Temperature and stress fields in electron beam welded Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel joint with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel （STS） using a copper filler metal was carried out. The temperature fields and stress distributions in the Ti/Fe and Ti/Cu/Fe joint during the welding process were numerically simulated and experimentally measured. The results show that the rotated parabola body heat source is fit for the simulation of the electron beam welding. The temperature distribution is asymmetric along the weld center and the temperature in the titanium alloy plate is higher than that in the 304 STS plate. The thermal stress also appears to be in asymmetric distribution. The residual tensile stress mainly exists in the weld at the 304 STS side. The copper filler metal decreases the peak temperature and temperature grade in the joint as well as the residual stress. The longitudinal and lateral residual tensile strengths reduce by 66 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. From the temperature and residual stress, it is concluded that copper is a good filler metal candidate for the electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel.

Effect of Aging Temperature on Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of 17-4PH Stainless Steels in Dilute Sulphuric Acid Slurry

The effect of aging temperature on erosion corrosion （E-C） behavior of 17-4PH stainless steels in dilute sulphuric acid slurry containing solid particles was studied by using self-made rotating E-C apparatus. The effect of impact velocity on EC behavior of 17 4PH steels at different aging temperatures was analyzed. Surface micrographs of the specimens after E C test were observed by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results showed that under the condition of the same solution heat treatment, when aging temperature ranged from 400 ℃ to 610℃, the hardness reached the highest value near the temperature 460℃. The characteristics of E-C for 17-4PH stainless steels at different aging temperatures were as follows： pure erosion （wear） was dominant, corrosion was subordinate and at the same time corrosion promoted erosion. The effect of aging temperature on E-C rate of 17-4PH steels was not significant at low impact velocity, but it was found that E-C resistance of 17-4PH steels aged near 460℃ was the most excellent due to the best precipitation strengthening effect of fine and dispersed e-Cu phase. With a prerequisite of appropriate corrosion resistance, the precipitation hardening could significantly improve the E-C resistance of the materials.

Measurements of non-equilibrium and equilibrium temperature behind a strong shock wave in simulated martian atmosphere

Non-equilibrium radiation measurements behind strong shock wave for simulated Martian atmosphere are presented in this paper. The shock wave is established in a hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tube. Time- resolved spectra of the Av = 0 sequence of the B^2∑^＋ → X^2∑^＋ electronic transition of CN have been observed through optical emission spectroscopy （OES）. A new method, which is based on fitting high resolution spectrum for rotational and vibrational temperatures measurement, is proposed to diag- nose temperature distribution behind the shock wave. It is estimated that the current scheme has the maximum deviation less than 8% （lσ） for vibrational temperature measurement through detailed analysis of the influence of the uncertainties of spectroscopic constants and spectral resolution. Radiation structure of the shock layer, including induction, relaxation and equilibrium process, and corresponding rotational and vibrational temperatures are obtained through time gating OES diagnostics with sub-microsecond temporal resolution. The present extensive results will strongly benefit the reaction rate estimation and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code validation in high enthalpy Mars reentry chemistry.

Future Changes in Extreme High Temperature over China at 1.5℃-5℃ Global Warming Based on CMIP6 Simulations

Extreme high temperature(EHT)events are among the most impact-related consequences related to climate change,especially for China,a nation with a large population that is vulnerable to the climate warming.Based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),this study assesses future EHT changes across China at five specific global warming thresholds(1.5℃-5℃).The results indicate that global mean temperature will increase by 1.5℃/2℃ before 2030/2050 relative to pre-industrial levels(1861-1900)under three future scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5),and warming will occur faster under SSP5-8.5 compared to SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5.Under SSP5-8.5,global warming will eventually exceed 5℃ by 2100,while under SSP1-2.6,it will stabilize around 2℃ after 2050.In China,most of the areas where warming exceeds global average levels will be located in Tibet and northern China(Northwest China,North China and Northeast China),covering 50%-70%of the country.Furthermore,about 0.19-0.44 billion people(accounting for 16%-41%of the national population)will experience warming above the global average.Compared to present-day(1995-2014),the warmest day(TXx)will increase most notably in northern China,while the number of warm days(TX90p)and warm spell duration indicator(WSDI)will increase most profoundly in southern China.For example,relative to the present-day,TXx will increase by 1℃-5℃ in northern China,and TX90p(WSDI)will increase by 25-150(10-80)days in southern China at 1.5℃-5℃ global warming.Compared to 2℃-5℃,limiting global warming to 1.5℃ will help avoid about 36%-87%of the EHT increases in China.

Effects of temperature on UV-B-induced DNA damage and photorepair in Arabidopsis thaliana

DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers(CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts(6-4PPs) induced by UV-B radiation in Arabidopsis thaliana at different temperatures was investigated using ELISA with specific monoclonal antibodies. CPDs and 6-4PPs increased during 3 h UV-B exposure, but further exposure led to decreases. Contrary to the commonly accepted view that DNA damage induced by UV-B radiation is temperature-independent because of its photochemical nature, we found UV-B-induction of CPDs and 6-4PPs in Arabidopsis to be slower at a low than at a high temperature. Photorepair of CPDs at 24℃ was much faster than that at 0℃ and 12℃, with 50% CPDs removal during 1 h exposure to white light. Photorepair of 6-4PPs at 12℃ was very slow as compared with that at 24℃, and almost no removal of 6-4PPs was detected after 4 h exposure to white light at 0℃. There was evidence to suggest that temperature-dependent DNA damage and photorepair could have important ecological implications.

The 30–60-day Intraseasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea during May–September

This study investigates the structure and propagation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature（SST） variability in the South China Sea（SCS） on the 30-60-day timescale during boreal summer（May-September）. TRMM-based SST, GODAS oceanic reanalysis and ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis datasets from 1998 to 2013 are used to examine quantitatively the atmospheric thermodynamic and oceanic dynamic mechanisms responsible for its formation. Power spectra show that the 30-60-day SST variability is predominant, accounting for 60% of the variance of the 10-90-day variability over most of the SCS. Composite analyses demonstrate that the 30-60-day SST variability is characterized by the alternate occurrence of basin-wide positive and negative SST anomalies in the SCS, with positive（negative） SST anomalies accompanied by anomalous northeasterlies（southwesterlies）. The transition and expansion of SST anomalies are driven by the monsoonal trough-ridge seesaw pattern that migrates northward from the equator to the northern SCS. Quantitative diagnosis of the composite mixed-layer heat budgets shows that, within a strong 30-60-day cycle, the atmospheric thermal forcing is indeed a dominant factor, with the mixed-layer net heat flux（MNHF） contributing around 60% of the total SST tendency, while vertical entrainment contributes more than 30%. However, the entrainment-induced SST tendency is sometimes as large as the MNHF-induced component, implying that ocean processes are sometimes as important as surface fluxes in generating the30-60-day SST variability in the SCS.

LOW TEMPERATURE ALUMINUM FLOATING ELECTROLYSIS IN HEAVY ELECTROLYTE Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl BATH SYSTEM

Multiple regression equations of liquidus temperature, electrical conductivity and bath density of the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl system were obtained from experiments by using orthogonal regression method. The experiments were carried out in 100A cell with low melting point electrolyte, the influences of cathodic current density, electrolytic temperature, density differences of bath and liquid aluminum on current efficiency (CE) were studied; when the electrolyte cryolite ratio was 2.5, w(BaC1_2) and w(NaCl) were 48% and 10%, respectively, CE reached 90% and specific energy consumption was 10.97k Wb/kg/kg. Because of the fact that aluminum metal obtained floated on the surface of molten electrolyte, this electrolysis method was then defined as low temperature aluminum floating electrolysis. The results showed that the new low temperature aluminum electrolysis process in the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl bath system was practical and promising.

Preparation of ultrafine α-Al_2O_3 powders by catalytic sintering of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide at low temperature

The precursor of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide was synthesized by using aluminum sulfate（Al2（SO4）3） and ammonium carbonate（（NH4）2CO3）. The effects of α-Al2O3 seeds and mixture composed of α-Al2O3 and ammonium nitrate, as well as multiplex catalysts （AT） on phase transformation of alumina in sintering process were investigated respectively. The results show that the α-Al2O3 seeds and the mixture of α-Al2O3 and ammonium nitrate can lower the phase transformation temperature of α-Al2O3 to different extents while the particles obtained agglomerate heavily. AT has great potential synergistic effects on the phase transformation of alumina and reduces the phase transformation temperature of α-Al2O3 and the trends of necking-formation between particles. Therefore the dispersion of powder particles is improved significantly.

Reconstruction of Sub-Decadal Winter Half-Year Temperature during 1651-2010 for the North China Plain Using Records of Frost Date

We extracted 374 pieces of records of frost date from historical documents. Using these records, we reconstructed winter half-year (October to next April) temperature series, with a resolution of 5-year, for the North China Plain during 1651-2010. The results show that the temperature changes in the North China Plain were divided into four phases. With the reference period of 1951-1980, two cold phases, 1651-1700 and 1781-1900, have cold anomaly of 0.83°C and 0.60°C respectively. However, between the two cold phases, 1701-1780 was a relative warm phase with the cold anomaly of 0.36°C referring to the mean of 1951-1980. After the 1900, the climate came into a warm phase. The mean temperature of 1901-2010 was 0.11°C higher than the mean of 1951-1980. During 1651-2010, the 1996-2000 is the warmest 5-year with the warm anomaly of 1.25°C than that of the reference period of 1951-1980.

Analysis Method of Transient Temperature Field for Fuel Tank ofHigh-Altitude Large UAV

Based on the analysis of factors affecting transient temperature field of aircraft fuel tank and coupled heat transfer mechanism, a mathematical model of transient coupled heat transfer, including the dynamic- change of fuel quality, the internal heat transfer, the external aerodynamic convection and the radiation heat transfer, is established. Taking the aerodynamic convection and radiation heat transfer outside the tank as the third kinds of thermal boundary conditions for the thermal analysis of the fuel tank, calculation of internal and external coupling heat of fuel tank is decoupled. Ther^nal network method combined with hierarchical dynamic- grid is used to deal with the fuel consumption, and carry on the heat transfer analysis of the fuel tank. The numerical method for the transient temperature field of aircraft fuel tank is established. Through the simulation calculation, the transient temperature distribution of the fuel tank under different flight conditions is obtained, and the influence of the fuel mass and the external thermal environment on the temperature field is analyzed.

Spatial-temporal variation of the land surface temperature field and present-day tectonic activity

This study attempts to acquire information on tectonic activity in western China from land surface temperature （LST） field data. On the basis of the established relationship between heat and strain, we analyzed the LSTdistribution in western China using the satellite data product MODIS/Terra. Our results show that： 1. There are departures from annual changes of LSTin some areas, and that these changes are associated with the activity of some active tectonic zones. 2. When annual-change background values caused by climate factors are removed, the long-period component （LSTLow） of temperature residual （AT） of the LSTis able to serve as an indicator for tectonic activity. We have found that a major earthquake can produce different effects on the/ST fields of surrounding areas. These effects are characterized by both rises and drops in temperature. For example, there was a noteworthy temperature decline associated with the Sumatran M9 earthquake of 2004 in the Bayan Har-Songpan block of central Tibetan Plateau. 3. On the other hand, the LST field of a single area may respond differently to major shocks occurring in different areas in the regions surrounding China. For instance, the Kun- lun M 8.1 event made the LSTon the Longmen Mountains fault zone increase, whereas the Zaisan Lake M 7.9 quake of 2003, and the Sumatran M 9 event of 2004, caused decreases in the same area＇s LST. 4. The variations of land surface temperature （LST） over time are different in different tectonic areas. These phenomena may provide clues for the study of tectonic deformation processes. On the basis of these phenomena, we use a combi- nation of temperature data obtained at varied depths, regional seismicity and strain results obtained with GPS measurements, to test the information related to tectonic activity derived from variations of the LST field, and discuss its implications to the creation of models of regional tectonic deformation.

Plastic Flow Modeling of Ti-5 Al-2 Sn-2 Zr-4 Mo-4 Cr Alloy at Elevated Temperatures and High Strain Rates

The true stress-sWain relationships of Ti-5A1-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr（TC17） alloy with a wide range of strain rates were investigated by tmiaxial quasi-static and dynamic compression tests, respectively. Quasi- static compression tests were carried out with Instron 8874 test machine, while dynamic compression tests were performed with the split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） which was installed with heating device and synchro- assembly system. The dynamic mechanical behaviors tests of TC17 were carded out from room temperature to 800 ℃ at intervals of 200 ℃ and at high sWain rates （5 500-1 9200 s-l）. The stress-strain curves considering temperature-sWain rate coupling actions were obtained. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was developed through data fitting of the stress-sWain curves. The material constants in the developed constitutive model can be determined using isothermal and adiabatic stress-strain curves at different strain rates. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model provided satisfied prediction of the plastic flow stress for TC17 alloy.

Room Temperature Phosphorescence of 1-Bromo-4-(bromoacetyl) naphthalene Induced by Sodium Deoxycholate

Sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC) could induce 1-bromo-4-(bromoacetyl) naphthalene (BBAN) to emit strong room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Measurements of phosphore- scence spectra, peak intensity and polarization were used to investigate the solubilization of BBAN as a function of NaDOC concentration.

The Influence of Preheat Temperature of Steel Plate on Steel-mushy Cu-graphite Bonding

The pressing bonding of steel plate to QTi3.5-3.5 graphite slurry was conducted. Under the conditions of 530 ℃ for the preheat temperature of dies, 45% for the solid fraction of QTi3.5- 3.5 graphite slurry, 50 MPa for the pressure and 2 min for the pressing time, the relationship between the preheat temperature of steel plate and interfacial mechanical property of bonding plate was studied. The results show that when the preheat temperature of steel plate is lower titan 618 ℃ , the interfacial shear strength of bonding plate increases with the increasing of the preheat temperature of steel plate. When the preheat temperature of steel plate is higher than 618 ℃ , the interfacial shear strength decreases with the increasing of the preheat temperature of steel plate. When the preheat temperature of steel plate is 618 ℃ , the highest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate of 127.8 MPa can be got.

Room Temperature Phosphorescence pH Switch Based on Photo-induced Electron Transfer

In this paper, photoinduced electron transfer(PET) phosphoroionophore, N-(1-bromo- 2-naphthylmethyl)-diethanolamine (BND) was synthesized and its phosphorescent characteristics were studied. The experimental results showed that strong phosphorescence could be observed in b-cyclodextrin aqueous solution only at low pH value. This system combined AND and NOT function to produce a three-input inhibit (INH) logic gate.

Chinese Standards on Refractories Refractory Products-Determination of Abrasion Resistance at Ambient Temperature GB/T 18301-2012

This standard specifies the terms and definitions, theory, apparatus, specimens, test procedures, calcu- lation results, apparatus check and test reports, etc. of abrasion resistance at ambient temperature of refractory products.

Novel Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Cold Supply Chain of COVID-19 Vaccines at Ultra-Low Temperature -80°C Using Ethane (R170) Based Hydrocarbon Pair

Several media report highlight on that the pharmaceutical companies require ultra-low temperatures -80°C to transport and store its COVID-19 vaccines. This research presents the thermodynamic analysis on cascade refrigeration system (CRS) with several refrigerant pairs which are R32/R170, R123/R170, R134a/R170, R404A/R170, R407c/R170, R410/R170, and the hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant pair Propane/Ethane, namely R290/R170. Besides, the results of R22/R170 pair, which is not recommended to be used due to phase out of R22 as per Montréal Protocol, are included as base case to compare the novel hydrocarbon pairs in CRS and the old trend of refrigerant pairs. Thermodynamic properties of all these pairs were investigated and compared under different intermediate temperature used in CRS heat exchanger, which thermally connected both the Low and High temperature cycles (LTC) and (HTC). By applying the first law of thermodynamics, the coefficients of performance (COPs) and the specific power consumptions (SPC) in kW/TR are presented and compared. In addition, by applying the second law of thermodynamics the exergetic efficiencies were estimated. The results reveal the promising opportunity of using the HC pair (R290/R170). The minimum SPC in kW/TR is recorded for the pair R123/R170. One the other hand, the highest exegetic efficiency values are observed to be 40%, 38%, and 35% for the pairs R123/R170, R290/R170, and R134/R170, respectively. This research concludes that the HC pair (R290/R170) is highly recommended for CRS applications either to transport the COVID-19 or store it in cold storage rooms in hospitals and clinics. All precautionary measures should be carefully applied in design and operation of HC pair (R290/R170) due to its flammability hazard.

Asymmetric Mean Annual Temperature Wavelets Surface Air Layer of Berlin for 1701-2021

The regularities of the dynamics of the average annual temperature of Ber­lin from 1701 to 2021 are revealed.A total of 65 wavelets were received.The temperature has a high quantum certainty,and the change in the aver­age annual temperature of Berlin was identified by a model that contains only two components for prediction.The basis of the forecast at 320 years makes it possible to look into the future until the year 2340.The forecast confirms the conclusions made in the CMIP5 report on global warming.With an increase in the number of components in the model up to five,the forecast is possible only until 2060.Therefore,the model with only two components is workable.The trend is characterized by a modified Man­delbrot equation showing exponential growth with a high growth rate of 1.47421.The wave equation also has an amplitude in the form of the Man­delbrot law(in mathematics,the Laplace law,in biology,the Zipf-Pearl law,in econometrics,the Pareto law),when the exponential growth activity is equal to 1.For 1701,the period of oscillation was 2×60.33333≈120.7 years.By 2021,the period decreased and became equal to 87.6 years.The trend is such that by 2340 the period of oscillation will decrease to 30.2 years.Such an increase in fluctuations indicates an imbalance in climate disturbances in temperature in Berlin.For Berlin,the last three years are characterized by sharp decreases in the average annual temperature from 11.8℃ to 10.5℃,i.e.by 12.4% in 2021.Therefore,the forecast is still unstable,as a further decrease in the average annual temperature of Berlin in the near future may change the picture of the forecast.

Wave Dynamics of the Average Annual Temperature Surface Air Layer New Delhi for 1931-2021

The identification method revealed asymmetric fluctuations in the dynamics of the average annual temperature in New Delhi from 1931 to 2021,that is,for 90 years.An analysis of the wave patterns of climate until 2110 was carried out.Geotechnology of the Himalayan passage was proposed to reduce heat waves in India and China.Formulas containing four and 18 fluctuations were adopted for forecasting.Models give an increase in the heat wave from 2021,which is the fourth component.As a result,the landscape of the Himalayan mountains and the deserts of Thar and Takla Makan create a regional climate system that is original for the land of the Earth.In this system,oscillatory temperature adaptation in the future will be several times greater than the global warming rate predicted in the IPCC CMIP5 report.Between 2001 and 2019 the largest temperature increase wave maximum was observed in New Delhi at 0.65℃ in 2012-2013.In the sixth phase from 2036 to 2049,an ecological catastrophe will break out in New Delhi.According to calculations,the maximum value of the average annual temperature in New Delhi was 25.82℃ in 2017.Since then,the cooling has continued for four years,which will continue until 2028.The temperature will drop to 22.54℃ due to a change in solar activity by 3.28℃.Then by 2044,the average annual temperature in New Delhi will increase to 31.03℃,or the increment will be 31.03-22.54=8.49℃.In 2035,the climate in New Delhi will become hotter compared to 2021.The increase in the heat wave is noticeable.From 1931 to 2049 there will be six half-periods of cooling and warming:1)23;2)23;3)20;4)18;5)15;6)13 years old.The most dangerous is the sixth stage.It is proposed at the fifth stage for 15 years until 2037 in northern India to the Takla Makan desert in China to build a passage up to 350 km long,10 km-20 km wide and at least 4.5 km high.

Quantum Biophysics of the Atmosphere:Asymmetric Wavelets of the Average Annual Air Temperature of Irkutsk for 1820-2019

The regularities of the dynamics of the average annual temperature of Irkutsk from 1820 to 2019 were revealed.It is proposed to use the sum of temperatures.However,this indicator requires the continuity of the dynamic series,so for Irkutsk the sum of temperatures could be accepted only from 1873.The first three terms of the general wavelet model gave a very high correlation coefficient of 0.9996.The second indicator is a moving average,calculated as the ratio of the sum of temperatures to the current time.Here the first three wavelets gave a correlation coefficient of 0.9962.In the dynamics of the average annual temperature from 1820 to 2019,86 wavelets were obtained,of which 47 affect the future.The temperature has a high quantum certainty,and the change in the average annual temperature of Irkutsk is obtained up to a measurement error of 0.05℃,and the identification process occurs as a full wavelet analysis.The basis of the forecast in 200 years makes it possible to replace the non-linear two-term trend with an oscillatory perturbation.With an increase in the number of terms in the model,the ordinate of the average annual temperature increases:for three terms,the temperature interval is from-2.95℃ to 2.61℃;for 12 members from -4.06℃ to 4.02°C;for the forecast for 47 members for 2020-2220,from -4.62℃ to 4.40°C.