Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Coupled Charge Transfer Reaction of Baicalein

The excited state intramolecular proton transfer （ESIPT） coupled charge transfer of baicalein has been investigated using steady-state spectroscopic experiment and quantum chemistry calculations. The absence of the absorption peak from S1 excited state both in the experi-mental and calculated absorption spectra indicates that S1 is a dark state. The dark excited state S1 results in the very weak fluorescence of solid baicalein in the experiment. The fron- tier molecular orbital and the charge difference densities of baicalein show clearly that the S1 state is a charge-transfer state whereas the S2 state is a locally excited state. The only one stationary point on the potential energy profile of excited state suggests that the ESIPT reaction of baicalein is a barrierless process.

The substituent effect on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer of 3-hydroxychromone

The excited state intramolecular proton transfer of four derivatives(FM, BFM, BFBC, CCM) of 3-hydroxychromone is investigated.The geometries of different substituents are optimized to study the substituent effects on proton transfer.The mechanism of hydrogen bond enhancement is qualitatively elucidated by comparing the infrared spectra, the reduced density gradient, and the frontier molecular orbitals.The calculated electronic spectra are consistent with the experimental results.To quantify the proton transfer, the potential energy curves(PECs) of the four derivatives in S0 and S1 states are scanned.It is concluded that the ability of proton transfer follows the order: FM > BFM > BFBC > CCM.

Exploring the effect of aggregation-induced emission on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer for a bis-imine derivative by quantum mechanics and our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics calculations

We theoretically investigate the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT) behavior of the novel fluorophore bis-imine derivative molecule HNP which was designed based on the intersection of 1-(hydrazonomethyl)-naphthalene-2-ol and 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde. Especially, the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT) methods for HNP monomer are introduced. Moreover, the "our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics"(ONIOM) method(TDDFT:universal force field(UFF)) is used to reveal the aggregation-induced emission(AIE) effect on the ESIPT process for HNP in crystal. Our results confirm that the ESIPT process happens upon the photoexcitation for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal, which is distinctly monitored by the optimized geometric structures and the potential energy curves. In addition, the results of potential energy curves reveal that the ESIPT process in HNP will be promoted by the AIE effect. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal have been calculated. The calculation demonstrates that the electron density decrease of proton donor caused by excitation promotes the ESIPT process. In addition, we find that the variation of atomic dipole moment corrected Hirshfeld population(ADCH) charge for proton acceptor induced by the AIE effect facilitates the ESIPT process. The results will be expected to deepen the understanding of ESIPT dynamics for luminophore under the AIE effect and provide insight into future design of high-efficient AIE compounds.

Theoretical investigation on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer in Me_(2)N substituted flavonoid by the time-dependent density functional theory method

Time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT)method is used to investigate the details of the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT)process and the mechanism for temperature effect on the Enol^(*)/Keto^(*)emission ratio for the Me_(2)N-substited flavonoid(MNF)compound.The geometric structures of the S_(0) and S_(1) states are denoted as the Enol,Enol^(*),and Keto*.In addition,the absorption and fluorescence peaks are also calculated.It is noted that the calculated large Stokes shift is in good agreement with the experimental result.Furthermore,our results confirm that the ESIPT process happens upon photoexcitation,which is distinctly monitored by the formation and disappearance of the characteristic peaks of infrared(IR)spectra involved in the proton transfer and in the potential energy curves.Besides,the calculations of highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)reveal that the electronegativity change of proton acceptor due to the intramolecular charge redistribution in the S_(1) state induces the ESIPT.Moreover,the thermodynamic calculation for the MNF shows that the Enol^(*)/Keto^(*)emission ratio decreasing with temperature increasing arises from the barrier lowering of ESIPT.

Impact of Polymer Matrix on Polymer Mechanochromism from Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer

Mechanochromic polymers based on non-covalent changes have attracted much attention recently.Herein,we report the impact of inter/intramolecular hydrogen bonds on polymer mechanochromism from the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process.PhMz-NH2-OH and PhMz=2A are designed and obtained by simple and high-yield synthesis,and are connected into polyurethane and poly(methyl acrylate-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate),respectively.In the initial state,the PhMz-NH2-OH@PU sample shows blue fluorescence from the excited enol form (E*) excitons,owing to intermolecular hydrogen bonds that interrupt the ESIPT reactions but the PhMz=2A@PMA-2-EA sample expresses cyan fluorescence belonging to the excited keto form (K*) emission,implying that the intramolecular hydrogen bonds matter.Furthermore,under stretching,external force can tune the emission of the PhMz=2A@PMA-2-EA sample from K* to E* state.Though external force can putatively still promote a bond rotation,ESIPT reactions remain equivalently interrupted in both the relaxed and stressed states in a hydrogen-bond donating environment.DFT calculation confirms the force-induced increase in dihedral angle for the transition of ESIPT-on/off.Thus,PhMz-NH2-OH@PU and PhMz=2A@PMA-2-EA showed disparate initial ESIPT states and further different responses/sensitivity to force.This study reports a novel and efficient strategy for enriching mechanochromic investigation and extending the applications of ESIPT reactions.

A Versatile BenzimidazoleSubstituted Spirolactam Mechanophore:When Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Couples with Rhodamine

Exploration of multicolor mechanochromic bulk polymers based on a single mechanophore is a big challenge to date.Herein,we report a versatile benzimidazole-substituted spirolactam mechanophore where excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT)coupled with rhodamine.The mechanophore was facilely synthesized and then covalently linked to polyurethane(PU)chains.The PU film containing the mechanophore(1@PU)showed cooperative photochromism upon irradiation involving simultaneous enhancement of normalized enol and rhodol emissions based on a cooperative ESIPT process and the ring-opening reaction of spirolactam.Moreover,the film exhibited dual-mode multicolor mechanochromism upon stretching and compression.The normalized intensity of enol emission increased and the fluorescence turned from light green to cyan after stretching,then red coloration appeared from colorless after compressing.Control experiments and density functional theory calculations confirmed that the stretch-induced increase of enol emission was attributed to torsion of the dihedral angle between xanthene and benzimidazole in the mechanophore via force-induced disaggregation and direct force action on the isolated mechanophore.Torsion of the dihedral angle and the ring-opening reaction of spirolactam in a single mechanophore occurred sequentially during compression,resulting in an observed red coloration.This study might provide a glimpse into the design of novel multicolor mechanochromic mechanophores.

Ab initio investigation of excited state dual hydrogen bonding interactions and proton transfer mechanism for novel oxazoline compound

Owing to the importance of excited state dynamical relaxation, the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT) mechanism for a novel compound containing dual hydrogen bond(abbreviated as "1-enol") is studied in this work.Using density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT) method, the experimental electronic spectra can be reproduced for 1-enol compound. We first verify the formation of dual intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and then confirm that the dual hydrogen bond should be strengthened in the first excited state. The photo-excitation process is analyzed by using frontier molecular orbital(HOMO and LUMO) for 1-enol compound. The obvious intramolecular charge transfer(ICT) provides the driving force to effectively facilitate the ESIPT process in the S1 state. Exploration of the constructed S0-state and S1-state potential energy surface(PES) reveals that only the excited state intramolecular single proton transfer occurs for 1-enol system, which makes up for the deficiencies in previous experiment.

Theoretical study on the mechanism for the excited-state double proton transfer process of an asymmetric Schiff base ligand

Excited-state double proton transfer(ESDPT)in the 1-[(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzylidene)-hydrazonomethyl]-naphthalen-2-ol(HYDRAVH_(2))ligand was studied by the density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory method.The analysis of frontier molecular orbitals,infrared spectra,and non-covalent interactions have crossvalidated that the asymmetric structure has an influence on the proton transfer,which makes the proton transfer ability of the two hydrogen protons different.The potential energy surfaces in both S_(0)and S_1 states were scanned with varying O-H bond lengths.The results of potential energy surface analysis adequately proved that the HYDRAVH_(2)can undergo the ESDPT process in the S_1 state and the double proton transfer process is a stepwise proton transfer mechanism.Our work can pave the way towards the design and synthesis of new molecules.

基于激发态分子内质子转移机制的3-羟基黄酮探针用于检测生物硫醇

生物硫醇在细胞的新陈代谢、生长分化和氧化还原平衡过程中扮演着十分重要的作用。本文以4-二甲氨基苯甲醛为起始原料设计合成了一个新的“关-开”型荧光探针HF-DBS。该探针可被生物硫醇选择性地催化水解,生成具有强荧光发射的3-羟基黄酮荧光团(HF),HF特有的激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)性质使其具有较大的斯托克斯位移。该探针显示出高选择性、高灵敏度、良好的生物相容性和抗干扰能力,且在生理条件下响应良好,可成功应用于细胞内的生物硫醇检测和活细胞成像。另外,该探针能够做成试纸对半胱氨酸进行快速检测。

近红外ESIPT型有机荧光探针的设计合成及其应用

荧光探针检测因其在活体样品中的高灵敏度、高分辨率和实时检测成像等优势备受关注,广泛应用于化学检测、临床和生物成像等领域。近红外小分子荧光探针具有低背景干扰、高灵敏度和深组织穿透性等优势,不仅能够克服传统荧光探针的局限性,还能在生物成像中展现其特有的优势,因此受到越来越多领域的关注。与传统荧光染料相比,具有激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)机制的化合物具有较大的Stokes位移,可以有效消除内滤光作用和荧光自吸收效应,降低自身荧光的干扰,从而提高分子探针检测的灵敏性。此外,这类化合物具有较强的位点可修饰性,可以通过分子对接等方法更好地优化光学性能。因此,本文结合了近红外和ESIPT等优点,设计并合成了一种近红外ESIPT型有机小分子荧光探针,并研究了其在水合肼检测中的可行性。

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer fluorescence emission of o-hydroxyphenyl-triazine derivatives

o-hydroxyphenyl-triazine derivatives with formyl substituents were surveyed for the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT).The occurrence of ESIPT was confirmed by well-separated emission bands for the derivatives.A low energy change from enol to keto in the excited state explains ESIPT for the derivatives.

Effect of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the ESIPT process in DEAHB molecule

Density functional theory（DFT） and time-dependent density functional theory（TDDFT） methods are used to investigate the influences of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer（ESIPT） for the 4-N,N-（diethylamino）-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde（DEAHB）. The structures of DEAHB and its hydrogenbonded complex in the ground-state and the excited-state are optimized. In addition, the detailed descriptions of frontier molecular orbitals of the DEAHB monomer and DEAHB-DMSO complex are presented. Moreover, the transition density matrix is worked out to gain deeper insight into the orbitals change. It is hoped that the present work not only elaborates different influence mechanisms between intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions on the ESIPT process for DEAHB, but also may be helpful to design and develop new materials and applications involved DEAHB systems in the future.

Influence of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation sites on fluorescence mechanism

The fluorescence mechanism of HBT-HBZ is investigated in this work. A fluorescent probe is used to detect HClO content in living cells and tap water, and its structure after oxidation by HCl O(HBT-ClO) is discussed based on the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT). At the same time, the influence of the probe conformation and the proton transfer site within the excited state molecule on the fluorescence mechanism are revealed. Combined with infrared vibrational spectra and atoms-in-molecules theory, the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in HBT-HBZ and HBT-ClO and their isomers are demonstrated qualitatively. The relationship between the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and dipole moments is discussed. The potential energy curves demonstrate the feasibility of intramolecular proton transfer. The weak fluorescence phenomenon of HBT-HBZ in solution is quantitatively explained by analyzing the frontier molecular orbital and hole electron caused by charge separation. Moreover, when strong cyan fluorescence occurs in solution, the corresponding molecular structure should be HBT-ClO(T). The influence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond formation site on the molecule as a whole is also investigated by electrostatic potential analysis.

基于激发态分子内质子转移过程的HBT-OMe分子检测HClO的荧光增强机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)方法,基于连续介质模型,对HBT-OMe分子及其与HClO反应的产物基态和激发态结构及电荷分布等性质进行研究,优化构型结果表明,HBT-OMe分子不能发生质子转移过程而其产物分子则能发生.红外振动光谱与分子共价作用分析进一步证实产物分子能发生质子转移过程.计算的前线分子轨道结果表明:HBT-OMe分子存在扭曲电荷转移(TICT)过程,最高已占据分子轨道(HOMO)和最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)电荷密度重叠小导致HBT-OMe分子荧光强度弱,结合产物分子势能曲线发现,产物分子质子转移过程能抑制分子的TICT过程,从而使其荧光强度增强.

新型激发态分子内质子转移聚合物的制备与胺类气体的高灵敏检测

目的 基于新的检测机制,构建胺类气体的高灵敏度和高选择性传感器。方法 以2,5-二氨基-1,4-苯二噻吩二盐酸盐、羟基对苯二甲酸和1,10-十二羧酸为原料通过脱水反应制备得到具有激发态分子内质子转移(excited-state intramolecular proton transfer, ESIPT)特性的聚合物,并采用红外光谱对其进行结构表征。通过ESIPT聚合物与胺蒸气的选择性切断乙酰基释放出产生荧光的基团,建立胺蒸气浓度与荧光强度之间的关系,实现食品腐败的高灵敏检测。结果 制备得到ESIPT聚合物具有大的斯托克斯位移(160nm)。在400 nm光照射下, ESIPT聚合物在542 nm处的荧光强度与胺蒸气浓度之间具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.98,检出限为11mg/L并具有高选择性。相比较于低温保存下的牛肉,储存于25℃下牛肉的ESIPT薄膜荧光强度更强。结论 该传感器利用其轻便性和对胺蒸气的高灵敏度,可通过检测微生物生长产生的挥发性胺来用于食品腐败监测。

商业化试剂构建荧光探针用于肼的检测及防伪识别

为了高效准确地检测出环境中的致癌污染物肼,采用商业化的试剂2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛(XN)作为荧光探针工具。该探针的醛基与肼能发生快速的缩合反应,所得产物因具有希夫碱结构能产生激发态的分子内质子转移(ESIPT)作用,从而开启荧光信号,实现对肼的检测。在水溶液中,探针与肼反应后的最大发射波长位于485 nm,荧光增强20多倍,检测限低至69 nmol/L,检测过程中表现出了非常高的灵敏度和选择性。进一步将探针负载于试纸条上制备出便携工具,可快速方便地对气相中肼含量进行可视化监测。最后凭借探针对肼的高选择性优势,构建了一个简单的防伪模型,展现了探针在荧光防伪识别应用中的潜力。

对苯并噻唑衍生物激发态分子内质子转移的理论研究

首先,通过研究苯并噻唑衍生物N-(3-(苯并[d]噻唑)-2-基)-4-(羟基苯基)苯甲酰胺荧光团(HBTBC)激发态分子在乙腈溶剂中氢键的几何参数变化发现,氢键在第一激发态(S1)时增强。其次,在光诱导激发下,通过乙腈溶剂中HBTBC主分子轨道的能隙以及质子受体和供体周围的电荷转移发现,电荷转移促进了HBTBC的质子转移反应。最后,通过分析势能曲线变化及过渡态数据明确了乙腈溶剂能够促进HBTBC化合物的激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)。

具有AIE和ESIPT双重性质的荧光分子的合成及光物理性质初探

化学实验训练是化学专业教学中不可或缺的一环,但陈旧的实验方案在一定程度上限制了学生的探索和创新精神。本实验方案深入结合科学前沿的热门领域,利用羰基的亲核加成反应,制备了一种具有聚集诱导发光(AIE)和激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)性质的荧光小分子。实验研究了该分子的基本光物理性质及酸碱刺激响应能力。整个反应过程不使用有毒或危险性试剂,反应物只需在乙醇中回流0.5 h即可完成,充分体现绿色有机合成的策略。实验过程紧凑有序,现象明显且荧光色彩变化丰富,能够更好地激发学生的实验热情。同时,本实验充分融合了有机合成基本操作及核磁共振、红外光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱等多种现代分析和表征方法,是一个直观有效的开放性实验,可有效提升学生的专业综合素质、培养学生的创新性研究能力。

粉末X射线衍射法监测发光有机分子结构转化的综合实验教学

结合粉末X射线衍射技术在物相分析领域的应用设计了一个综合创新性实验。实验内容主要包括利用粉末X射线衍射技术监测激发态分子内质子转移(Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer,ESIPT)有机分子在溶剂熏蒸下的结构转化过程。本实验综合培养了学生对粉末X射线衍射仪的操作技巧以及数据处理分析能力,提高了学生利用现代科学仪器来解决实际问题的能力。

激发态分子内质子转移型离子探针的研究进展

激发态分子内的质子转移(ESIPT),是特殊的激发态光物理过程,此过程中的一个重要特征就是给质子基团通常会发生互变异构现象,如烯醇在激发态时发生烯醇式向酮式的转变,导致这类化合物具有很大的斯托克斯位移(Stokes shift),是良好的荧光探针或光致变色材料。本文结合国内外最新研究工作,综述了基于ESIPT机理在阴、阳离子荧光探针的研究进展;并对ESIPT分子结构的特点、工作原理、存在的问题及其应用前景作了评述。