Fuzzy control on automatic frequency tracking of ultrasonic vibration system with high power and high quality factor Q

In order to realize automatic tracking drift of resonance frequency of ultrasonic vibration system with high power and high quality factor Q, adaptive fuzzy control was studied with a self-fabricated ultrasonic plastic welding machine. At first, relations between amplitude of vibration and frequency as well as main loop current and amplitude of vibration were analyzed. From this analysis, we deduced that frequency tracking process of the vibration system can be concluded as an optimizing problem of one dimensional fluctuant extremum of main loop current in vibration system. Then a method of self-optimizing fuzzy control, used for the realization of automatic frequency tracking in vibration system, is presented on the basis of serf-optimizing adaptive control approach and fuzzy control approach. The result of experiments shows that the fuzzy self-optimizing method can solve the problem of tracking frequency drift very well. Response time of tracking in the system is less than 50 ms, which basically meets the requirements of frequency tracking in ultrasonic plastic welding machine.

A low-noise X-band microwave source with digital automatic frequency control for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

We report a new design of microwave source for X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer.The microwave source is equipped with a digital automatic frequency control circuit.The parameters of the digital automatic frequency control circuit can be flexibly configured for different experimental conditions,such as the input powers or the quality factors of the resonator.The configurability makes the microwave source universally compatible and greatly extends its application.To demonstrate the ability of adapting to various experimental conditions,the microwave source is tested by varying the input powers and the quality factors of the resonator.A satisfactory phase noise as low as-135 d Bc/Hz at 100-k Hz offset from the center frequency is achieved,due to the use of a phase-locked dielectric resonator oscillator and a direct digital synthesizer.Continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the microwave source.The outstanding performance shows a prospect of wide applications of the microwave source in numerous fields of science.

A computer control system for automatic TIG welding of aluminium alloy sheets

Aimed at the welding ttechnological requirements of foe missile shell,a computer control system for automatic TIG welding of aluminium alloy sheets has been developed in this paper.The hardware of the system is composed of the four sub-systems,i.e.weldingpower source,arc length controller,welding wire feeder and welding head traveller.The software of the system comprises the on-line executing program and the off-line serving program.The operating principle,specifications and control of the system are introduced.The experiments indicate that the system possesses rational hardware structure and practical software function,and has solved the problem of high frequency interference to the computer control system. Therefore,the control system can satisfy the requirements of automatic TIG welding of the missile shell.

Particle filter based automatic frequency control scheme by combining the two-step structure

In this paper a new automatic frequency control （AFC） scheme was proposed, which could be used for the receiver of low earth orbit （LEO） satellite communication system in continuous transmitting scenario. By employing the time varying characteristic of particle filter technique, the new scheme combined the preamble based estimating step and data based estimating step to provide initial probability density recursively. Theoretical analysis proved that the proposed AFC scheme could provide better performance than the two-step scheme. The same conclusion was achieved by computer simulations with the criteria of root-mean square （RMS） frequency estimating performance and bit error rate performance.

Design and implementation of digital closed-loop drive control system of a MEMS gyroscope

In order to effectively control the working state of the gyroscope in drive mode, the drive characteristics of the micro electromechanical system （MEMS） gyroscope are analyzed in principle. A novel drive circuit for the MEMS gyroscope in digital closed-loop control is proposed, which utilizes a digital phase-locked loop （PLL） in frequency control and an automatic gain control （AGC） method in amplitude control. A digital processing circuit with a field programmable gate array （FPGA） is designed and the experiments are carried out. The results indicate that when the temperature changes, the drive frequency can automatically track the resonant frequency of gyroscope in drive mode and that of the oscillating amplitude holds at a set value. And at room temperature, the relative deviation of the drive frequency is 0.624 ×10^-6 and the oscillating amplitude is 8.0 ×10^-6, which are 0. 094% and 18. 39% of the analog control program, respectively. Therefore, the control solution of the digital PLL in frequency and the AGC in amplitude is feasible.

Research and Implementation of Multi-Point Automatic Synchronization Based on Active Frequency Tracking Control

Reliable connection of turbine generators in complex main wiring structures to the power grid through a plurality of switches is a new key problem,referred to as multipoint automatic synchronization(MPAS),in automatic control systems(ACS).In this paper,different methods of voltage-frequency and phase-difference control are analyzed,and a control methodology based on active frequency tracking(AFT)is presented.Through the establishment of the multi-point automatic synchronization model and the analysis of the governor transfer function with this control method,the important control parameters and automatic process control sequence are summarized.The correctness and effectiveness of the designed methodology are inspected through on-site testing,and the importance of the function and selection of parameters are also explored.

自动控制系统稳定性教学中的思政元素设计

针对传统自动控制原理课程教学的不足,将某型号转子绕线机控制系统引入系统稳定性案例教学课堂。通过对案例的数学建模,分别应用时域分析法中的劳斯判据、赫尔维茨稳定判据,系统输出曲线和频域分析法中的奈奎斯特稳定判据及对数稳定判据分析控制系统的稳定性。课程将思政元素与系统稳定性知识有机融合,引申出“条条大路通罗马”的问题解决思想和引导学生认识社会系统稳定的重要意义及自身责任。

变频调速技术在自动控制系统优化中的应用

阐述变频调速技术在机械自动化控制中的应用,包括深度指示器、等速段超速、减速段超速的应用,以及匀速电机超速的保护。针对系统稳定性、调速精度、可靠性方面的问题,提出优化措施。

基于权重系数校正的火储两阶段联合调频方法

随着不确定性可再生能源大规模并网,电网频率特性日益复杂。传统火电机组具有响应时间长、无法准确跟踪指令等问题,亟须利用储能提高火电机组参与自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)调频时的调节性能。首先,针对调频考核规则,建立调频性能指标数学模型,并考虑火储系统出力特性,结合改进层次分析法校正调频子指标权重系数,以此构建以调频性能最优为目标的第一阶段优化模型;在此基础上,为了减少储能荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)越限和深度充放情况,以储能SOC偏差最小为目标构建第二阶段优化模型。仿真验证表明:所提的两阶段调频方法能够提高火储联合系统的调频性能和调频收益,同时有效减少储能深度充放情况和工作寿命损耗,提高储能辅助调频服务的可持续性。

基于深度强化学习的孤立多微电网系统频率和电压综合控制

分布式电源出力不确定性和负荷功率扰动给孤立多微电网系统稳定带来较大威胁。提出基于多智能体柔性动作评价(MA-SAC)算法的孤立多微电网负荷频率控制器(LFC),同时采用柔性动作评价(SAC)算法对自动电压调节器(AVR)的比例积分(PI)控制参数进行优化调整。建立了多微电网LFC和AVR组合模型。对于电压和频率控制器的设计,分别根据SAC算法和多智能体深度强化学习(MA-DRL)框架建立各自的状态、动作空间与奖励函数。选择合适的神经网络与训练参数经过预学习生成深度强化学习控制器。最后通过仿真分析,基于SAC算法优化的PI控制器能更快跟踪电压参考值;多微电网系统遭遇功率扰动时,MASAC控制器可以快速维持频率稳定。

计及调频能力和经济效益的储能集群多状态区间优化策略

可再生能源发电系统的快速增长使得电力系统的频率安全面临着挑战。针对分布式储能集群二次调频过程中所面临的问题,提出一种计及调频能力和经济效益的储能集群多状态区间优化策略。该策略依据荷电状态将所有储能单元划分为多个状态区间,再结合自动发电控制指令及各区间的极限功率确定优化区间。针对非优化区间内的单元,输出功率直接由出力优先级确定;针对优化区间内的单元,利用反映调频成本和整体荷电状态的目标函数及约束条件完成最优求解,从而确定输出功率。仿真结果表明,所提策略能大大减小控制中心的运算量,功率分配结果能有效提升储能集群的二次调频能力,同时提升储能集群的经济效益。

煤矿井下水力压裂自动控制系统设计

分析指出目前煤矿井下水力压裂技术面临压裂泵输出压力和流量无法快速精确调节、远程安全监控效果及自动化水平有待提高等难题。设计了一种煤矿井下水力压裂自动控制系统。根据煤矿井下水力压裂工艺及系统构成,明确了控制系统关键技术为高压大流量压裂泵输出流量和压力的快速精确调节,远程高可靠性安全、高速实时监控,一键启停及图形化分析等。以KXH12本安型控制器为核心,搭配变频器、组合开关、监控主机、电动开度球阀等设备,以及光纤加CAN总线的双线冗余通信方案,研发了控制系统硬件,并编制了压裂泵控制器、水箱控制器及中央控制器软件,实现了压裂系统快速变流量注水、稳定保压及远程高速实时监控和报警等功能。在煤矿现场对水力压裂自动控制系统进行工业性试验,结果表明该系统压力控制精度为0.1 MPa,流量控制精度为0.1 m3/h,在连续完成14次压裂过程中,每次煤岩层开裂后均能实现较好的保压效果,且操作简单,安全性高,满足煤矿井下水力压裂工艺要求。

新型电力系统中异质调频机组分布式协同AGC方法研究

“双碳”目标的实施加速了新型电力系统发展。然而,新型电力系统的转动惯量和调节能力逐渐难以适应复杂多变的负荷变化。因此,开发更高效、更快速的调频资源参与自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)已成为刻不容缓之事。但是,不同调频机组之间的异质性显著,包括机组模型、容量和响应速度的差异,这对AGC提出了挑战。为了提升异质调频资源参与AGC的性能,该文提出了一种分布式协同AGC方法。首先,基于分布式固定时间一致性理论提出了一种分布式固定时间区域控制偏差(area control error,ACE)发掘算法。随后,各AGC机组根据获取的ACE信息设计独立的PI控制器参与频率调节。在ACE调节的最后阶段,根据各机组出力的标幺值,设计了分布式固定时间功率均分控制器,控制低速AGC机组承担更多的功率调整量,从而释放高速AGC机组的容量并为下一轮AGC服务做好准备。通过对包含5种不同调频单元的两区域电力系统进行仿真研究,验证了所提分布式协同AGC方法的性能。结果表明,所提方法可以有效地提高系统的调频性能,且能够在设计的时间内实现期望的有功功率分配。

Frequency regulation by fuzzy and binary control in a hybrid islanded microgrid

Islanded microgrids must be self-sufficient in terms of frequency and voltage control due to their islanded operation.A control strategy for frequency regulation by combining the operation of a wind generator,a diesel generator,a battery energy storage system and a dump load in a microgrid is proposed in this paper.In the proposed strategy,the control task is partitioned into two subtasks:1)choosing the appropriate element to be used for regulation,and 2)providing frequency regulation.A global controller chooses the element to operate.Then,the frequency regulation is provided by separate individual controllers.The proposed control strategy is tested on a microgrid with mixed types of generation and modeled on Simulink.By monitoring the power of individual elements and system frequency,it is shown that the proposed control strategy operates efficiently.The proposed strategy facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources and enhances frequency regulation.

A Two-stage Kalman Filter for Cyber-attack Detection in Automatic Generation Control System

Communication plays a vital role in incorporating smartness into the interconnected power system.However,historical records prove that the data transfer has always been vulnerable to cyber-attacks.Unless these cyber-attacks are identified and cordoned off,they may lead to black-out and result in national security issues.This paper proposes an optimal two-stage Kalman filter(OTS-KF)for simultaneous state and cyber-attack estimation in automatic generation control(AGC)system.Biases/cyber-attacks are modeled as unknown inputs in the AGC dynamics.Five types of cyber-attacks,i.e.,false data injection(FDI),data replay attack,denial of service(DoS),scaling,and ramp attacks,are injected into the measurements and estimated using OTS-KF.As the load variations of each area are seldom available,OTS-KF is reformulated to estimate the states and outliers along with the load variations of the system.The proposed technique is validated on the benchmark two-area,three-area,and five-area power system models.The simulation results under various test conditions demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed filter.

激光器自动锁频方法研究综述

介绍了激光自动锁频的意义与目的,阐述了实现激光自动锁频的算法和常用的光学频率参考,分析了不同算法和频率参考的区别和优劣,探讨了在自动领域下实现激光锁频需要解决的问题和方法,指出了有待加强的领域,提出了部分仍待解决的困难,得出了当前激光自动锁频领域的发展方向和改良趋势,为激光器自动锁频的后续研究提供了参考。

新型电力系统场景下网侧规模化储能二次调频控制策略

针对大规模新能源并网时造成的新型电力系统频率波动问题,在新型电力系统场景下兼顾电网调频需求及储能调频能力提出一种网侧规模化储能二次调频控制策略。基于电网调频需求,对储能系统响应自动发电控制指令时的双信号自适应切换控制进行研究,在充分发挥两种调频信号优势的同时使储能系统更好地配合响应调频指令;考虑储能机组的技术特性,利用模糊控制对各储能单元的出力深度进行均衡控制,在维持其荷电状态的同时能够将频率偏差的波动以更快的速度控制在更小的范围内;最后在Matlab/Simulink中对所提控制策略进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提控制策略能够快速抑制频率偏差在更小的范围内、避免储能系统过充过放以及有效维持各组储能单元荷电水平。

Automatic Generation Control of Multi-area Power System with Network Constraints and Communication Delays

Newly proposed power system control methodologies combine economic dispatch(ED) and automatic generation control(AGC) to achieve the steady-state cost-optimal solution under stochastic operation conditions. However, a real power system is subjected to continuous demand disturbance and system constraints due to the input saturation, communication delays and unmeasurable feed-forward load disturbances. Therefore, optimizing the dynamic response under practical conditions is equally important. This paper proposes a state constrained distributed model predictive control(SCDMPC)scheme for the optimal frequency regulation of an interconnected power system under actual operation conditions, which exist due to the governor saturation, generation rate constraints(GRCs), communication delays, and unmeasured feed-forward load disturbances. In addition, it proposes an algorithm to handle the solution infeasibility within the SCDMPC scheme, when the input and state constraints are conflicting. The proposed SCDMPC scheme is then tested with numerical studies on a three-area interconnected network. The results show that the proposed scheme gives better control and cost performance for both steady state and dynamic state in comparison to the traditional distributed model predictive control(MPC) schemes.

Real-time vehicle-to-grid control for frequency regulation with high frequency regulating signal

The large-scale popularization of electric vehicles(EVs)brings the potential for grid frequency regulation.Considering the characteristics of fast response and adjustment of EVs,two control strategies of automatic generation control(AGC)with EVs are proposed responding to two high frequency regulating signals extracted from area control error(ACE)and area regulation requirement(ARR)by a digital filter,respectively.In order to dispatch regulation task to EVs,the capacity of regulation is calculated based on maximum V2G power and the present V2G power of EVs.Finally,simulations based on a two-area interconnected power system show that the proposed approaches can significantly suppress frequency deviation and reduce the active power output of traditional generation units.

A frequency domain design of PID controller for an AVR system

We propose a new proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller design method for an automatic voltage regulation(AVR) system based on approximate model matching in the frequency domain. The parameters of the PID controller are obtained by approximate frequency response matching between the closed-loop control system and a reference model with the desired specifications. Two low frequency points are required for matching the frequency response, and the design method yields linear algebraic equations, solution of which gives the controller parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through examples taken from the literature and comparison with some popular methods.