Excess pore pressure behavior and evolution in deep coalbed methane reservoirs

Deep coalbed methane(DCBM),an unconventional gas reservoir,has undergone significant advancements in recent years,sparking a growing interest in assessing pore pressure dynamics within these reservoirs.While some production data analysis techniques have been adapted from conventional oil and gas wells,there remains a gap in the understanding of pore pressure generation and evolution,particularly in wells subjected to large-scale hydraulic fracturing.To address this gap,a novel technique called excess pore pressure analysis(EPPA)has been introduced to the coal seam gas industry for the first time to our knowledge,which employs dual-phase flow principles based on consolidation theory.This technique focuses on the generation and dissipation for excess pore-water pressure(EPWP)and excess pore-gas pressure(EPGP)in stimulated deep coal reservoirs.Equations have been developed respectively and numerical solutions have been provided using the finite element method(FEM).Application of this model to a representative field example reveals that excess pore pressure arises from rapid loading,with overburden weight transferred under undrained condition due to intense hydraulic fracturing,which significantly redistributes the weight-bearing role from the solid coal structure to the injected fluid and liberated gas within artificial pores over a brief timespan.Furthermore,field application indicates that the dissipation of EPWP and EPGP can be actually considered as the process of well production,where methane and water are extracted from deep coalbed methane wells,leading to consolidation for the artificial reservoirs.Moreover,history matching results demonstrate that the excess-pressure model established in this study provides a better explanation for the declining trends observed in both gas and water production curves,compared to conventional practices in coalbed methane reservoir engineering and petroleum engineering.This research not only enhances the understanding of DCBM reservoir behavior but also offers insights applicable to production analysis in other unconventional resources reliant on hydraulic fracturing.

Machine learning for pore-water pressure time-series prediction:Application of recurrent neural networks

Knowledge of pore-water pressure(PWP)variation is fundamental for slope stability.A precise prediction of PWP is difficult due to complex physical mechanisms and in situ natural variability.To explore the applicability and advantages of recurrent neural networks(RNNs)on PWP prediction,three variants of RNNs,i.e.,standard RNN,long short-term memory(LSTM)and gated recurrent unit(GRU)are adopted and compared with a traditional static artificial neural network(ANN),i.e.,multi-layer perceptron(MLP).Measurements of rainfall and PWP of representative piezometers from a fully instrumented natural slope in Hong Kong are used to establish the prediction models.The coefficient of determination(R^2)and root mean square error(RMSE)are used for model evaluations.The influence of input time series length on the model performance is investigated.The results reveal that MLP can provide acceptable performance but is not robust.The uncertainty bounds of RMSE of the MLP model range from 0.24 kPa to 1.12 k Pa for the selected two piezometers.The standard RNN can perform better but the robustness is slightly affected when there are significant time lags between PWP changes and rainfall.The GRU and LSTM models can provide more precise and robust predictions than the standard RNN.The effects of the hidden layer structure and the dropout technique are investigated.The single-layer GRU is accurate enough for PWP prediction,whereas a double-layer GRU brings extra time cost with little accuracy improvement.The dropout technique is essential to overfitting prevention and improvement of accuracy.

Initial excess pore water pressures induced by tunnelling in soft ground

Tunnelling-induced long-term consolidation settlement attracts a great interest of engineering practice. The distribution and magnitude of tunnelling-induced initial excess pore water pressure have significant effects on the long-term consolidation settlement. A simple and reliable method for predicting the tunnel-induced initial excess pore water pressure calculation in soft clay is proposed. This method is based on the theory of elasticity and SKEMPTON's excess pore water pressure theory. Compared with the previously published field measurements and the finite-element modelling results, it is found that the suggested initial excess pore water pressure theory is in a good agreement with the measurements and the FE results. A series of parametric analyses are also carried out to investigate the influences of different factors on the distribution and magnitude of the initial excess pore water pressure in soft ground.

On the dissipation of negative excess porewater pressure induced by excavation in soft soil

Unloading induces negative excess porewater pressure in soil mass around a foundation pit during excavation. In this work, the dissipation rule of negative excess porewater pressure after excavation was studied. Analytical formulas for calculating the negative excess porewater pressures and the effective stresses were derived based on one-dimensional consolidation theory and Terzaghi’s effective stress principle. The influence of the dissipation of negative excess porewater pressure on earth pressure inside and outside a foundation pit and the stability of the retaining structure were analyzed through a numerical example. It was indicated that the dissipation of negative excess porewater pressure is harmful to the stability of the retaining structure and that rapid construction can make full use of the negative porewater pressure.

Pore pressure built-up in hydrate-bearing sediments during phase transition: A poromechanical approach

Due to the density contrast between the hydrate and methane gas,the pore pressure is accumulated in the sediment during the decomposition process of methane hydrate.This accumulation of pore pressure decreases the magnitude of effective stress,further triggering potential geological disasters such as landslide.This paper establishes a theoretical framework to investigate the evolution of fluid pressure in the hydrate-bearing sediments during the decomposition process.This model consists of two parts:an unsaturated thermo-poromechanical constitutive law as well as a phase equilibrium equation.Compared with the existing studies,the present work incorporates the effect of pore volume change into the pressure built-up model.In addition,the capillary effect is considered,which plays a nontrivial role in fine-grained sediments.Based on this model,the evolution of fluid pressure is investigated in undrained conditions.It is shown that four mechanisms mainly contribute to the pressure built-up:the density contrast between decomposing hydrate and producing fluid,the variation of pore volume,the compaction of hydrate due to variation of capillary pressure,and the thermal deformation of pore constituents induced by temperature change.Among these mechanisms,the density contrast dominates the pore pressure accumulation.Under the combined effect of these contributions,the evolution of fluid pressure exhibits a strong nonlinearity during the decomposition process and can reach up to dozens of mega Pascal.Nevertheless,this high-level pressure built-up results in a significant tensile strain,yielding potential fracturing of the sediment.

Features of the Excess Adsorption Isotherms of High-Pressure Methane Adsorption on Coal and Simulation Model

Four coal samples of different ranks are selected to perform the adsorption measurement of high-pressure methane（CH4）.The highest equilibrium pressure of the measurement exceeds 20 MPa. Combined with the measuring results and theoretical analyses,the reasons for the peak or the maximum adsorption capacity appearing in the excess adsorption isotherms are explained.The rules of the peak occurrence are summarized.And then,based on the features of coal pore structure,the adsorption features of high-pressure gas,the microcosmic interaction relationship of coal surface and CH4 molecule,and the coalbed methane reservoir conditions,three theoretical assumptions on the coal adsorption high-pressure CH_4 are suggested.Thereafter,on the basis of these theoretical assumptions,the Ono-Kondo lattice model is processed for simplification and deformation. Subsequently,the equations modeling the excess adsorption isotherm of high-pressure CH_4 adsorption on coal are obtained.Through the verification on the measurement data,the fitting results indicate that it is feasible to use the Ono-Kondo lattice mode to model the excess adsorption isotherm of high-pressure CH_4 adsorption on coal.

Shale high pressure isothermal adsorption curve and the production dynamic experiments of gas well

The high pressure static adsorption curves of shale samples from Silurian Changning-Weiyuan Longmaxi Formation were tested by using high pressure isothermal adsorption equipment.The physical modeling of depletion production was tested on single cores and multi-core series by using self-developed shale gas fluid-solid coupling experiment system.The adsorption and desorption laws were summarized and a high pressure isothermal adsorption model was established.The calculation formula of gas content was corrected,and the producing law of adsorption gas was determined.The study results show that the isothermal adsorption law of the shale reservoir under high pressure was different from the conventional low pressure.The high pressure isothermal adsorption curve had the maximum value in excess adsorption with pressure change,and the corresponding pressure was the critical desorption pressure.The high pressure isothermal curve can be used to evaluate the amount of adsorbed gas and the producing degree of adsorption gas.The high pressure isothermal adsorption model can fit and characterize the high pressure isothermal adsorption law of shale.The modified gas content calculation method can evaluate the gas content and the proportion of adsorbed gas more objectively,and is the theoretical basis of reserve assessment and production decline analysis.The producing degree of adsorption gas is closely related to the pressure,only when the reservoir pressure is lower than the critical desorption pressure,the adsorption gas can be produced effectively.In the process of gas well production,the pressure drop in the near-well area is large,the production of adsorption gas is high;away from the wellbore,the adsorption gas is low in production,or no production.

MISCIBILITY BEHAVIOR AND PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF THE SYSTEMS POLYSTYRENE/CYCLOPENTANE AND POLYSTYRENE/1-PHENYLDECANE ACCORDING TO A MODIFIED HOLE THEORY

The influence of pressure on miscibility behavior of the systems polystyrene/cyclopentan(?)and polystyrene/1-phenyldecane is studied with a modified hole theory.It is found that the pres-sure dependence of excess volume is responsible for the different kinds of behavior of these two sys-tems.Furthermore,the excess volume is decomposed into two separatc parts,one from the contri-bution of cell volume expansion and the other from the change of hole fraction,and their relation-ship with pressure dependence of the miscibility behavior is analysed.

Experiment and analysis of the formation,expansion and dissipation of gasbag in fine sediments based on pore water pressure survey

Deep-seated gas in seabed sediments migrates upwards from effect of external factors,which easily accumulates to form gasbags at interface of shallow coarse-fine sediments.Real-time monitoring of this process is important to predict disaster.However,there is still a lack of effective monitoring methods,so we attempt to apply multi-points pore water pressure monitoring technology when simulating forming and dissipation of gasbags in sediments through laboratory experiment.This study focuses on discussion of sensitivity of pore water pressure monitoring data,as well as typical changing characteristics and mechanisms of excess pore water pressure corresponding to crack generation,gasbag formation and gas release.It was found that the value of excess pore water pressure in sediments is negatively correlated with vertical distance between sensors and gas source,and the evolution of gasbag forming and dissipation has a good corresponding relationship with the change of excess pore water pressure.Gasbag formation process is divided into three stages:transverse crack development,longitudinal cavity expansion,and oblique crack development.Formation of gasbag begins with the transverse crack at the interface of coarse-fine sediments while excess pore water pressure attenuates rapidly and then drops,pressure remains almost unchanged when cavity expanses longitudinally,oblique crack appeared in final stage of gasbag evolution while excess pore water pressure accumulated and dissipated again.The variation curve of excess pore water pressure in gas release stage has saw-tooth fluctuation characteristics,and the value and time of pressure accumulation are also fluctuating,indicating the uncertainty and non-uniqueness of gas migration channels in sediments.

Cylinder Pressure Prediction of An HCCI Engine Using Deep Learning

Engine tests are both costly and time consuming in developing a new internal combustion engine.Therefore,it is of great importance to predict engine characteristics with high accuracy using artificial intelligence.Thus,it is possible to reduce engine testing costs and speed up the engine development process.Deep Learning is an effective artificial intelligence method that shows high performance in many research areas through its ability to learn high-level hidden features in data samples.The present paper describes a method to predict the cylinder pressure of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition(HCCI)engine for various excess air coefficients by using Deep Neural Network,which is one of the Deep Learning methods and is based on the Artificial Neural Network(ANN).The Deep Learning results were compared with the ANN and experimental results.The results show that the difference between experimental and the Deep Neural Network(DNN)results were less than 1%.The best results were obtained by Deep Learning method.The cylinder pressure was predicted with a maximum accuracy of 97.83%of the experimental value by using ANN.On the other hand,the accuracy value was increased up to 99.84%using DNN.These results show that the DNN method can be used effectively to predict cylinder pressures of internal combustion engines.

列车荷载作用下饱和路基翻浆冒泥特性研究

研究目的:重载列车轴重的提高增大了路基不同深度处的动应力,由此引发的翻浆冒泥等病害日益严重。本文开展精细化模型试验,针对重载列车荷载作用下饱和粉质黏土路基的翻浆冒泥特性进行研究,分析循环荷载幅值及加载频率对试样轴向应变、超孔隙水压力及细颗粒迁移特性等性质的影响。研究结论:(1)循环荷载幅值对粉质黏土路基翻浆冒泥特性具有显著的影响,随着循环荷载幅值的增加,试样产生的轴向应变及超孔隙水压力增大,路基翻浆冒泥程度也不断增加;(2)加载频率对路基翻浆冒泥特性有一定影响,随着加载频率的增加,试样的最终轴向应变及超孔隙水压力均有所减小,试验结束后翻冒的泥浆质量减少;结合试验现象来看,加载频率的增加并不能加剧翻浆冒泥的程度,但能显著缩短翻浆冒泥发生的时间;(3)循环荷载作用下路基内部的超孔隙水压力梯度驱动路基土体细颗粒迁移,从而产生翻浆冒泥病害;(4)本研究成果可为重载铁路路基翻浆冒泥病害的整治提供参考。

考虑饱和砂土液化阶段性特征的触变性流体本构模型

合理评价循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化过程及性质演变规律,是解决液化砂土大变形问题的关键。通过饱和砂土不排水循环三轴试验,分析了饱和中密南京细砂液化阶段性特征,引入Gompertz函数来描述表观黏度与孔压比之间的关系,提出了一种修正的孔压触变性流体模型,并验证了模型的合理性。①饱和砂土液化过程具有明显的阶段性特征,根据孔压比增长速率可分为固态土体阶段、固液相变阶段、触变性流体阶段和稳定性流体阶段,并基于其他学者的试验结果验证了四阶段特性及阶段划分方法的适用性。②采用Gompertz函数代替线性函数来描述表观黏度与孔压比之间的关系,并利用不同的破坏速率参数c来表征循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的不同阶段,提出了考虑液化阶段性特征的修正孔压触变性流体模型,为解决地震液化问题提供了一种新的统一方法。

冲击荷载下含夹层饱和砂土孔压变化规律分析

砂土中夹层的性状会影响饱和砂土孔压发展,从而影响砂土层变形。为研究夹层位置、厚度和种类等不同夹层状态下砂土液化过程中的孔压变化规律,设计了冲击荷载作用下层状砂液化试验,建立了含夹层饱和砂土理论模型,并将试验结果与理论分析进行对比。结果表明:含夹层饱和砂土的孔压发展呈现3个阶段,即快速上升、快速消散、缓慢消散阶段。高渗透性夹层高度越高,其下方土层孔压快速消散时长越短,越快趋于稳定值,但消散总时长无明显影响;低渗透性夹层高度或厚度的增大,均会使夹层上方孔压快速消散阶段速率加快,孔压消散稳定阶段延长,孔压消散总时长随之线性增长;同时,孔隙水会在低渗透性夹层下方形成水膜,夹层高度或厚度的增加均会使水膜持续时间增长,但水膜形态主要受夹层厚度影响。试验结果与理论分析较为一致,说明了试验的可靠性。

内压载荷对含缺陷管段复合材料修复效果影响研究

高含硫化氢油气管道长时间运行后,因管道环焊缝的缺陷导致管道失效的事件时常发生,通过含缺陷管道修复前与修复后的试验效果对比,分析影响修复效果的主要影响因素。试验结果表明,在管道极限内压工况下,含缺陷的环焊缝主要所受威胁主要表现为环向作用力,采用复合材料修复缺陷可增强管道的抗内压能力;修复后的管道抗屈服能力明显优于管体本身,可显著提高含缺陷环焊缝的屈服能力;管道的抗内压能力得到一定的提升。复合材料修复能在一定程度上提高管道的屈服强度及爆破压力,对于管道安全运行能起到一定的作用。

基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法

采用常规检测手段进行处理地基的工后质检存在时间滞后与空间局部的问题,不能及时反映处理地基的整体加固效果。提出了一种基于能量的碎石桩复合地基桩周土振动加密效果评价方法,为实现桩周土加密效果的准实时评价提供参考。首先,根据地基弹性波传播理论建立振冲施工过程中桩周土吸收波动能量的计算方法,通过不排水动三轴试验建立典型饱和粉砂土基于吸收能量的超静孔压模型,为进一步根据固结理论预测处理后复合地基桩周土密实度提供依据;其次,依托某工程水电站深厚坝基碎石桩处理工程实例,采用桩周土超静孔压峰值和处理后孔隙比两个关键物理量对方法进行了检验,发现与施工现场实测超静孔压和工后质检得到的孔隙比相比,方法的预测精度达到90%左右,说明基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法具有可行性。

天然气水合物分解诱发超孔隙压力预测方法

为避免深水井生产过程中,天然气水合物分解诱发的超孔隙压力引起海底滑坡、井筒完整性失效等问题,综合考虑生产阶段水合物分解过程中沉积物压缩性变化及流体密度改变情况,结合质量守恒原理,建立水合物分解引起的沉积物总体积膨胀模型,得到针对天然气水合物分解诱导的超孔隙压力计算方法,并以南海某含天然气水合物地层的深水井为例,讨论不同因素对水合物分解诱发超孔隙压力的影响。研究结果表明:超孔隙压力随水合物初始饱和度、沉积物孔隙率的增加而升高,而且由于超孔隙压力的升高会抑制水合物的进一步分解,其增幅随之减小,存在最大值;此外,超孔隙压力随天然气水合物埋深的增加而增大,但受水深影响较小。研究结果可为深水井安全生产提供理论参考。

统一边界条件下非饱和土一维固结理论研究

非饱和土固结理论中的边界条件对土体的固结有着重要的影响,它反映了土体在固结过程中边界的透气透水状态。针对实际工程中边界条件的复杂多样性,该文引入一个统一形式边界条件,构建了一个在瞬时均布荷载作用下,由顶面统一边界、底面完全不渗透边界组成的非饱和土一维固结计算模型。基于Fredlund非饱和土一维固结理论,采用Laplace变换等方法得到了Laplace域内超孔隙压力的解,再通过Laplace逆变换得到了时间域内相应解答。运用一个典型算例,设置合理的边界参数,将统一边界条件下的半解析解退化到几种常规边界条件下的解与文献中已有的结果进行比较,验证了所得解的正确性,并对非饱和土一维固结特性进行了简要分析。研究结果表明:统一边界条件下的半解析解相当于一个通解,具有广泛的适用性;通过改变相关边界参数的取值,可以模拟土层边界条件由完全不渗透到完全渗透的变化过程;固结过程中,边界条件对超孔隙气压力和超孔隙水压力的消散影响很大。因此,该文的研究具有一定的学术价值,所得的半解析解对不同边界条件下的实际工程具有参考价值。

速度脉冲型地震动作用下局部可液化场地响应

为研究速度脉冲效应对可液化场地的影响,基于OpenSees平台建立有限元模型,对近断层速度脉冲型地震动与无速度脉冲地震动作用下局部可液化场地的竖向位移、加速度时程、土体剪应力-应变、超孔隙水压力比、循环应力比等土体的响应差异进行研究。数值计算结果表明:相同输入地震动幅值前提下,无脉冲地震动作用下可液化土体的竖向永久位移与位移发展持时平均值比速度脉冲型地震动作用分别大13%、19%;而速度脉冲型地震动作用下土体最大剪应变是无速度脉冲地震动的约5.4倍,最大剪应力约1.7倍;速度脉冲效应使土体的剪应力-剪应变滞回圈所围面积更大但滞回圈数量较少,且不同深度土体具有更大的循环应力比,从而促进土体发生液化;非液化密砂层放大地震动加速度幅值;液化松砂层对地震加速度时程进行了高频滤波,使地表加速度时程更为平滑且稀疏;速度脉冲效应作用下液化土层超孔隙水压力比整体较小,表明土体剪胀效应更加强烈。

动静组合加载下颗粒迁移与沉积特性试验研究

悬浮颗粒在路基中迁移和沉积运动规律研究对揭示翻浆冒泥病害孕育、发展与致灾机制具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。通过开展动-静组合荷载下分层砾石-砂粉土柱翻浆试验,探究了动荷载加载强度、静荷载间歇时长、以及动静组合加载重复次数等对颗粒迁移和沉积行为的影响规律,并结合试样动水力响应特征分析了诱发颗粒迁移的驱动机制。试验结果表明:颗粒在动水力作用下发生悬浮迁移而在静荷载段受重力作用发生沉降,从而造成砾石层内泥浆浊度呈现波动型增长特征。随动静组合加载重复次数增加,每一个重复周期内的颗粒悬浮增量趋于降低,且悬浮颗粒逐渐堵塞砾石孔隙并在一定程度上抑制翻浆发展。提高动载频率和动应力会进一步降低砂粉土表层的内部稳定性,但相比于增大平均动应力,提高加载频率对增大颗粒迁移量和竖向迁移距离更加显著。

静钻根植桩施工环境效应现场试验研究

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