EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SWIRLING AND RECIRCULATING TWO-PHASE FLOW FIELD IN A COLD MODEL OF DUAL-INLET SUDDEN-EXPANSION COMBUSTOR

The axial and tangential velocities of gas and particle phases and particle concentration for turbulent swirling and recirculating gas-particle (simulating gas-droplet) flows in a cold model of a dual-inlet sudden-expansion combustor with partially tangential central tubes, proposed by the present authors, were measured by using a 2-D LDV system and a laser optic fiber system combined with a sampling probe. The results show that there are both gas and particle strongly reverse flows and swirling flows in the head part of the combustor. The velocity slip between gas and particle phases is remarkable. The particle concentration is higher near the wall and lower near the axis. There are two peaks in the concentration profiles near the inlet tubes. The above-obtained flow characteristics are favorable to ignition, flame stabilization and combustion. The results can also be used to validate the numerical modeling.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF TARGETING THERAPY OF GASTRIC CANCER WITH ^(131)-I LABELED McAbs

To investigate the radioimmunotherapeutic efficacy, radio-immunoconjugate 131-I-3G9, 811-I-3H11 and 131-I-NMIgG (irre levant antibody) were i.p. injected into nude mice bearing human gastric cancer xenograftes. Each animal received a single doses of 555MBq. Over 14 days the accumulative absorbed doses in tumors were 13.7 Gy for 131-I-3H11 and 12.17 Gy for 131-I-3G9. Both were significantly higher than that for 131-I-NMIgG (3.23 Gy). Thera peutic efficacy appeared most sharply from 2 to 3 weeks after injection. The inhibition ratio of tumor were 86% and 70% for 131-I-3H11 and 131-I-3G9 respectively. Histopathological evidance indicated that in tumor tissues radioactive damage was showed as karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis and necrosis or partial disappearance of tumor cells, while in the other tissues no radioactive damage was observed. WBC counts of all animals did not show significant difference before and after treatment, which indicated that the haemopoietic function of bone marrow was not affected.

PROGRESSES MADE IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS

Acomprehensive experiment on shallow water acoustics with the inseparable combination of the acoustical and oceanographic means, which is uncommon internationally, was conducted successfully in the Far Yellow Sea by a group of Chinese and U.S. scientists from August 21 to September 1,1996. The basic task of ocean acoustic research is to study the interaction between sound wave and ocean media, which includes exploring the laws of influence due to spatial and temporal variability of the ocean environment, such as ocean surface waves,inhomogeneity of sea water and sea bottom struc-

Numerical and Experimental Studies on the Effect of Axial Spacing on Hydrodynamic Performance of the Hybrid CRP Pod Propulsion System

The hydrodynamic performance of a hybrid CRP pod propulsion system was studied by RANS method with SST k ？？ turbulence model and sliding mesh. The effect of axial spacing on the hydrodynamic performance of the hybrid CRP pod propulsion system was investigated numerically and experimentally. It shows that RANS with the sliding mesh method and SST k -ω turbulence model predicts accurately the hydrodynamic performance of the hybrid CRP pod propulsion system. The axial spacing has little influence on the hydrodynamic performance of the forward propeller, but great influence on that of the pod unit. Thrust coefficient of the pod unit declines with the increase of the axial spacing, but the trend becomes weaker, and the decreasing amplitude at the lower advance coefficient is larger than that at the higher advance coefficient. The thrust coefficient and open water efficiency of the hybrid CRP pod propulsion system decrease with the increase of the axial spacing, while the torque coefficient keeps almost constant. On this basis, the design principle of axial spacing of the hybrid CRP pod propulsion system was proposed.

Experimental Studies of Microwave Reflection and Attenuation by Plasmas Produced by Burning Chemicals in Atmosphere

A series of chemicals are designed and prepared. With the method of thermodynamics, the average electron densities of the plasmas generated by burning chemicals are calculated. The reflection and attenuation of the microwaves, in a frequency band of 2 GHz to 15 GHz, by the plasma are measured. The results of measurements indicate that the plasma can absorb the energies of the microwaves in a broad band and reflect them faintly. Moreover, theoretical discussion reveals that the electron-neutral collision is the major factor that results in the absorption in the wide band. By using Appleton equations, average collision frequencies and electron densities are calculated from the attenuations of microwaves.

Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Performance of Hermetic Diaphragm Squeeze Film Dampers for Gas-Lubricated Bearings

Low damping characteristics have always been a key sticking points in the development of gas bearings.The application of squeeze film dampers can significantly improve the damping performance of gas lubricated bearings.This paper proposed a novel hermetic diaphragm squeeze film damper(HDSFD)for oil-free turbomachinery supported by gas lubricated bearings.Several types of HDSFDs with symmetrical structure were proposed for good damping performance.By considering the compressibility of the damper fluid,based on hydraulic fluid mechanics theory,a dynamic model of HDSFDs under medium is proposed,which successfully reflects the frequency dependence of force coefficients.Based on the dynamic model,the effects of damper fluid viscosity,bulk modulus of damper fluid,thickness of damper fluid film and plunger thickness on the dynamic stiffness and damping of HDSFDs were analyzed.An experimental test rig was assembled and series of experimental studies on HDSFDs were conducted.The damper fluid transverse flow is added to the existing HDSFD concept,which aims to make the dynamic force coefficients independent of frequency.Although the force coefficient is still frequency dependent,the damping coefficient at high frequency excitation with damper fluid supply twice as that without damper fluid supply.The results serve as a benchmark for the calibration of analytical tools under development.

Recent progresses in the development of tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells:Experimental and numerical study

Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)have attracted a great deal of interest because they have the highest efficiency without using any noble metal as catalysts among all the fuel cell technologies.However,traditional SOFCs suffer from having a higher volume,current leakage,complex connections,and difficulty in gas sealing.To solve these problems,Rolls-Royce has fabricated a simple design by stacking cells in series on an insulating porous support,resulting in the tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells(SIS-SOFCs),which achieved higher output voltage.This work systematically reviews recent advances in the structures,preparation methods,perform-ances,and stability of tubular SIS-SOFCs in experimental and numerical studies.Finally,the challenges and future development of tubular SIS-SOFCs are also discussed.The findings of this work can help guide the direction and inspire innovation of future development in this field.

Experimental Analysis of Radial Centrifugal Pump Shutdown

Centrifugal pumps are widely used in the metallurgy,coal,and building sectors.In order to study the hydraulic characteristics of a closed impeller centrifugal pump during its shutdown in the so-called power frequency and frequency conversion modes,experiments were carried to determine the characteristic evolution of parameters such as speed,inlet and outlet pressure,head,flow rate and shaft power.A quasi-steady-state method was also used to further investigate these transient behaviors.The results show that,compared to the power frequency input,the performance parameter curves for the frequency conversion input are less volatile and smoother.The characteristic time is longer and the response to shutdown is slower.The quasi-steady-state theoretical head-flow curves match the experimental head-flow curves more closely at low flow rates when the frequency conversion input is considered.Moreover,in this case,the similarity law predicts the hydraulic performance more accurately.

Experimental and Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Phenomena Induced by Submerged Oblique Jet Scouring

Scouring experiments were conducted using a three-dimensional laser scanning technology for angles of the jet spanning the interval from 0°to 30°,and the characteristics of the scour hole in equilibrium conditions were investigated accordingly.The results indicate that the optimal scouring effects occur when the jet angle is in the ranges between 15°and 20°.Moreover,the dimensionless profiles of the scour hole exhibit a high degree of similarity at different jet angles.Numerical simulations conducted using the Flow-3D software to investigate the bed shear stress along the jet impingement surface have shown that this stress is influenced by both the resultant force and the jet impingement surface area.It reaches its maximum value when the jet is vertical,decreases rapidly as the jet starts to tilt,then increases slightly,and decreases again significantly when the angle exceeds 20°.

Experimental studies on the Danxia landscape morphogenesis in Mt. Danxiashan, South China

The formation of Danxia landscapes is too slow to be observed in our life time and the paleoclimates in which Danxia landscapes developed are significantly different from the present. Thus, this study adopted experimental approaches to examine the lithological and paleoclimatic control on the formation of various landscape morphologies in the Mt. Danxiashan, South China. A total of 122 rock samples were collected from a range of Danxia landscape morphologies such as white spots, small and large through caves, honeycomb caves, horizontal grooves, natural bridges, stone pillars, and squama stones. Analyses of the collected samples were conducted in different kinds of experiments, including uniaxial mechanical strength testing; rock resistance against sulfuric acid erosion, freezing, and thawing; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry（XRF） analysis; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS） analysis; and identification analysis under a polarizing microscope. The results indicated that the formation of the various Danxia landscape morphologies could result from one or more of the following processes： differential erosion due to lithological difference, chemical dissolution and recrystallization, freezing and thawing actions, acid corrosion, weathering, lateral erosion of river flows, and tectonic uplifts. Water erosion in humid monsoon climate and the alternations of intensive freezing and thawing actions in the Quaternary glacial stages and the interglacial stages could have had great influences on the formation of Danxia landscape topographies.

Experimental studies of linear phased-array transmitter acoustic logging in cased wells with scaled borehole models

Laboratory cased-hole acoustic logging simulations are developed with the linear phased-array transmitter in scaled cased well models for evaluating the feasibility of extracting formation acoustic parameters through casing.The full waveforms are measured with different cement bonding models.By analyzing the measured wavetrains and the time-slowness correlation graphs,it is showed that when the generation conditions of the refracted compressional wave and the refracted shear wave are reached successively by regulating the direction of acoustic beam radiated from the linear phased-array transmitter,steered angle of the main radiation lobe with both good bonding interfaces.The refracted compressional wave and the refracted shear wave can be stimulated obviously and the casing wave can be suppressed effectively,even when the casing and cement（or the cement and formation） is not bonded.Based on these observations, it is worthwhile to apply the linear phased-array transmitter to determine formation velocities,particularly in poorly bonded cased well.The works establish the experimental and theoretical foundation for new generation cased-hole acoustic logging tool development.

Experimental studies on the vibration of perforated sheet

In the experiment we have measured the resonant frequencies of perforated sheets with perforation rates from 0.008 to 0.30. Compared those frequencies with the corresponding resonant frequencies of homogeneous, or un-perforated one we obtained an empirical relationship between the resonant frequency and perforation rate, which can be used for industrial purpose. We have also studied the change of vibrational energy distribution of perforated sheet related to that of homogeneous.

Experimental studies of nonlinear reflection on isotropic solid interface

Nonlinear reflection of SV shear wave at the isotropic solid-solid interfaces is experimentally studied. The reflected second harmonic SV shear wave is measured for glass-air,glass-iron, copper and aluminum interfaces. The relation of nonlinear reflective coefficient with the incident angle and linear as well as nonlinear characteristics of the materials is thoroughly investigated. Comparison of the experiment with the theory gives qualitatively agreement.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND NUMERICAL CALCULATION ON TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF WATER FLOW ALONG CURVED SURFACE

This paper will introduce experimental studies and numerical calculation on turbulent boundary layer of water flow along curved surface in our country in recent years.On the basis of the experimental studies,the effects of curvature and roughness on velocity distribution and pressure distribution and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer on overflow bucket concave surface is discussed.We proposed the empirical formula of velocity, pressure and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer on outlet bucket concave.According to the momentum principle,we have deduced the momentum integral equation full water depth boundary layer and using the element as control unit inside the boundary layer on concave surface of bucket.Combining with continuity equation,we have computed the boundary layer development on the bucket of a spillway.Compared with the field experimental data,the calculation results are available.Under polar coordinates,a mathematical model for simulating time-averaged flow characteristics in concave surface of bucket is established.The turbulent flow field on concave surface of bucket is calculated by SIMPLE method and this mathematical model.The flow velocity field,pressure field,distribution of turbulent kinetic energy, distribution of turbulent energy dissipating rate and distribution of shear stress are available.The calculation value is consistent with measured test data.

SOME EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERISTICS ON THE OVERFLOW DAM BY LDA

The velocity profiles at six different cross sections and the development of the boundary layer over the surface of the overflow dam are given.Based on the experimental data using laser fcchnique the boundary layer thickness expression is derived.The velocity distributions within the boundary layer nearby the bottom of the dam are ana- lyzed.The fluctuating pressure on the overflow dam is compared with the fluctuating velocity nearby the bottom of the dam.

Experimental studies of melt-peridotite reactions at 1–2 GPa and 1250–1400°C and their implications for transforming the nature of lithospheric mantle and for high-Mg signatures in adakitic rocks

Experiments of the melt-peridotite reaction at pressures of 1 and 2 GPa and temperatures of 1250–1400°C have been carried out to understand the nature of the peridotite xenoliths in the Mesozoic high-Mg diorites and basalts of the North China Craton,and further to elucidate the processes in which the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle in this region was transformed.We used Fuxin alkali basalt,Feixian alkali basalt,and Xu-Huai hornblende-garnet pyroxenite as starting materials for the reacting melts,and lherzolite xenoliths and synthesized harzburgite as starting materials for the lithospheric mantle.The experimental results indicate that:(1)the reactions between basaltic melts and lherzolite and harzburgite at 1–2 GPa and 1300–1400°C tended to dissolve pyroxene and precipitate low-Mg#olivine(Mg#=83.6–89.3),forming sequences of dunite-lherzolite(D-L)and duniteharzburgite(D-H),respectively;(2)reactions between hornblende-garnet pyroxenite and lherzolite at 1 GPa and 1250°C formed a D-H sequence,whereas reactions at 2 GPa and 1350°C formed orthopyroxenite layers and lherzolite;and(3)the reaction between a partial melt of hornblende-garnet pyroxenite and harzburgite resulted in a layer of orthopyroxenite at the boundary of the pyroxenite and harzburgite.The reacted melts have higher MgO abundances than the starting melts,demonstrating that the melt-peridotite reactions are responsible for the high-Mg#signatures of andesites or adakitic rocks.Our experimental results support the proposition that the abundant peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in western Shandong and the southern Taihang Mountains might have experienced multiple modifications in reaction to a variety of melts.We suggest that melt-peridotite reactions played important roles in transforming the nature of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle in the region of the North China Craton.

Experimental studies of water hammer in propellant feed system of reaction control system

Water hammer pressure transient produces large dynamic forces which can damage the pipes and other assemblies in the feed line of a reaction control system(RCS).It has led to the failure of pressure transducers monitoring the manifold pressure in the feed line of RCS.Therefore,water hammer studies have been carried out to understand its effect in feed line.Feedline system has been simplified to develop a mathematical model and experiments have been carried out at extensive levels.The mathematical model was developed considering pipe of uniform c/s and moving liquid-gas interface.The experimental studies have been done using water as working medium instead of actual propellant.The studies showed that rate of pressurization have a very critical role on the water hammer amplitude.Sensitivity studies have been also carried out to study the effect of density,friction and initial liquid column length on water hammer amplitude.

The scaling laws of cabin structures subjected to internal blast loading:Experimental and numerical studies

This paper presents a combination of experimental and numerical investigations on the dynamic response of scaling cabin structures under internal blast loading.The purpose of this study is to modify the similar relationship between the scaled-down model and the prototype of the cabin structures under internal blast loading.According to the Hopkinson’s scaling law,three sets of cabin structure models with different scaling factors combined with different explosive masses were designed for the experimental study.The dynamic deformation process of the models was recorded by a three-dimensional digital imaging correlation(DIC)method and a 3D scanning technology was used to reconstruct the deformation modes of the specimen.In addition,a finite element model was developed for the modification of the scaling law.The experimental results showed that the final deflection-to-thickness ratio was increased with the increase of the model size despite of the similar trend of their deformation processes.The reason for this inconsistency was discussed based on the traditional scaling law and a modified formula considering of the effects of size and strain-rate was provided.

Pharmacological and immunological effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma japonicum:a scoping review of experimental studies

Background:Chemotherapy for schistosomiasis has been around for 100 years.During the past century,great efforts have been made to develop new antischistosomal drugs from antimonials to nonantimonials,and some of these have been used extensively in clinical treatment.With the exception of a few drugs,such as oxamniquine and metrifonate,most of the antischistosomals developed in the pre-praziquantel period have variable limitations with respect to safety and efficacy.Although oxamniquine and metrifonate have been used for schistosomiasis control,they are only effective against Schistosoma mansoni and S.haematobium,respectively.Currently,praziquantel is the only drug used for treatment of all five species of human schistosomes.In this review,the pharmacological and immunological effects of praziquantel against S.japonicum are summarized and discussed.Main text:From the end of the 1970s until the 2000s,scientists have conducted a series of experimental studies on the effects of praziquantel against S.japonicum.These have included examining its unique pharmacological action on schistosomes,the characteristics in susceptibility of the different developmental stages of schistosomes to the drug,the relationship between plasma concentration of the drug and efficacy,the impact of host factors on cidal action of the drug,prevention and early treatment of schistosomal infection,as well as praziquantel-resistant schistosomiasis.Conclusion:The effects of praziquantel against S.japonicum,as elucidated by the experimental studies that are reviewed in this paper,may have some reference significance for the development of new antischistosomals.