Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers of Children Aged 0 to 12 Months and Father’s Perceptions of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice in the Central Region of Burkina Faso: Case of the Boulmiougou Health District

Introduction: Neonatal mortality remains a major concern in West Africa, and exclusive breastfeeding is recognized as a crucial intervention to promote newborn survival. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers, as well as the perceptions of fathers, in the Boulmiougou health district. Method: This cross-sectional mixed study was conducted between May and July 2022, involving 471 mothers and 103 fathers of children under one year of age. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. Results: The practice of exclusive breastfeeding was observed in 44.6% of mothers surveyed. Logistic regression analysis revealed that mothers older than 26 years have a significantly higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding [adjusted OR = 1.7;95% CI: (1.098 - 2.685);p = 0.019] compared to mothers under 26 years of age. Similarly, mothers with at least three antenatal visits were 2.715 times more likely to perform exclusive breastfeeding than those with less than three antenatal visits [adjusted OR = 2.715, 95% CI: (1.184 - 6.225);p = 0.018]. The vast majority of fathers (76.7%) were informed about exclusive breastfeeding, and 59.5% had a correct definition. The analysis of the father’s perception highlighted a stronger focus on traditional practices in 90.3% of cases than on medical recommendations. Conclusion: In light of these results, it is essential to increase sessions to raise awareness and involve men throughout pregnancy, childbirth and early childhood monitoring about the many benefits of exclusive breastfeeding.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Its Factors in Rural Areas of Burkina Faso

Background: The recommendation of the WHO and UNICEF is that all infants should be exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age. Identifying associated factors to exclusively breastfeeding is crucial to improve this key public health intervention. The objectives of the study were to investigate rates of exclusive breastfeeding and to identify potential associated factors. Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study design was conducted in three health districts. Cluster sampling was used. For the community based cross-sectional study, a total of 1832 infants was included. Exclusive breastfeeding have been investigated among the 563 under 6 month’s infants. The associations between exclusive breastfeeding and independent variables were tested using the Chi-square test. Crude Odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals were used to investigate the factors independently associated with exclusively breastfeeding. Results: Proportion of infant 0 - 5.9 months of age who are fed exclusively with breastmilk was 40.0%. Ear of age for mother was found to be more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding, COR [95CI%] = 2.11 [1.24 - 3.60] for 15 - 20 years of age and 2.0 [1.22 - 3.26]. Receiving advices, on exclusive breastfeeding was found to be more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding, COR: 2.07, 95% CI: [1.44 - 2.98]. Mothers who have practice early initiation to breastfeeding were found to be more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding COR: 1.62, 95% CI: [1.15 - 2.27]. Skilled delivery was found to be more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding than non-skilled deliveries, COR: 1.66, 95% CI: [1.16 - 2.35]. Low numbers of living children by mother, young children, were found to be more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding continues to be low in rural areas of Burkina Faso. As Exclusive breastfeeding is associated to lower morbidity and mortality risk, improving the skills of health providers to give adequate feeding support to the mothers is critical for promoting exclusively breastfeeding.

Threshold values of traffic flow for the provision of exclusive bus lanes

A simulation network model was established using VISSIM software and verified by the T- test. The model took into consideration the road conditions, pedestrian crossing, traffic composi- tion, bus stops and traffic signal. The operating characteristics of buses and cars under different flow conditions were studied using the simulation model, and the speed-flow models of buses and cars were established based on the simulation results. Finally, the threshold values of traffic flow for the provision of exclusive bus lanes was determined with the target of optimal travel benefits （per capi- ta） , which would provide a basis for the planning and design of exclusive bus lanes on urban roads.

Bus Priority Control for Dynamic Exclusive Bus Lane

One problem with the existing dynamic exclusive bus lane strategies is that bus signal priority strategies with multi-phase priority request at intersections are not adequately considered.The principle of bus signal priority level was designed based on the isolated multi-phase structure principle consideration of the bus signal priority,and a new priority approach for the dynamic exclusive bus lane was proposed.Two types of priority strategies,green extension and red truncation,were proposed for current phase and next phase buses,respectively.The control parameters including minimum green time,green extension time,maximum green time and bus arrival time are calculated.The case studies for this paper were carried out using four consecutive intersections of Huaide Middle Road in Changzhou City.The signal control scheme was designed using the conventional,exclusive bus lane method,the dynamic exclusive bus lane without signal priority method,and the proposed approach,respectively.The authors used the VISSIM simulation platform to evaluate the efficiency of each approach.Results showed that the method of approach can significantly decrease delays caused by social and conventional buses and make up for the negative impact social buses have on the bus rapid transit(BRT)operation,which allows the method to complement the dynamic,exclusive bus lane design.

Exclusive Charmonium Photo-Production at HERA and LHC with Color Glass Condensate

We calculate the exclusive charmonium photo-production in the framework of color glass condensate.To obtain a good description of the vector meson production experimental data at HERA,we introduce a vector meson mass dependent skewness factor into the skewness effect.Then we extend the skewness improved model to the LHC energies.The numerical results of our model are in good agreement with theΨ/Ψ and Ψ（2S）data in ultraperipheral proton-proton collisions at LHC,which show the significance of the vector meson mass-dependent skewness factor.A prediction of the exclusive charmonium photo-production in ultra-peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions is performed since it can provide a good way to test the effectiveness of the color glass condensate.

Moral Education, Legal Practice——Exclusive Interview with Lu Jianping, Dean of BNU Law School

BNU Law School is one of the youngest and most dynamic faculties at Beijing Normal University.Its precursor was the Law major established by the Department of Philosophy in 1995,the Department of Law established in 2002,and the Criminal Law Science Research Institute was established in 2005.It culminated in the formal establishment of BNU Law School in 2006.Although BNU Law School was established in recent time,it has made outstanding achievements in various fields.

Explore Business Opportunities of Jaboticaba and Build A Long Term Enterprise一Exclusive Interview with Ally Biz International Group CEO John Soo

'Acompany shall have its commitment to build a century-old business if it hopes to continue operation for a long time.'John Soo is the third generation of Chinese immigrants in Malaysia and CEO of Ally Biz International Group. His forefathers were engaged in traditional plantation business. As a new-generation Malaysian Chinese who have received higher education and worked in many international companies as accountant or CEO, John Soo found that the business opportunities in traditional plantation industry has becoming slim. The challenge is to seek a better business project for new breakthroughs.

“Malaysia Has Certainly Benefited from China’s Prominence on the World Stage”——Exclusive Interview with See Chee Kong Leonard, Business Minister of Embassy of Malaysia in PRC

Relations between China and Malaysia have been developing steadily.Recently,See Chee Kong Leonard,Business Minister of Embassy of Malaysia in PRC,accepted an interview with Chinas Foreign Tradey and talked about the 45 years of economic and trade cooperation and achievements of the two countries.

Cultivate Talents with Both Noble Qualities and Knowledge of Chinese and Western Culture——Exclusive Interview with Professor Yin Meiqun, Dean of the Business School of Beijing International Studies University

Although it was frigid outside mid-winter, classrooms in the Business School of Beijing International Studies University are still as warm as spring,because of the passionate teachers and students. Professors were conducting lectures in English, as the students listen carefully and occasionally answered the questions posed in fluent English.If hearing their voices only, audiences might easily mistake that they were in a university in an English-speaking country.'

Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration among Mothers Attending Immunization Clinic in a Tertiary Health Facility in Enugu, Nigeria

Background: Breastfeeding is cost effective means towards the realization of some key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by the year 2030 particularly in resource limited settings. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration among mother and child pairs utilizing a tertiary immunization clinic facility. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Respondents were mother-and-child pairs who were recruited consecutively. Relevant maternal and child characteristics were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 (p Results: Four hundred and twenty seven mother-child pairs were studied. Majority of the mothers have at least secondary education, 383 (80.7%). 407 (95.3%) of the mothers fully understood the actual meaning of EBF. 189 (42.7%) reported practicing EBF in their index child for six months. Maternal perception of insufficient milk production, 52/99 (52.5%) was the most common reason for practicing EBF for Maternal education and occupation and gender of the child were significantly associated with completion of EBF for 6 months among respondents. Conclusion: EBF duration in the current study is low and is significantly associated with maternal education, maternal occupation and gender of the child. Improving girl child education, complementing baby friendly hospital initiative with baby friendly community initiative should be adopted to improve EBF duration in our setting.

Determinates of Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhea with Special Emphasis to Exclusive Breastfeeding in North Achefer District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Case Control Study

Studies showed that exclusive breast feeding reduced infant morbidity and mortality. In low income countries such as Ethiopia where under-five mortality is very high, the role of exclusively breastfeeding could be even more critical. However, studies assessing the place of exclusive breast freeing in the prevention of childhood illnesses in our area are scarce. The aim of the study was to identify determinant factors of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. An institution based case control study was conducted in Achefer District in July, 2012. The cases were 122 children of 7 - 24 months old who had repeated attack of diarrhoea or pneumonia over three months prior to the survey while controls were 122 children who visited well baby clinic for vaccination. Data were collected by using pre-tested and structured questionnaire, and analysed using SPSS version 16 for windows. Logistic regression was performed, and strength of associations was estimated using odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. About 83% of the controls and only 12.3% of the cases were exclusively breast fed. Children who were exclusively breast fed were 83 times less likely to develop pneumonia or diarrhea than those who were not exclusively fed. Marital status, monthly income, prelacteal feeding, and late initiation of breast feeding were found to have statistically significant association with childhood diarrhea and pneumonia. This study brought local evidence that exclusive breast feeding had a protective effect against common childhood infectious diseases—pneumonia and diarrhoea—in the study area. Therefore, culture sensitive and plausible health education is recommended to strengthen exclusive breast feeding practices in order to decrease mortality and morbidity of infants and children from pneumonia and diarrhoea.

What Will Expo Milan Bring to China?——An exclusive interview with Italian Ambassador to China,H.E.Mr.Alberto Bradanini

We still remember the S hanghai World Expo in 2010,which impressed the whole world.After a blink,another World Expo is here soon.Milan in Italy will be the host next year,and the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade(CCPIT)will host the China pavilion there.To know more about the Milan World Expo2015,China’s Foreign Trade magazine had an exclusive interview with Italian Ambassador to China,H.E.Mr.Alberto Bradanini.

Legal Issues and Scientific Constraints in the Environmental Assessment of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in Mexico Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Gulf of Mexico

The largest accidental marine oil spill (4.9 million barrels) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) seabed (1600 m) caused by the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig in 2010, put to the test once again the resilient capacity of the pelagic and benthic realms of this Large Marine Ecosystem. Many are the ecological services provided by its waters (fisheries, tourism, aquaculture and fossil fuel reserves) to neighboring countries (US, Mexico and Cuba). However, the unprecedented volumes of hydrocarbons, gas and chemical dispersants (Corexit) introduced in the system, represent ecological stressors whose deleterious effects are still the subject of civil claims and scientific controversy. Presumably, the short scale effects were confined to the Gulf’s northeastern shallow waters, and the combined actions of weathering, biodegradation, and oil recovery left the system almost under pre-spill conditions. Unfortunately, surface and subsurface oil plumes were detected in the spill aftermath, and their dispersion trajectories threatened Mexico EEZ. Surface oil slicks were detected in the pristine waters of northern Yucatán, while subsurface oil plumes from the Macondo’s well blowout were dangerously advancing southwest towards key fishing grounds in the northwestern GoM. This disaster prompted the Mexican government to implement an ambitious ocean monitoring program adopting a bottom-up approach focused on building a base line for more than 42 physicochemical and biological variables for water, sediment and biota from the continental shelf-slope region of the NW GoM. Technological constraints have precluded systematic observations in the vast Mexican EEZ that could discriminate natural variability and oil seep emissions from antropic disturbances. Therefore, preliminary risk analyses relied on seasonal and historical records. Two years of field observations revealed subtle environmental changes in the studied area attributed to antropic disturbances. Waters maintained oligotrophic conditions and zooplankton and benthic infaunal biomass were also poor. Biomarkers in sediments and biota did not exceed EPA’s benchmarks, and sediment’s fingerprinting (δ13C) indicated marine carbon sources. Geomarkers revealed an active transport from the Mississippi towards the NW GoM of phyllosilicates bearing a weathered oil coating. Consequently, shelf and slope sediment toxicity begins to show an increasing trend in the region. The complexity of hydrocarbons bioaccumulation and biodegradation processes in deep waters of the GoM seems to indicate that meso-and large-scale observations may prove to be essential in understanding the capacity of the GoM to recover its ecological stability.

The Young Star Bridging the World to China——Exclusive Interview with World Youth Leadership Foundation Chairman Franco Ng

My f irst impression of Franco Ng came during his visit to our Beijing offices.At that time,he was in Beijing as a guest with the National Bank of Canada speaking about his educational experiences growing up in Canada,while promoting“The Win”,a Global Youth Venture Competition he established with the World Youth Leadership Foundation this year.

Approach in A People-Oriented and Diversifying Way——Exclusive Interview with Professor Wu Guangjun, Dean of SELLC, BISU

This autumn fruitful autumn,Beijing International Studies University(BISU)is about to celebrate the54th anniversary since its foundation.Meanwhile,the Department of English established in1964turned into the School of English Language,Literature and Culture(SELLC)in2009.Are there any moving stories behind these name-changes,and did the teaching philosophy change accordingly?

Cultivate Talent and Seek for Innovation in the past 20 Years——Exclusive Interview with Professor Li Chunling Dean of the School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University

Yanshan University was formerly known as Northeast Heavy Machinery Institute,and was one of the key universities in China at that time.As of1985,the institute moved to Qinhuangdao Island,and as it was located at the foot of Yanshan,it was called as Yanshan University.The School of Economics and Management was established in1979and the Management Engineering Department was established in1984,which was renamed as the School of Economics and Management in1998.This year is the20th anniversary for the establishment of the School.

China-Rwanda Relations Embrace New Opportunities in the New Era——An Exclusive Interview with Rwandan Ambassador to China Charles Kayonga

RWANDA, a landlocked country in Central and East Africa, is not well known by many ordinary Chinese. As President Xi Jinping started his state visit to the African country in late July, the frst paid by a Chinese president since the two countries established their diplomatic relations in 1971, people began to notice the “land of a thousand hills.”

ZTE Exclusively Demonstrates LTE-A CoMP-Based Services at Mobile World Congress 2011

ZTE Corporation demonstrated video call, video streaming, and ftp services based on LTE-A Coordinated Multipoint （CoMP） technology at ＂Mobile World Congress 2011＂ in Barcelona, Spain. This makes ZTE the first and only telecoms vendor in the world to demonstrate LTE-A CoMP-based services.

Exclusive Hormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer in Elderly Women:Clinical Response and Survival over 10 Years

Breast cancer is the first cancer of women in the world and in France.In very elderly patients,the treatment options are often very limited.Neoadjuvant hormone therapy has shown similar or even better results than chemotherapy.This is why we decided to evaluate the clinical response following exclusive hormonal therapy and the 5,then 10 years survival in these very elderly women.This was a retrospective,longitudinal cohort-type study with descriptive and analytical purposes.The study population consisted of 59 patients,with an average age of 85 years.Fifteen(15,25%)of our patients had a complete clinical response after two years of treatment,16(27%)a partial clinical response,23(39%)lesion stabilization and 5(9%)cancer progression.The presence of metastasis at diagnosis increased the risk of cancer progression by 2.84.Overall 5-year survival was 72.5%,and breast cancer mortality 5.88%.The 10-year survival was 27.5%and breast cancer mortality 15%.In the age group 85 and over increased the risk of death by 3.25 in the first 10 years of treatment.The clinical response after 2 years was marked by a low rate of cancer progression.Mortality over 5 and 10 years was mostly related to patient comorbidities.