Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.Howeve...Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.展开更多
Objective To analyze the changing trend of average medical expenses and structure in general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)hospitals and the effects and differences achieved by the two kinds of hospit...Objective To analyze the changing trend of average medical expenses and structure in general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)hospitals and the effects and differences achieved by the two kinds of hospitals through controlling unreasonable growth of medical expenses,so as to provide reference for controlling the rapid rise of medical cost in public hospitals and optimizing the cost structure.Methods Based on the changes of related indicators of medical expense control from 2012 to 2021,the overall characteristics,changes of cost structure and trends of medical expenses in general hospitals and TCM hospitals were investigated.Results and Conclusion From 2012 to 2021,the increase of medical expenses in general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine hospitals had slowed down,the proportion of drug revenue to medical income began to decline,and the medical service income increased.However,the proportion of inspection,test and sanitary materials income has increased instead of decreasing,but the management cost has decreased.The two kinds of hospitals have achieved certain cost control results,the structure of medical cost has changed greatly,and the technical service and labor value of medical personnel have been reflected to a certain extent.However,it is still necessary to explore a more scientific and reasonable cost control mechanism to promote the further optimization of medical cost structure.展开更多
This study presents an autoencoder-embedded optimization(AEO)algorithm which involves a bi-population cooperative strategy for medium-scale expensive problems(MEPs).A huge search space can be compressed to an informat...This study presents an autoencoder-embedded optimization(AEO)algorithm which involves a bi-population cooperative strategy for medium-scale expensive problems(MEPs).A huge search space can be compressed to an informative lowdimensional space by using an autoencoder as a dimension reduction tool.The search operation conducted in this low space facilitates the population with fast convergence towards the optima.To strike the balance between exploration and exploitation during optimization,two phases of a tailored teaching-learning-based optimization(TTLBO)are adopted to coevolve solutions in a distributed fashion,wherein one is assisted by an autoencoder and the other undergoes a regular evolutionary process.Also,a dynamic size adjustment scheme according to problem dimension and evolutionary progress is proposed to promote information exchange between these two phases and accelerate evolutionary convergence speed.The proposed algorithm is validated by testing benchmark functions with dimensions varying from 50 to 200.As indicated in our experiments,TTLBO is suitable for dealing with medium-scale problems and thus incorporated into the AEO framework as a base optimizer.Compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms for MEPs,AEO shows extraordinarily high efficiency for these challenging problems,t hus opening new directions for various evolutionary algorithms under AEO to tackle MEPs and greatly advancing the field of medium-scale computationally expensive optimization.展开更多
For many real-world multiobjective optimization problems,the evaluations of the objective functions are computationally expensive.Such problems are usually called expensive multiobjective optimization problems(EMOPs)....For many real-world multiobjective optimization problems,the evaluations of the objective functions are computationally expensive.Such problems are usually called expensive multiobjective optimization problems(EMOPs).One type of feasible approaches for EMOPs is to introduce the computationally efficient surrogates for reducing the number of function evaluations.Inspired from ensemble learning,this paper proposes a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm with an ensemble classifier(MOEA-EC)for EMOPs.More specifically,multiple decision tree models are used as an ensemble classifier for the pre-selection,which is be more helpful for further reducing the function evaluations of the solutions than using single inaccurate model.The extensive experimental studies have been conducted to verify the efficiency of MOEA-EC by comparing it with several advanced multiobjective expensive optimization algorithms.The experimental results show that MOEA-EC outperforms the compared algorithms.展开更多
If you’ve been shelling out for designer clothing in the hopes that it will be more durable than cheaper options, you might want to reconsider it. A new study from The University of Leeds suggests that low-cost cloth...If you’ve been shelling out for designer clothing in the hopes that it will be more durable than cheaper options, you might want to reconsider it. A new study from The University of Leeds suggests that low-cost clothing might actually outlast pricier pieces.展开更多
Objective To explore the influence of new drug R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises.Methods The financial statements of 76 listed biomedical enterprises for 5 consecutive y...Objective To explore the influence of new drug R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises.Methods The financial statements of 76 listed biomedical enterprises for 5 consecutive years were selected,and the data were modeled to study the effect of R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises by using financial indicators as tools and statistical methods of multiple linear regression.Results and Conclusion Under the premise that the weak related factors such as enterprise scale,life cycle and asset-liability ratio are set as unrelated variables,the R&D investment intensity of biomedical enterprises is negatively correlated with the current performance,which also shows that the R&D of biomedical enterprises has the characteristics of high risk.Besides,the influence of early R&D investment is delayed.However,the sales expense of leading biomedical enterprises with large scales have higher proportion.Meanwhile the greater sales expense of the same enterprise in different periods,the better the enterprise performance is.Biomedical enterprises should consider their own development stage to develop more patented drugs.Besides,they must formulate plans for allocating reasonable sales personnel and cost expense to ensure that enterprises can obtain better benefits.展开更多
骨质疏松及骨质疏松性骨折是一个全球性公共卫生问题,具有发病率高、致死致残率高、社会医疗负担重的特点。然而,全国性的骨质疏松性骨折的流行病学数据不足。我们利用中国城镇职工基础医疗保险(Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance...骨质疏松及骨质疏松性骨折是一个全球性公共卫生问题,具有发病率高、致死致残率高、社会医疗负担重的特点。然而,全国性的骨质疏松性骨折的流行病学数据不足。我们利用中国城镇职工基础医疗保险(Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance,UEBMI)和城镇居民基础医疗保险(Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance,URBMI)数据库对55岁(椎体骨折为50岁)及以上老年人群的髋部/椎体骨折进行了分析,并计算其发生率和医疗费用。研究共纳入190560例髋部骨折(女性121933例,男性68509例,平均年龄77.05岁)和271981例椎体骨折(女性186428例,男性85553例平均年龄70.26岁)。中国55岁及以上老年人群的髋部骨折发生率从2012年的148.75/10万缓慢下降到2016年的136.65/10万。中国50岁及以上老年人群的椎体骨折发生率从2013年的85.21/10万增加到2017年的152.13/10万。髋部骨折住院总费用五年间增长约4倍;椎体骨折的医疗费用则增长了5.45倍;无论髋部骨折还是椎体骨折,人均治疗费用稳步降低。中国城镇老年人群髋部骨折发生率达到了一个平台期,但椎体骨折发病率呈上升态势。与此同时,髋部骨折和椎体骨折的总人数和总相关医疗花费仍然在迅速增长。研究结果提示我们应更加重视骨质疏松症的管理和骨质疏松骨折的防控。展开更多
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72303086)the Leading Scientist Project of Qinghai Province, China (2023-NK-147)+1 种基金the Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering (2023-XY-28,2022-XY-139)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (lzujbky-2022-sp13)
文摘Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.
文摘Objective To analyze the changing trend of average medical expenses and structure in general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)hospitals and the effects and differences achieved by the two kinds of hospitals through controlling unreasonable growth of medical expenses,so as to provide reference for controlling the rapid rise of medical cost in public hospitals and optimizing the cost structure.Methods Based on the changes of related indicators of medical expense control from 2012 to 2021,the overall characteristics,changes of cost structure and trends of medical expenses in general hospitals and TCM hospitals were investigated.Results and Conclusion From 2012 to 2021,the increase of medical expenses in general hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine hospitals had slowed down,the proportion of drug revenue to medical income began to decline,and the medical service income increased.However,the proportion of inspection,test and sanitary materials income has increased instead of decreasing,but the management cost has decreased.The two kinds of hospitals have achieved certain cost control results,the structure of medical cost has changed greatly,and the technical service and labor value of medical personnel have been reflected to a certain extent.However,it is still necessary to explore a more scientific and reasonable cost control mechanism to promote the further optimization of medical cost structure.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72171172,62088101)in part by the Shanghai Science and Technology Major Special Project of Shanghai Development and Reform Commission(2021SHZDZX0100)+2 种基金in part by the Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology(19511132100,19511132101)in part by the China Scholarship Councilin part by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)at King Abdulaziz University(KAU),Jeddah,Saudi Arabia(FP-146-43)。
文摘This study presents an autoencoder-embedded optimization(AEO)algorithm which involves a bi-population cooperative strategy for medium-scale expensive problems(MEPs).A huge search space can be compressed to an informative lowdimensional space by using an autoencoder as a dimension reduction tool.The search operation conducted in this low space facilitates the population with fast convergence towards the optima.To strike the balance between exploration and exploitation during optimization,two phases of a tailored teaching-learning-based optimization(TTLBO)are adopted to coevolve solutions in a distributed fashion,wherein one is assisted by an autoencoder and the other undergoes a regular evolutionary process.Also,a dynamic size adjustment scheme according to problem dimension and evolutionary progress is proposed to promote information exchange between these two phases and accelerate evolutionary convergence speed.The proposed algorithm is validated by testing benchmark functions with dimensions varying from 50 to 200.As indicated in our experiments,TTLBO is suitable for dealing with medium-scale problems and thus incorporated into the AEO framework as a base optimizer.Compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms for MEPs,AEO shows extraordinarily high efficiency for these challenging problems,t hus opening new directions for various evolutionary algorithms under AEO to tackle MEPs and greatly advancing the field of medium-scale computationally expensive optimization.
文摘For many real-world multiobjective optimization problems,the evaluations of the objective functions are computationally expensive.Such problems are usually called expensive multiobjective optimization problems(EMOPs).One type of feasible approaches for EMOPs is to introduce the computationally efficient surrogates for reducing the number of function evaluations.Inspired from ensemble learning,this paper proposes a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm with an ensemble classifier(MOEA-EC)for EMOPs.More specifically,multiple decision tree models are used as an ensemble classifier for the pre-selection,which is be more helpful for further reducing the function evaluations of the solutions than using single inaccurate model.The extensive experimental studies have been conducted to verify the efficiency of MOEA-EC by comparing it with several advanced multiobjective expensive optimization algorithms.The experimental results show that MOEA-EC outperforms the compared algorithms.
文摘If you’ve been shelling out for designer clothing in the hopes that it will be more durable than cheaper options, you might want to reconsider it. A new study from The University of Leeds suggests that low-cost clothing might actually outlast pricier pieces.
文摘Objective To explore the influence of new drug R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises.Methods The financial statements of 76 listed biomedical enterprises for 5 consecutive years were selected,and the data were modeled to study the effect of R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises by using financial indicators as tools and statistical methods of multiple linear regression.Results and Conclusion Under the premise that the weak related factors such as enterprise scale,life cycle and asset-liability ratio are set as unrelated variables,the R&D investment intensity of biomedical enterprises is negatively correlated with the current performance,which also shows that the R&D of biomedical enterprises has the characteristics of high risk.Besides,the influence of early R&D investment is delayed.However,the sales expense of leading biomedical enterprises with large scales have higher proportion.Meanwhile the greater sales expense of the same enterprise in different periods,the better the enterprise performance is.Biomedical enterprises should consider their own development stage to develop more patented drugs.Besides,they must formulate plans for allocating reasonable sales personnel and cost expense to ensure that enterprises can obtain better benefits.
文摘骨质疏松及骨质疏松性骨折是一个全球性公共卫生问题,具有发病率高、致死致残率高、社会医疗负担重的特点。然而,全国性的骨质疏松性骨折的流行病学数据不足。我们利用中国城镇职工基础医疗保险(Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance,UEBMI)和城镇居民基础医疗保险(Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance,URBMI)数据库对55岁(椎体骨折为50岁)及以上老年人群的髋部/椎体骨折进行了分析,并计算其发生率和医疗费用。研究共纳入190560例髋部骨折(女性121933例,男性68509例,平均年龄77.05岁)和271981例椎体骨折(女性186428例,男性85553例平均年龄70.26岁)。中国55岁及以上老年人群的髋部骨折发生率从2012年的148.75/10万缓慢下降到2016年的136.65/10万。中国50岁及以上老年人群的椎体骨折发生率从2013年的85.21/10万增加到2017年的152.13/10万。髋部骨折住院总费用五年间增长约4倍;椎体骨折的医疗费用则增长了5.45倍;无论髋部骨折还是椎体骨折,人均治疗费用稳步降低。中国城镇老年人群髋部骨折发生率达到了一个平台期,但椎体骨折发病率呈上升态势。与此同时,髋部骨折和椎体骨折的总人数和总相关医疗花费仍然在迅速增长。研究结果提示我们应更加重视骨质疏松症的管理和骨质疏松骨折的防控。
