PREFERENCE AND EVOLUTION IN THE ITERATED PRISONER'S DILEMMA

Game theory is extensively used to study strategy-making and actions of play- ers. The authors proposed an analysis method for study the evolutionary outcome and behaviors of players with preference in iterated prisoner＇s dilemma. In this article, a preference parameter k was introduced in the payoff matrix, wherein the value of k denotes the player＇s degree of egoism and altruism （preference）. Then, a game-theoretic dynamical model was formulated using Birth-and-Death process. The authors studied how preference influences the evolutionary equilibrium and behaviors of players. The authors get the general results： egoism leads to defection, and altruism can make players build trust and maintain cooperation, and so, the hope of the Pareto optimal solution. In the end, the simulation experiments proved the efficiency of the method.

Do inflammatory bowel disease patient preferences from treatment outcomes differ by ethnicity and gender?A cross-sectional observational study

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)patients’expectations of treatment outcomes may differ by ethnicity.AIM To investigate treatment preferences of Jewish and Arabs patients.METHODS This prospective survey ranked outcomes treatment preferences among Arab IBD patients,based on the 10 IBD-disk items compared to historical data of Jews.An anonymous questionnaire in either Arabic or Hebrew was distributed among IBD patients.Patients were required to rank 10 statements describing different aspects of IBD according to their importance to the patients as treatment goals.Answers were compared to the answers of a historical group of Jewish patients.RESULTS IBD-disk items of 121 Arabs were compared to 240 Jewish patients.The Jewish patients included more females,[151(62.9%)vs 52(43.3%);P<0.001],higher education level(P=0.02),more urban residence[188(78.3%)vs 54(45.4%);P<0.001],less unemployment[52(21.7%)vs 41(33.9%);P=0.012],higher income level(P<0.001),and more in a partnership[162(67.8%)vs 55(45.4%);P<0.001].Expectations regarding disease symptoms:abdominal pain,energy,and regular defecation ranked highest for both groups.Arabs gave significantly lower rankings(range 4.29-6.69)than Jewish patients(range 6.25-9.03)regarding all items,except for body image.Compared to Arab women,Jewish women attached higher priority to abdominal pain,energy,education/work,sleep,and joint pain.Multivariable regression analysis revealed that higher patient preferences were associated with Jewish ethnicity(OR 4.77;95%CI 2.36-9.61,P<0.001)and disease activity.The more active the disease,the greater the odds ratio for higher ranking of the questionnaire items(1-2 attacks per year:OR 2.13;95%CI 1.02-4.45,P=0.043;and primarily active disease:OR 5.29;95%CI 2.30-12.18,P<0.001).Factors inversely associated with higher patient preference were male gender(OR 0.5;95%CI 0.271-0.935,P=0.030),UC(OR 0.444;95%CI 0.241-0.819,P=0.009),and above average income level(OR 0.267;95%CI:0.124-0.577,P=0.001).CONCLUSION The highest priority for treatment outcomes was symptom relief.,Patients preferences were impacted by ethnicity,gender,and socio-economic disparity.Understanding patients'priorities may improve communication and enable a personalized approach.

Application Research of Ingroup Preference in Employee Relationship Management

With stepwise development of Chinese enterprise,management problem is increasingly prominent,especially human resource management issues. Facing international environment of entering into World Trade Organization,the country accelerates construction pace of human resource management subject in colleges and universities,which provides professional channel for management efficiency and market competition ability of Chinese enterprise,but it is still far from practice. In this paper,the concept,origin and inhibition factors of ingroup preference are elaborated. Based on the visual angle of ingroup preference,started from four dimensions( enterprise incentive system,talent management idea,psychological contract and employee communication consciousness),main problems existing in employee relationship management of modern enterprise are explored. It is specially emphasized that manager often holds the blame in front of dealing with the crisis after contradiction,which is " fatal point" neglected in employee relationship management of modern enterprise. To improve its core competitive power,enterprise must value harmonious relationship with employees.

Multi-national observational study to assess quality of life and treatment preferences in patients with Crohn’s perianal fistulas

BACKGROUND Patients with Crohn’s disease(CD)are at risk of developing complications such as perianal fistulas.Patients with Crohn’s perianal fistulas(CPF)are affected by fecal incontinence(FI),bleeding,pain,swelling,and purulent perianal discharge,and METHODS This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in patients with CD aged 21-90 years via a web-enabled questionnaire in seven countries(April-August 2021).Patients were recruited into three cohorts:Cohort 1 included patients without perianal fistulas;cohort 2 included patients with perianal fistulas without fistula-related surgery;and cohort 3 included patients with perianal fistulas and fistula-related surgery.Validated patient-reported outcome measures were used to assess quality of life.Drivers of treatment preferences were measured using a discrete choice experiment(DCE).RESULTS In total,929 patients were recruited(cohort 1,n=620;cohort 2,n=174;cohort 3,n=135).Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores were worse for patients with CPF(cohorts 2 and 3)than for those with CD without CPF(cohort 1):Mean score 3.8 and 3.7 vs 4.1,respectively,(P<0.001).Similarly,mean Revised FI and FI Quality of Life scores were worse for patients with CPF than for those with CD without CPF.Quality of Life with Anal Fistula scores were similar in patients with CPF with or without CPF-related surgery(cohorts 2 and 3):Mean score 41 and 42,respectively.In the DCE,postoperative discomfort and fistula healing rate were the most important treatment attributes influencing treatment choice:Mean relative importance 35.7 and 24.7,respectively.CONCLUSION The burden of illness in CD is significantly higher for patients with CPF and patients rate lower postoperative discomfort and higher healing rates as the most desirable treatment attributes.

Expert panel’s guideline on cervicogenic headache:The Chinese Association for the Study of Pain recommendation

Cervicogenic headache(CEH)has been recognized as a unique category of headache that can be difficult to diagnose and treat.In China,CEH patients are managed by many different specialties,and the treatment plans remain controversial.Therefore,there is a great need for comprehensive evidence-based Chinese experts’recommendations for the management of CEH.The Chinese Association for the Study of Pain asked an expert panel to develop recommendations for a series of questions that are essential for daily clinical management of patients with CEH.A group of multidisciplinary Chinese Association for the Study of Pain experts identified the clinically relevant topics in CEH.A systematic review of the literature was performed,and evidence supporting the benefits and harms for the management of CEH was summarized.Twenty-four recommendations were finally developed through expert consensus voting for evidence quality and recommendation strength.We hope this guideline provides direction for clinicians and patients making treatment decisions for the management of CEH.

Prioritizing sustainable development goals and linking them to ecosystem services:A global expert’s knowledge evaluation

The implementation of strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)is frequently hindered by potential trade-offs between priorities for either environmental protection or human well-being.However,ecosystem services(ES)-based solutions can offer possible co-benefits for SDGs implementation that are often overlooked or underexploited.In this study,we cover this gap and investigate how experts from different countries value the SDGs and relate them with ES.A total of 66 countries participated to the survey,and answers were grouped into three macro-regions:Asia;Europe,North America,and Oceania(ENO);Latin America,Caribbean and Africa(LA).Results show that the most prioritized SDGs in the three macro-regions are usually those related to essential material needs and environmental conditions,such as SDG2(Zero Hunger),SDG1(No Poverty),and SDG6(Clean Water).At a global scale,the number of prioritized synergies between SDGs and ES largely exceeded trade-offs.The highest amount of synergies was observed for SDG1(No Poverty),mainly with SDG2,SDG3(Good Health),SDG5(Gender Equality),and SDG8(Economic Growth).Other major synergies among SDGs include SDG14-15(Life below water-Life on land),SDG5-10(Gender Equity-Reduced Inequality),and SDG1-2(No poverty-Zero Hunger).At a global scale,SDG15,SDG13,SDG14,and SDG6 were closely related to ES like climate regulation,freshwater,food,water purification,biodiversity,and education.SDG11(Sustainable Cities)and SDG3 were also relevant in Asia and in LA,respectively.Overall,this study shows the potential to couple future policies that can implement SDGs’strategies while adopting ES-based solutions in different regions of the world.

关于CodeWarriorProcessorExpert的简要说明

文章首先介绍了CodeWarrior Processor Expert程序设计的概念，接着将其与传统程序设计进行比较，并分析了其优点，然后介绍了PE的运行界面，最后提供了2个PE程序设计实例。

Feeding a Need A Chinese agricultural expert popularizes ecological livestock farming in Sao Toméand Príncipe

Toyamara Da Vera Cruz is all ears when Peng Yansen, her teacher, glves instructions. Although she has extensive experience in farming herself. coming from a long line of livestock breeders, Cruz is now learning a new skill from Peng.

专家控制-改进S面算法在近水面航行器运动控制中的应用研究

[目的]旨在提高舵板响应速度和效率,以满足近水面航行器在静水及波浪干扰下的深度保持和姿态控制要求。[方法]在S面算法的基础上,提出一种具有更快收敛速度的改进S面控制算法,并与专家智能控制相结合,建立闭环专家控制-改进S面算法的混合控制模型,构建混合算法控制器。对比分析PID算法、S面算法、改进S面算法以及专家控制-改进S面算法在近水面航行器航行深度、姿态控制间的差异,并进行波浪干扰下的运动预报。[结果]预报结果表明:改进S面算法在静水航行控制中可提高收敛速度,波浪干扰下可降低纵摇幅度;专家控制-改进S面算法能够提高舵的控制效率,在静水中快速实现航行状态稳定转换,在波浪中有效降低近水面航行器垂荡和纵摇幅值30%以上。[结论]所提专家控制-改进S面算法对近水面航行器运动稳定性的提高适用性良好。

基于D-S证据理论的地震应急救援群决策

为解决地震应急救援群决策中专家偏好冲突问题,提出一种基于登普斯特-沙弗尔(DS)证据理论的专家偏好型应急救援群决策方法。首先,考虑方案执行时间和方案资源的客观属性以及专家的主观偏好,在传统地震救援群决策过程基础上,设计改进的专家偏好型群决策过程;然后,借鉴应急协商模型,设计考虑方案执行时间和资源的偏好函数,基于三角模糊数定义专家主观偏好程度,并运用D-S证据理论综合专家偏好度作方案选择;最后,以2017年九寨沟地震为试验算例,开展方法对比性试验和偏好敏感性试验。结果表明:与仅考虑方案执行时间和资源或基于三角模糊偏好相比,考虑方案执行时间和资源偏好的决策方案更能满足实际地震应急救援需求,且专家的平衡性偏好更有利于地震应急救援方案的正确选择。

B/S模式的水稻病虫害诊断专家系统研究

B/S模式的水稻病虫害诊断专家系统,采用ASP.NET编程技术,且融合专家系统、网络信息系统、多媒体技术等理论,系统主要包括水稻病虫害诊断模块、病虫害防治专业知识模块和专家与用户交流BBS平台等模块,用户通过互联网即可使用该系统,具有使用方便、通用性强等特点。

基于S变换的电压凹陷分类专家系统

提出了基于时频分析方法S变换的电压凹陷分类专家系统。分析了由故障、故障自清除、变压器激磁和感应电机启动等原因引起的电压凹陷在三相幅值凹凸性、谐波含量、幅值突变次数和相位跳变等方面的不同特征,利用S变换良好的时频分析能力提取并量化这些特征信息,并引入了幅度因子、谐波增量、幅值突变次数和最大相位增量等指标,由此建立专家系统推理算法和判别规则。采用二十进制转换分类方式输出分类结果。给出了对多级电压凹陷进行简单判别的方法。通过仿真和实际算例验证,该专家系统可对所考查的电压凹陷进行准确分类判别。

基于C/S+B/S双模式的分布式远程诊断专家系统

分布式远程诊断专家系统(DRFDES)是故障诊断领域的发展趋势之一。为此文章深入研究了其工作原理、实现的硬软件结构及工作过程,分析了Web数据库的体系的两层C/S结构和三层B/S结构及其在DRFDES中的优缺点,在该基础上提出了一种基于C/S和B/S混合模式的数据库体系的分布式远程故障诊断专家系统,探讨了故障诊断知识库的更新模式,并对分布式远程诊断专家系统实现的理论基础和关键技术进行了研究。

CCS全流程示范技术组合专家偏好研究

CO2捕集和封存技术(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)作为我国应对气候变化三大措施之一,是重要的战略技术储备。目前我国CCS主要是以政府引导、联合开展示范性工程为主,而CCS全流程示范涉及内部各要素的选择和组合问题。为更好地统筹规划CCS全流程技术示范,亟需从现有技术成熟度、我国技术掌握水平、技术发展前景以及成本、风险、目标一致性、技术涵盖性、现实性等方面选取合适的CCS技术组合。本研究通过问卷调查和面对面访谈的方式对140位专家关于CCS全流程示范技术的偏好进行研究,采用联合分析法,分析专家对CCS技术的接受和偏好程度。结果表明,专家认为封存方式是CCS技术发展中最重要的因素,其次是捕集方式和运输方式。同时我们发现,来自不同部门的专家对CCS技术发展的看法不太一样。最后,通过分析筛选出近10种全流程CCS技术组合。

基于T-S模糊故障树的受电弓系统可靠性分析

针对动车组受电弓故障统计中历史故障数据的多源异构和数据缺失等问题,同时考虑到受电弓故障的多态性,提出了以信心指数修正的专家调查法结合T-S模糊故障树,对受电弓可靠性进行分析。首先构建动车组受电弓系统的T-S模糊故障树;再对故障树基本事件进行基于信心指数修正的专家调查,得出基本事件模糊故障率;然后根据基本事件模糊故障率计算顶事件模糊可能性和基本事件模糊重要度;最后根据模糊重要度分析系统不同故障状态时影响其可靠性的薄弱环节。该分析结果与动车组的实际情况相符,可为受电弓系统的检修提供参考。

D-S证据理论在作战效能评估中的应用

针对如何利用多数据源来评估武器装备作战效能的问题进行研究,分别对专家评估和仿真试验这两种信息源的m ass函数建立模型。在此基础上,利用D-S合成公式对不同指标进行综合,最终得到评估装备的作战效能。利用这种评估方法,分别对4种方案下的雷达系统进行评估,结果表明该方法符合评估实际,对多数据源的评估有一定的借鉴意义。

基于TOPSIS的出行方案评价指标权重的确定方法

旅客出行偏好选择问题是旅客出行行为分析理论的一个重要部分,而旅客对出行方案的选择是基于对各种方案的评价指标的综合分析.但旅客对各评价指标的侧重程度,即属性权重的计算,目前常用方法都有一定的局限性.本文以旅客出行偏好选择为背景,借助多指标评价方法TOPSIS的评价准则,以实际的大规模旅客调查数据为基础,分析、确定旅客对出行方案各属性指标的权重,为旅客出行行为分析提供重要、客观、可靠的依据.经过实例验证,证明了该方法的有效性,并将计算结果代入多项Logit模型,进一步验证了计算结果的合理性.此外,该方法计算简便、易于实现,对于各种交通方式下的旅客出行偏好选择问题具有普遍适用性.

基于B/S模式的评标专家库系统平台建设规划

传统的招投标过程难以防止不正当交易和腐败现象 ,将计算机网络技术和招投标工作相结合 ,建立评标专家库系统平台 ,能够促进招投标工作的透明化、标准化、制度化和科学化 ,文中讨论基于B/S模式 ,提出评标专家库系统平台建设的基本思路和方法。