Existing State and Partitioning of Rare Earth on Weathered Ores

The existing state and partitioning of rare earth （RE） on weathered ores in Longnan County（LN）, Xingfeng County（XF） and Ninghua County（NH） were characterized systematically by standard geological analytical methods. It is found that RE in the weathered rare earth ores exist as four phases： （a） water soluble, （b） ion-exchangeable, （c） colloidal sediment （oxides）, （d） minerals, in which mainly as ion exchangeable phase, accounting for nearly 80% of total RE, with about 20% in the form of colloid sediment phase and mineral phase, but very little as aqueous soluble phase. These rare earth partitioning were mainly chosen mid-heavy RE elements, occupying above 60%, but not equal in the four phases. The mid-heavy RE elements were primarily enriched in the ion exchangeable phase up to 40%, while the containment of cerium dioxide is below 2 %. The cerium deficiency occurs in the ion exchangeable phase in weathered ore. It results from that the Ce^3＋ is oxidized into Ce^4＋ and changes into CeO2. For LN ore, the containment of Y is high in weathered ore because Y-minerals are abundant in original rock.

EFFECT OF THE EXISTING STATES OF CHROMIUM ION ON THE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DOPED β-C_2S

According to the theory of crystal field, the existing state of chromium ions in β-C_2S was studied with optical spectra and EPR. The energy levels of chromium ions were calculated. Chromium ions exist in form of Cr^(4+) and Cr^(5+) coordinated with distorted octahedra. The reason of fading of β-C_2S hydrate is that the strength of light absorption declines be- cause of the valence change of chromium ions and chroninm dissolves out and loses in water.

States of graphene oxide and surface functional groups amid adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions

Water pollution regarding dyes and heavy metal ions is crucial facing the world.How to effectively separate these contaminants from water has been a key issue.Graphene oxide(GO)promises the greenwater world as a long-lasting spotlight adsorbent material and therefore,harnessing GO has been the research hotspot for over a decade.The state of GO as well as its surface functional groups plays an important role in adsorption.And the way of preparation and structural modification matters to the performance of GO.In this review,the significance of the state of existence of stock GO and surface functional groups is explored in terms of preparation,structural modification,and adsorption.Besides,various adsorbates for GO adsorption are also involved,the discussion of which is rarely established elsewhere.

Effect of existence state of asphaltenes on the asphaltenes-wax interaction in wax deposition

Asphaltenes are the most elusive substances in waxy crude oil,especially the complex structures,which leads to significant precipitation and aggregation characteristics of asphaltenes,and affects the asphaltenes-wax interaction.In this study,the concept of the existence state of asphaltenes was introduced to semi-quantitatively investigate the precipitation and aggregation characteristics of asphaltenes.On this basis,the influence of the existence state of asphaltenes on wax deposition was studied by coldfinger device and high-temperature gas chromatography,and the composition and properties of the deposits were analyzed.Four main findings were made:(1)As the asphaltene concentration increases,the existence state of asphaltenes gradually transitions from dispersed state to aggregated state,and the asphaltene concentration of 0.30 wt%in this study is the starting point of the transition.(2)The existence state of asphaltenes in crude oil does affect the process of wax deposition,as shown in the fact that the dispersed asphaltenes promote the occurrence of wax deposition,while the aggregated asphaltenes can inhibit wax deposition.(3)In the presence of the aggregated asphaltenes,that is,when the asphaltene concentration is higher than 0.30 wt%,the shedding phenomenon of deposit layer was observed,and with the increase of aggregated asphaltenes,the deposit layer fell off earlier.(4)With the increase of the dispersed asphaltenes,the wax appearance temperature(WAT)and wax content of the deposits all showed an increasing trend,while with the appearance of the aggregated asphaltenes,the above situation was reversed.The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the interaction between the asphaltenes and wax in wax deposition.

An engineering classification system for the detached granite blocks distributed on slopes

Gentle slopes with large amounts of granite blocks are widespread in granitic areas with warm and humid climate.These blocks pose a potential risk to the existing and planned infrastructure.The instability type and geometry of these blocks will influence their motility and destructive power to some extent.This study aims at creating a classification system that can indicate both the shape and the instability type of these blocks and then developing a block removal scheme.The classification system was constructed based on the mechanical stability analysis of blocks on an inclined surface.This analysis identified key factors affecting stability,including block shape,block weathering roundness,the existing state of a block on a slope,and the friction between the block and the slope.The achieved work allowed the establishment of a direct correlation between block geometry and their instability types.The availability of this classification system was validated by field data and experimental data in the literature.The proposal to remove blocks identified as the toppling types,such as cylindrical-toppling types,cuboid-toppling types,cube-toppling types,was put forward to avoid the uneconomical problem of a complete clearance.Meanwhile,this classification provides a foundation for further research on the instability probability of each type of block and the development of a more refined blocks’removal scheme.The classification approach adopted in this paper can provide a reference for the classification of other lithological blocks under similar engineering geological conditions.

Mathematical Analysis of Nipah Virus Infections Using Optimal Control Theory

The optimal use of intervention strategies to mitigate the spread of Nipah Virus (NiV) using optimal control technique is studied in this paper. First of all we formulate a dynamic model of NiV infections with variable size population and two control strategies where creating awareness and treatment are considered as controls. We intend to find the optimal combination of these two control strategies that will minimize the cost of the two control measures and as a result the number of infectious individuals will decrease. We establish the existence for the optimal controls and Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to characterize the optimal controls. The numerical simulation suggests that optimal control technique is much more effective to minimize the infected individuals and the corresponding cost of the two controls. It is also monitored that in the case of high contact rate, controls have to work for longer period of time to get the desired result. Numerical simulation reveals that the spread of Nipah virus can be controlled effectively if we apply control strategy at early stage.

Extract and Simple Explanation on the Principles of Taiji Studies

Taiji studies are a field of study that has its roots in the philosophical thought of the Yi Jing or Book of changes.It integrates the self‑cultivation traditions of Confucianism,Buddhism,and Daoism,and centers its academic system mostly on the perspective of the“states view”(jing jie guan).From the standpoint of its philosophical theory,Taiji studies divide the understanding of Dao into three theoretical states:the state of existence(you jie),the state of existence‑nonexistence(you wu jie),and the state of nonexistence(wu jie).It also establishes a theoretical structure that mainly includes“three states and nine axioms,”“One Dao and Nine theory sections,”and“Three practice levels and Nine secrets.”Based on traditional Chinese culture and philosophy,Taiji studies are continuously integrating the essence of them for better understanding and raising,and finally set up a rational school of Taiji Da Dao。