构的稳定性,因此对松动圈厚度进行超前预测显得非常重要。依托多座地下矿山松动圈测试作为研究对象,共获取300组有效数据样本。采用4种主流的超参数优化算法,即遗传算法(GA)、灰狼优化算法(GWO)、粒子群优化算法(PSO)和樽海鞘算法(SSA)对XGBoost算法进行优化,并以此构建4种松动圈预测混合模型。采用R2、RMSE、MAE和MAPE指标对预测模型的性能进行对比分析,并开展松动圈厚度参数的敏感性分析。最后,将最优的PSO-XGBoost模型应用于地下矿山运输巷道进行工程验证。结果表明:在群体规模分别为90、70、60和100时,GA-XGBoost、GWO-XGBoost、PSO-XGBoost和SSA-XGBoost模型取得了最佳的预测表现。其中,PSO-XGBoost模型在训练集和测试集中的相关系数分别为0.9244和0.8787,具有最佳的预测性能。相比基准模型(XGBoost、RF、SVM和LightGBM),优化后模型松动圈的预测精度和性能均得到显著提升。巷道当量直径(TD)和围岩地质强度指标(GSI)对松动圈厚度的影响最为显著,垂直主应力也具有明显的影响。优化后的XGBoost模型在实际工程中的应用结果显示实测值与预测值误差在10%以内,PO-XGBoost具有工程应用价值。