Novel method for extraction of ship target with overlaps in SAR image via EM algorithm

The quality of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)image degrades in the case of multiple imaging projection planes(IPPs)and multiple overlapping ship targets,and then the performance of target classification and recognition can be influenced.For addressing this issue,a method for extracting ship targets with overlaps via the expectation maximization(EM)algorithm is pro-posed.First,the scatterers of ship targets are obtained via the target detection technique.Then,the EM algorithm is applied to extract the scatterers of a single ship target with a single IPP.Afterwards,a novel image amplitude estimation approach is pro-posed,with which the radar image of a single target with a sin-gle IPP can be generated.The proposed method can accom-plish IPP selection and targets separation in the image domain,which can improve the image quality and reserve the target information most possibly.Results of simulated and real mea-sured data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Study of EM Algorithm as an Imputation Method: A Model-Based Simulation Study with Application to a Synthetic Compositional Data

Compositional data, such as relative information, is a crucial aspect of machine learning and other related fields. It is typically recorded as closed data or sums to a constant, like 100%. The statistical linear model is the most used technique for identifying hidden relationships between underlying random variables of interest. However, data quality is a significant challenge in machine learning, especially when missing data is present. The linear regression model is a commonly used statistical modeling technique used in various applications to find relationships between variables of interest. When estimating linear regression parameters which are useful for things like future prediction and partial effects analysis of independent variables, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is the method of choice. However, many datasets contain missing observations, which can lead to costly and time-consuming data recovery. To address this issue, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm has been suggested as a solution for situations including missing data. The EM algorithm repeatedly finds the best estimates of parameters in statistical models that depend on variables or data that have not been observed. This is called maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP). Using the present estimate as input, the expectation (E) step constructs a log-likelihood function. Finding the parameters that maximize the anticipated log-likelihood, as determined in the E step, is the job of the maximization (M) phase. This study looked at how well the EM algorithm worked on a made-up compositional dataset with missing observations. It used both the robust least square version and ordinary least square regression techniques. The efficacy of the EM algorithm was compared with two alternative imputation techniques, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and mean imputation (), in terms of Aitchison distances and covariance.

Expectation-maximization (EM) Algorithm Based on IMM Filtering with Adaptive Noise Covariance

A novel method under the interactive multiple model (IMM) filtering framework is presented in this paper, in which the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is used to identify the process noise covariance Q online. For the existing IMM filtering theory, the matrix Q is determined by means of design experience, but Q is actually changed with the state of the maneuvering target. Meanwhile it is severely influenced by the environment around the target, i.e., it is a variable of time. Therefore, the experiential covariance Q can not represent the influence of state noise in the maneuvering process exactly. Firstly, it is assumed that the evolved state and the initial conditions of the system can be modeled by using Gaussian distribution, although the dynamic system is of a nonlinear measurement equation, and furthermore the EM algorithm based on IMM filtering with the Q identification online is proposed. Secondly, the truncated error analysis is performed. Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation results are given to show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms and the tracking precision for the maneuvering targets is improved efficiently.

基于EM-KF算法的微地震信号去噪方法

针对微地震信号能量较弱,噪声较强,使微地震弱信号难以提取问题,提出了一种基于EM-KF(Expectation Maximization Kalman Filter)的微地震信号去噪方法。通过建立一个符合微地震信号规律的状态空间模型,并利用EM(Expectation Maximization)算法获取卡尔曼滤波的参数最优解,结合卡尔曼滤波,可以有效地提升微地震信号的信噪比,同时保留有效信号。通过合成和真实数据实验结果表明,与传统的小波滤波和卡尔曼滤波相比,该方法具有更高的效率和更好的精度。

双边定时截尾下Pareto分布的参数的极大似然估计的EM算法

给出了当寿命分布为Pareto分布时,双边定时截尾寿命试验下形状参数的极大似然估计。由于似然方程形式较复杂,无法得到参数的显式表达式。但可证明此极大似然估计是唯一存在的,并利用EM算法求出了此参数的一种估计。

Asymptotic properties and expectation-maximization algorithm for maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters from Weibull-Logarithmic model

In this article, we consider a lifetime distribution, the Weibull-Logarithmic distri- bution introduced by [6]. We investigate some new statistical characterizations and properties. We develop the maximum likelihood inference using EM algorithm. Asymptotic properties of the MLEs are obtained and extensive simulations are conducted to assess the performance of parameter estimation. A numerical example is used to illustrate the application.

基于NBN-EM的地铁施工事故致因分析模型研究

地铁施工事故具有易发性且事故类型复杂多样,针对现有地铁施工事故分析方法多依赖于专家主观经验构建,且仅有较少方法对事故报告信息加以利用的问题,提出一种基于NBN-EM的地铁施工事故致因分析模型。首先,以搜集的2010—2021年间的223起事故报告为数据来源,采用统计学方法提取及筛选风险因素,进一步归纳建立事故致因分析的指标体系;其次,采用改进的朴素贝叶斯网络构建风险因素指标与事故类型关系的图形结构,同时分层随机抽样80%的数据为训练样本,借助EM算法和Netica软件进行数据学习,确定各节点的先验概率和条件概率参数;最后,通过贝叶斯网络推理和敏感性分析得到不同类型事故的关键致因排序,不同视角下的情景分析对风险因素组合作用下的事故发生概率和风险源识别进行了确定。研究结果表明:施工工法、施工方案内容、安全隐患排查分别为三个维度上造成事故发生的最重要因素,不同类型事故的关键风险因素具有差异性,应区别预控,模型测试验证方法的有效性,平均正确率为84.55%。

带有偏正态误差的众数回归模型最大似然估计的EM算法

经典的多元线性回归模型要求残差满足高斯-马尔柯夫假设(G-M),在实际生活中由于数据的随机性往往很难满足这个条件.利用Sahu等在2003年提出的偏正态分布来拓展经典的回归模型,给出了偏正态分布众数的近似表达式,建立了偏正态分布下均值和众数多元线性回归模型.在求解模型的参数估计时使用偏正态分布的分层表示构造EM算法.在M步统一给出两点步长梯度下降算法,同时也对均值模型给出显示迭代表达式.最后通过模拟分析以及实例来讨论两种回归模型的可行性.

Parallel Expectation-Maximization Algorithm for Large Databases

A new parallel expectation-maximization （EM） algorithm is proposed for large databases. The purpose of the algorithm is to accelerate the operation of the EM algorithm. As a well-known algorithm for estimation in generic statistical problems, the EM algorithm has been widely used in many domains. But it often requires significant computational resources. So it is needed to develop more elaborate methods to adapt the databases to a large number of records or large dimensionality. The parallel EM algorithm is based on partial Esteps which has the standard convergence guarantee of EM. The algorithm utilizes fully the advantage of parallel computation. It was confirmed that the algorithm obtains about 2.6 speedups in contrast with the standard EM algorithm through its application to large databases. The running time will decrease near linearly when the number of processors increasing.

基于高斯混合模型及EM算法的建筑工程数据预警治理方法

结合初期雨水调蓄大直径顶管工程的实际设计及施工经验,对软弱地层条件下长距离大直径平行双管曲线顶管在设计及施工过程中存在的重点难点问题进行总结,并对顶管过程中的顶力及管周摩阻力做了深入分析研究,有针对性地提出了相应的解决方案,使该顶管工程顺利贯通。建筑工程行业在现代社会中发挥着重要的经济和社会作用,然而,它也伴随着诸多风险和不确定性。为了有效地管理和预测这些风险,本文提出了一种基于高斯混合模型(GMM)和期望最大化(EM)算法的数据预警治理方法。该方法旨在通过对建筑工程数据的建模和分析,提前识别潜在的问题和风险,从而改善工程项目的管理和决策。

Modelling the Survival of Western Honey Bee Apis mellifera and the African Stingless Bee Meliponula ferruginea Using Semiparametric Marginal Proportional Hazards Mixture Cure Model

Classical survival analysis assumes all subjects will experience the event of interest, but in some cases, a portion of the population may never encounter the event. These survival methods further assume independent survival times, which is not valid for honey bees, which live in nests. The study introduces a semi-parametric marginal proportional hazards mixture cure (PHMC) model with exchangeable correlation structure, using generalized estimating equations for survival data analysis. The model was tested on clustered right-censored bees survival data with a cured fraction, where two bee species were subjected to different entomopathogens to test the effect of the entomopathogens on the survival of the bee species. The Expectation-Solution algorithm is used to estimate the parameters. The study notes a weak positive association between cure statuses (ρ1=0.0007) and survival times for uncured bees (ρ2=0.0890), emphasizing their importance. The odds of being uncured for A. mellifera is higher than the odds for species M. ferruginea. The bee species, A. mellifera are more susceptible to entomopathogens icipe 7, icipe 20, and icipe 69. The Cox-Snell residuals show that the proposed semiparametric PH model generally fits the data well as compared to model that assume independent correlation structure. Thus, the semi parametric marginal proportional hazards mixture cure is parsimonious model for correlated bees survival data.

SOQPSK-TG信号的EM半盲载波频偏估计

针对成形偏移四相相移键控-TG(Shaped Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying-Telemetry Group version,SOQPSK-TG)信号在训练序列长度受限时频偏估计精度较低的问题,利用双二进制分解(Doubinary Decomposition,DBD)原理提出基于期望最大化(Expectation Maximization,EM)的SOQPSK半盲载波频偏(Carrier Frequency Offset,CFO)估计算法。为了确保EM算法收敛到预期性能范围,使用基于非线性四次方码元定时估计算法的非数据辅助频偏估计方法优化了EM算法初始点选择。仿真实验结果表明,该算法相比于使用训练序列进行数据辅助估计的方法,在不增加辅助数据数量的前提下能够进一步提升CFO估计的精度,并在较高信噪比下拥有接近序列总长度所对应的克拉美罗界(Cramér-Rao Bound,CRB)的优秀性能。

FLIGHT DELAY STATE-SPACE MODEL BASED ON GENETIC EM ALGORITHM

Flight delay prediction remains an important research topic due to dynamic nature in flight operation and numerous delay factors.Dynamic data-driven application system in the control area can provide a solution to this problem.However,in order to apply the approach,a state-space flight delay model needs to be established to represent the relationship among system states,as well as the relationship between system states and input/output variables.Based on the analysis of delay event sequence in a single flight,a state-space mixture model is established and input variables in the model are studied.Case study is also carried out on historical flight delay data.In addition,the genetic expectation-maximization（EM）algorithm is used to obtain the global optimal estimates of parameters in the mixture model,and results fit the historical data.At last,the model is validated in Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.Results show that the model has reasonable goodness of fitting the data,and the search performance of traditional EM algorithm can be improved by using the genetic algorithm.

三参数Normal-Ogive模型参数估计的SAEM算法

Normal-Ogive模型是项目反应理论的代表性模型之一,其参数估计主要是基于MCMC抽样实现的,但MCMC抽样的不足是计算效率较低。针对这一问题,本文以混合模型(mixture model)的视角,通过变量扩充,提出三参数normalogive(3PNO)模型题目参数估计的随机逼近EM(stochastic approximation EM,简称SAEM)算法,并通过Monte Carlo模拟对SAEM算法的主要影响因素、计算效率、估计的返真性进行验证。模拟研究的结果表明:SAEM算法能够准确实现3PNO模型题目参数估计的计算,并且具有较高的计算效率,表现出优良的计算性质。

Research on Initialization on EM Algorithm Based on Gaussian Mixture Model

The EM algorithm is a very popular maximum likelihood estimation method, the iterative algorithm for solving the maximum likelihood estimator when the observation data is the incomplete data, but also is very effective algorithm to estimate the finite mixture model parameters. However, EM algorithm can not guarantee to find the global optimal solution, and often easy to fall into local optimal solution, so it is sensitive to the determination of initial value to iteration. Traditional EM algorithm select the initial value at random, we propose an improved method of selection of initial value. First, we use the k-nearest-neighbor method to delete outliers. Second, use the k-means to initialize the EM algorithm. Compare this method with the original random initial value method, numerical experiments show that the parameter estimation effect of the initialization of the EM algorithm is significantly better than the effect of the original EM algorithm.

An evolutionary particle filter based EM algorithm and its application

In this paper, an evolutionary recursive Bayesian estimation algorithm is presented, which incorporates the latest observation with a new proposal distribution, and the posterior state density is represented by a Gaussian mixture model that is recovered from the weighted particle set of the measurement update step by means of a weighted expectation-maximization algorithm. This step replaces the resampling stage needed by most particle filters and relieves the effect caused by sample impoverishment. A nonlinear tracking problem shows that this new approach outperforms other related particle filters.

LMMSE-based SAGE channel estimation and data detection joint algorithm for MIMO-OFDM system

A new channel estimation and data detection joint algorithm is proposed for multi-input multi-output （MIMO） - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） system using linear minimum mean square error （LMMSE）- based space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization （SAGE） algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, every sub-frame of the MIMO-OFDM system is divided into some OFDM sub-blocks and the LMMSE-based SAGE algorithm in each sub-block is used. At the head of each sub-flame, we insert training symbols which are used in the initial estimation at the beginning. Channel estimation of the previous sub-block is applied to the initial estimation in the current sub-block by the maximum-likelihood （ML） detection to update channel estimatjon and data detection by iteration until converge. Then all the sub-blocks can be finished in turn. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the bit error rate （BER） performance.

The Fuzzy Modeling Algorithm for Complex Systems Based on Stochastic Neural Network

A fuzzy modeling method for complex systems is studied. The notation of general stochastic neural network (GSNN) is presented and a new modeling method is given based on the combination of the modified Takagi and Sugeno's (MTS) fuzzy model and one-order GSNN. Using expectation-maximization(EM) algorithm, parameter estimation and model selection procedures are given. It avoids the shortcomings brought by other methods such as BP algorithm, when the number of parameters is large, BP algorithm is still difficult to apply directly without fine tuning and subjective tinkering. Finally, the simulated example demonstrates the effectiveness.

基于EM算法的组合导航系统容错方法

针对SINS/GPS组合导航系统中,GPS提供的量测信号存在容易受到干扰而导致滤波精度下降的问题,提出一种基于EM算法的组合导航系统容错方法。该方法对各个分量的量测噪声建立二维高斯混合模型,并引入一个指示变量表示量测值从异常分布中采样的概率。根据系统状态方程、上一时刻状态估计值以及当前时刻测量值,利用EM算法求解当前时刻量测真值的极大似然估计,并结合序贯滤波算法对每一个分量的量测值进行精细检测与修正。车载实验表明,该方法能够有效提高SINS/GPS组合导航系统在GPS信号异常情况下的融合精度与可靠性。

Passive Loss Inference in Wireless Sensor Networks Using EM Algorithm

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are mainly deployed for data acquisition, thus, the network performance can be passively measured by exploiting whether application data from various sensor nodes reach the sink. In this paper, therefore, we take into account the unique data aggregation communication paradigm of WSNs and model the problem of link loss rates inference as a Maximum-Likelihood Estimation problem. And we propose an inference algorithm based on the standard Expectation-Maximization (EM) techniques. Our algorithm is applicable not only to periodic data collection scenarios but to event detection scenarios. Finally, we validate the algorithm through simulations and it exhibits good performance and scalability.