The object of this study is to propose a statistical model for predicting the Expected Path Length (expected number of steps the attacker will take, starting from the initial state to compromise the security goal—EPL...The object of this study is to propose a statistical model for predicting the Expected Path Length (expected number of steps the attacker will take, starting from the initial state to compromise the security goal—EPL) in a cyber-attack. The model we developed is based on utilizing vulnerability information along with having host centric attack graph. Utilizing the developed model, one can identify the interaction among the vulnerabilities and individual variables (risk factors) that drive the Expected Path Length. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between vulnerabilities and their interactions can provide security administrators a better view and an understanding of their security status. In addition, we have also ranked the attributable variables and their contribution in estimating the subject length. Thus, one can utilize the ranking process to take precautions and actions to minimize Expected Path Length.展开更多
We discuss the problem of the generalization of Bell local hidden variable models for unstable particles as nucleons or decaying quantum bound states. We propose to extend the formalism of real deterministic hidden va...We discuss the problem of the generalization of Bell local hidden variable models for unstable particles as nucleons or decaying quantum bound states. We propose to extend the formalism of real deterministic hidden variables in the complex domain, in analogy with the quantum Gamow ket formalism, and we introduce a time dependent classical probability density distribution by which we implement hidden time dependence in the quantum expectation values. We suggest therefore a classical framework which may recover by asymptotic temporal limits the standard Bell stationary quantum statistical averages. Endly we discuss the possible relevance of our proposal for general non-isolated quantum systems in noninertial frames and the consequent dynamic effects of vacuum instabilities on E.P.R tests and Q.M. ensemble statistical averages.展开更多
In this paper,we consider optimal control of stochastic differential equations subject to an expected path constraint.The stochastic maximum principle is given for a general optimal stochastic control in terms of cons...In this paper,we consider optimal control of stochastic differential equations subject to an expected path constraint.The stochastic maximum principle is given for a general optimal stochastic control in terms of constrained FBSDEs.In particular,the compensated process in our adjoint equation is deterministic,which seems to be new in the literature.For the typical case of linear stochastic systems and quadratic cost functionals(i.e.,the so-called LQ optimal stochastic control),a verification theorem is established,and the existence and uniqueness of the constrained reflected FBSDEs are also given.展开更多
文摘The object of this study is to propose a statistical model for predicting the Expected Path Length (expected number of steps the attacker will take, starting from the initial state to compromise the security goal—EPL) in a cyber-attack. The model we developed is based on utilizing vulnerability information along with having host centric attack graph. Utilizing the developed model, one can identify the interaction among the vulnerabilities and individual variables (risk factors) that drive the Expected Path Length. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between vulnerabilities and their interactions can provide security administrators a better view and an understanding of their security status. In addition, we have also ranked the attributable variables and their contribution in estimating the subject length. Thus, one can utilize the ranking process to take precautions and actions to minimize Expected Path Length.
文摘We discuss the problem of the generalization of Bell local hidden variable models for unstable particles as nucleons or decaying quantum bound states. We propose to extend the formalism of real deterministic hidden variables in the complex domain, in analogy with the quantum Gamow ket formalism, and we introduce a time dependent classical probability density distribution by which we implement hidden time dependence in the quantum expectation values. We suggest therefore a classical framework which may recover by asymptotic temporal limits the standard Bell stationary quantum statistical averages. Endly we discuss the possible relevance of our proposal for general non-isolated quantum systems in noninertial frames and the consequent dynamic effects of vacuum instabilities on E.P.R tests and Q.M. ensemble statistical averages.
基金Ying Hu is partially supported by Lebesgue Center of Mathematics“Investissements d’avenir”Program(Grant No.ANR-11-LABX-0020-01)ANR CAESARS(Grant No.ANR-15-CE05-0024)+6 种基金ANR MFG(Grant No.ANR-16-CE40-0015-01)Shanjian Tang is partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11631004 and 12031009)Zuo Quan Xu is partially supported by NSFC(Grant No.11971409)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(GRF,Grant No.15202421)PolyU-SDU Joint Research Center on Financial MathematicsCAS AMSS-POLYU Joint Laboratory of Applied MathematicsHong Kong Polytechnic University.
文摘In this paper,we consider optimal control of stochastic differential equations subject to an expected path constraint.The stochastic maximum principle is given for a general optimal stochastic control in terms of constrained FBSDEs.In particular,the compensated process in our adjoint equation is deterministic,which seems to be new in the literature.For the typical case of linear stochastic systems and quadratic cost functionals(i.e.,the so-called LQ optimal stochastic control),a verification theorem is established,and the existence and uniqueness of the constrained reflected FBSDEs are also given.
