The development of the medicinal trade and markets in late imperial China increased anxiety among scholarly physicians about the authenticity of medicines.Even though the market was typically depicted by scholarly phy...The development of the medicinal trade and markets in late imperial China increased anxiety among scholarly physicians about the authenticity of medicines.Even though the market was typically depicted by scholarly physicians as a place full of tricks and deceptions,it was a repertoire where practical knowledge about authentication was created and circulated.The specialized knowledge was mainly transmitted through oral tradition.But in some instances,it was also written down by scholarly physicians or merchants,allowing us to reconstruct the techniques and their underlying rationales.Authentication of medicines mobilized multiple sensory perceptions of the human body,consisting of observing,tasting,smelling,touching,and performing small tests.All these techniques played different roles in the practice of authentication.Even though these sensory techniques seemed like a collection of trivial and practical records without any coherent rationales,an underlying episteme could be detected through a close investigation.Merchants and practitioners in the market did not understand the nature and materiality of medicines by any established theories.Instead,they actively engaged with the tangible form of medicines through the senses and bodily techniques.This sensory form of knowing indicates a type of practical expertise that is distant from the scholarly tradition of materia medica in late imperial China.展开更多
BACKGROUND Needle-knife fistulotomy(NKF)is used as a rescue technique for difficult cannulation.However,the data are limited regarding the use of NKF for primary biliary cannulation,especially when performed by beginn...BACKGROUND Needle-knife fistulotomy(NKF)is used as a rescue technique for difficult cannulation.However,the data are limited regarding the use of NKF for primary biliary cannulation,especially when performed by beginners.AIM To assess the effectiveness and safety of primary NKF for biliary cannulation,and the role of the endoscopist’s expertise level(beginner vs expert).METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the records of 542 patients with naïve prominent bulging papilla and no history of pancreatitis,who underwent bile duct cannulation at a tertiary referral center.The patients were categorized according to the endoscopist’s expertise level and the technique used for bile duct cannulation.We assessed the rates of successful cannulation and adverse events.RESULTS The baseline characteristics did not differ between the experienced and lessexperienced endoscopists.The incidence rate of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)pancreatitis(PEP)was significantly affected by the endoscopist’s expertise level in patients who received conventional cannulation with sphincterotomy(8.9%vs 3.4%for beginner vs expert,P=0.039),but not in those who received NKF.In the multivariable analysis,a lower expertise level of the biliary endoscopist(P=0.037)and longer total procedure time(P=0.026)were significant risk factor of PEP in patients who received conventional cannulation with sphincterotomy but only total procedure time(P=0.004)was significant risk factor of PEP in those who received NKF.CONCLUSION Primary NKF was effective and safe in patients with prominent and bulging ampulla,even when performed by less-experienced endoscopist.We need to confirm which level of endoscopist’s experience is needed for primary NKF through prospective randomized study.展开更多
In this article , we report 139 autopsy cases of medical tangle , which were examined by the Department of Forensic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tongji Medical University from Jan. 1972 to Dec. 1992.The emphasis is...In this article , we report 139 autopsy cases of medical tangle , which were examined by the Department of Forensic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tongji Medical University from Jan. 1972 to Dec. 1992.The emphasis is put on analyses of the status of medical tangle autopsy in forensic pathology, involved medical departments , distribution of victim's age and sex , differences between clinical diagnosis and autoptical conclusion, the composition and causes of medical tangle. The associated problems in forensic pathological autopsy are also discussed.展开更多
In this study, the authors describe the profile of people seen in criminal psychiatric expertise in northern Benin and their results. It covered the 138 psychiatric assessments carried out as part of criminal proceedi...In this study, the authors describe the profile of people seen in criminal psychiatric expertise in northern Benin and their results. It covered the 138 psychiatric assessments carried out as part of criminal proceedings in the years 2017 and 2018. Expertises were on men in 94.9% of the cases. They were over 30 years old in 66.2% of cases. They were prosecuted for blood crimes in 89.5% of cases. The defendants were in detention at the time of the expert in 87.5% of cases. Psychiatric experts diagnosed a psychiatric disorder in 22.8% of cases. There was a relationship between the identified psychiatric disorder and the offense that motivated the charge in 25.8% of the mental disorder cases. It was exclusively cases of psychotic disorders. There was an abolition of discernment in 3.8% of the accused.展开更多
Background: The status of inquisition by the nursing students shall be determined as it will be utilized as a tool to measure their clinical performance expertise as future nursing practitioners. The element of scient...Background: The status of inquisition by the nursing students shall be determined as it will be utilized as a tool to measure their clinical performance expertise as future nursing practitioners. The element of scientific inquiry is essential in providing standard fillers to give meaning to the various practical nursing gaps in the actual field, the hospital ward to be specific. Objective: This research study aims to establish the level of scientific inquiry and clinical performance of undergraduate Arab nursing students. Methods: The researcher utilized descriptive-correlational study as the research design. This is a descriptive study because it describes the level of scientific inquiry and level of clinical performance of the undergraduate Arab nursing students. Results: The finding of the study is that “the majority of the Arab student nurses demonstrate a guided inquiry in their scientific inquiry level”. Most of the Arab student nurses demonstrate a guided inquiry (?= 2.74, SD ± 0.99) in terms of their level of scientific inquiry. Largely, the Arab student nurses have proficient level in their level of clinical performance (?= 87.32, SD ± 12.36). Regression analysis revealed a no significant relationship (r2 = 0.57;adjusted r2 = 0.57;p > 0.005) between the level of scientific inquiry and clinical performance among Arab student nurses. Conclusions: The study concluded that the majority of the Arab student nurses demonstrated a guided inquiry in their scientific inquiry level and a moderately proficient level of clinical performance. Furthermore, the study concluded that the level of scientific inquiry was not significantly related to clinical performance.展开更多
An Expertise Management ontology (EMont) is presented with which human expertise is captured. EMont aims at describing and collectively finding improvements for complex situations in which people interact with often c...An Expertise Management ontology (EMont) is presented with which human expertise is captured. EMont aims at describing and collectively finding improvements for complex situations in which people interact with often conflicting worldviews in order to achieve goals, shared or not. EMont is rooted in systems thinking, in particular Soft Systems Methodology, to be able to accommodate stakeholders’ worldviews and activities in complex situations. Its purpose is to model human activity systems, which is illustrated with the help of a complex situation. EMont forms the heart of the Expertise Management Methodology (EMM). This methodology can be regarded as a framework to build bodies of knowledge for particular domains systematically. EMM favors a research process of abduction. By studying one or more situations, generalized models are developed that explain the observed phenomenon best. The models are then taken as a starting point to conduct additional studies. This cyclic process is repeated thereby strengthening the models. EMont has been applied in several, diverse domains such as flood protection, health care and community resilience, over a period of more than four years. In our experience, EMont is a stable ontology, well-suited to capture human activities and identify widely supported solutions for complex situations, and has proven its value in practice. EMont has been implemented in Semantic Media Wiki to publish bodies of knowledge on the web.展开更多
Crisscrossing rivers,coastal scenery,cashew nuts and warmhearted people-all these metaphors can be used to describe Mozambique.In June 1975,China established diplomatic relations with Mozambique,which have developed i...Crisscrossing rivers,coastal scenery,cashew nuts and warmhearted people-all these metaphors can be used to describe Mozambique.In June 1975,China established diplomatic relations with Mozambique,which have developed in an all-round way over the past decades.The Maputo Bridge.展开更多
The editors of Deep Underground Science and Engineering wish to extend our deepest thanks to the following peer reviewers in 2022 and 2023.We are grateful to their contributions of their time and expertise to improve ...The editors of Deep Underground Science and Engineering wish to extend our deepest thanks to the following peer reviewers in 2022 and 2023.We are grateful to their contributions of their time and expertise to improve the quality of Deep Underground Science and Engineering.We have made every effort to ensure that all ad hoc reviewers are correctly listed.Our apologies are given to those whose names were unwittingly misspelled or omitted.展开更多
This study adopts a historical and cultural approach to interactions(Bernié,2012)in order to propose a comparative analysis of the work of physical education(PE)teachers,focusing on team sport specialists and non...This study adopts a historical and cultural approach to interactions(Bernié,2012)in order to propose a comparative analysis of the work of physical education(PE)teachers,focusing on team sport specialists and non-specialists and their teaching of handball in a school environment.Our goal is to understand the modes of language employed by teachers in the regulatory phase of the learning process.Our hypothesis is that the sporting specialization of teachers influences their use of language in terms of both form(speech acts)and content.The aim of this study is to use linguistic analysis as a means of better understanding the regulating actions deployed by PE teachers when teaching handball in a French middle school.展开更多
The great number of drugs and their variety have increased the potential of therapy but increased the risks of crimes related to the production,sale,and use of medicines.The prosecution of such crimes requires pharmac...The great number of drugs and their variety have increased the potential of therapy but increased the risks of crimes related to the production,sale,and use of medicines.The prosecution of such crimes requires pharmaceutical or pharmacological expertise.The development of forensic pharmacy and forensic pharmacology is relevant and needs consideration of their modern capabilities.The purpose of the work is to analyze literature data on the scientific basis of forensic pharmaceutical and pharmacological expertise and their modern possibilities.The texts of articles,book chapters,and websites were studied using keywords relevant to the purpose of the review.It is shown,that modern forensic pharmaceutical expertise is a separate type of expertise that focuses on the study of drugs and documents that regulate the production,distribution,and quality of medicines.It uses the latest analytical methods of pharmacy.A pharmacologist analyzes body fluids and tissues and interprets the resulting data to help courts and investigators assess the role of a drug in the person’s behavior,illness,injury,or death.The range of issues included in the pharmacological examination is fully within the competence of the forensic medical examination,which can be appointed in civil cases or criminal proceedings connected with harm to health or death.Forensic pharmacology is not the same as forensic toxicology or pharmacovigilance and requires a separate approach based on purely pharmacological knowledge.展开更多
The present problems of bilingual teaching in local colleges in west China and are analyzed,and the countermeasures also are presented.The aim is to carry out bilingual teaching well in local colleges in west China.
Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review, a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Biological Chemistry. The
Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Biological Chemistry.The
Preliminary Review The first step in manuscript evaluation is a general examination by the editorial staff if the submitted manuscript falls in the scope of the journal concerning subject scope,archival editorial styl...Preliminary Review The first step in manuscript evaluation is a general examination by the editorial staff if the submitted manuscript falls in the scope of the journal concerning subject scope,archival editorial style,organization of materials,topical importance,timeliness,relationship to prior publication,conciseness,appropriate references,English proficiency,and length.In the case of need,opinion from an editor-in-chief is referred.展开更多
The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare;military personnel receive training on effective search strategies,and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key co...The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare;military personnel receive training on effective search strategies,and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy.Previous methods of camouflage assessment have,amongst others,used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics.However,the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined,or necessarily appropriate.In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task,and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians.We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm,with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green,Multi Terrain Pattern,US Marine Pattern or,as a conspicuous control,UN Peacekeeper Blue.Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment.We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times,task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.展开更多
基金funded by the project“宋元以来中医知识的演变与现代中医的形成”(The Evolution of TCM Knowledge Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties and the Formation of Modern Chinese Medicine)supported by the National Social Science Fund of China)(No.18ZDA75)。
文摘The development of the medicinal trade and markets in late imperial China increased anxiety among scholarly physicians about the authenticity of medicines.Even though the market was typically depicted by scholarly physicians as a place full of tricks and deceptions,it was a repertoire where practical knowledge about authentication was created and circulated.The specialized knowledge was mainly transmitted through oral tradition.But in some instances,it was also written down by scholarly physicians or merchants,allowing us to reconstruct the techniques and their underlying rationales.Authentication of medicines mobilized multiple sensory perceptions of the human body,consisting of observing,tasting,smelling,touching,and performing small tests.All these techniques played different roles in the practice of authentication.Even though these sensory techniques seemed like a collection of trivial and practical records without any coherent rationales,an underlying episteme could be detected through a close investigation.Merchants and practitioners in the market did not understand the nature and materiality of medicines by any established theories.Instead,they actively engaged with the tangible form of medicines through the senses and bodily techniques.This sensory form of knowing indicates a type of practical expertise that is distant from the scholarly tradition of materia medica in late imperial China.
基金Korea Medical Device Development Fund Grant Funded by the Korea Government the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(Project Number:9991007196),No.KMDF_PR_20200901_0066.
文摘BACKGROUND Needle-knife fistulotomy(NKF)is used as a rescue technique for difficult cannulation.However,the data are limited regarding the use of NKF for primary biliary cannulation,especially when performed by beginners.AIM To assess the effectiveness and safety of primary NKF for biliary cannulation,and the role of the endoscopist’s expertise level(beginner vs expert).METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the records of 542 patients with naïve prominent bulging papilla and no history of pancreatitis,who underwent bile duct cannulation at a tertiary referral center.The patients were categorized according to the endoscopist’s expertise level and the technique used for bile duct cannulation.We assessed the rates of successful cannulation and adverse events.RESULTS The baseline characteristics did not differ between the experienced and lessexperienced endoscopists.The incidence rate of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)pancreatitis(PEP)was significantly affected by the endoscopist’s expertise level in patients who received conventional cannulation with sphincterotomy(8.9%vs 3.4%for beginner vs expert,P=0.039),but not in those who received NKF.In the multivariable analysis,a lower expertise level of the biliary endoscopist(P=0.037)and longer total procedure time(P=0.026)were significant risk factor of PEP in patients who received conventional cannulation with sphincterotomy but only total procedure time(P=0.004)was significant risk factor of PEP in those who received NKF.CONCLUSION Primary NKF was effective and safe in patients with prominent and bulging ampulla,even when performed by less-experienced endoscopist.We need to confirm which level of endoscopist’s experience is needed for primary NKF through prospective randomized study.
文摘In this article , we report 139 autopsy cases of medical tangle , which were examined by the Department of Forensic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tongji Medical University from Jan. 1972 to Dec. 1992.The emphasis is put on analyses of the status of medical tangle autopsy in forensic pathology, involved medical departments , distribution of victim's age and sex , differences between clinical diagnosis and autoptical conclusion, the composition and causes of medical tangle. The associated problems in forensic pathological autopsy are also discussed.
文摘In this study, the authors describe the profile of people seen in criminal psychiatric expertise in northern Benin and their results. It covered the 138 psychiatric assessments carried out as part of criminal proceedings in the years 2017 and 2018. Expertises were on men in 94.9% of the cases. They were over 30 years old in 66.2% of cases. They were prosecuted for blood crimes in 89.5% of cases. The defendants were in detention at the time of the expert in 87.5% of cases. Psychiatric experts diagnosed a psychiatric disorder in 22.8% of cases. There was a relationship between the identified psychiatric disorder and the offense that motivated the charge in 25.8% of the mental disorder cases. It was exclusively cases of psychotic disorders. There was an abolition of discernment in 3.8% of the accused.
文摘Background: The status of inquisition by the nursing students shall be determined as it will be utilized as a tool to measure their clinical performance expertise as future nursing practitioners. The element of scientific inquiry is essential in providing standard fillers to give meaning to the various practical nursing gaps in the actual field, the hospital ward to be specific. Objective: This research study aims to establish the level of scientific inquiry and clinical performance of undergraduate Arab nursing students. Methods: The researcher utilized descriptive-correlational study as the research design. This is a descriptive study because it describes the level of scientific inquiry and level of clinical performance of the undergraduate Arab nursing students. Results: The finding of the study is that “the majority of the Arab student nurses demonstrate a guided inquiry in their scientific inquiry level”. Most of the Arab student nurses demonstrate a guided inquiry (?= 2.74, SD ± 0.99) in terms of their level of scientific inquiry. Largely, the Arab student nurses have proficient level in their level of clinical performance (?= 87.32, SD ± 12.36). Regression analysis revealed a no significant relationship (r2 = 0.57;adjusted r2 = 0.57;p > 0.005) between the level of scientific inquiry and clinical performance among Arab student nurses. Conclusions: The study concluded that the majority of the Arab student nurses demonstrated a guided inquiry in their scientific inquiry level and a moderately proficient level of clinical performance. Furthermore, the study concluded that the level of scientific inquiry was not significantly related to clinical performance.
文摘An Expertise Management ontology (EMont) is presented with which human expertise is captured. EMont aims at describing and collectively finding improvements for complex situations in which people interact with often conflicting worldviews in order to achieve goals, shared or not. EMont is rooted in systems thinking, in particular Soft Systems Methodology, to be able to accommodate stakeholders’ worldviews and activities in complex situations. Its purpose is to model human activity systems, which is illustrated with the help of a complex situation. EMont forms the heart of the Expertise Management Methodology (EMM). This methodology can be regarded as a framework to build bodies of knowledge for particular domains systematically. EMM favors a research process of abduction. By studying one or more situations, generalized models are developed that explain the observed phenomenon best. The models are then taken as a starting point to conduct additional studies. This cyclic process is repeated thereby strengthening the models. EMont has been applied in several, diverse domains such as flood protection, health care and community resilience, over a period of more than four years. In our experience, EMont is a stable ontology, well-suited to capture human activities and identify widely supported solutions for complex situations, and has proven its value in practice. EMont has been implemented in Semantic Media Wiki to publish bodies of knowledge on the web.
文摘Crisscrossing rivers,coastal scenery,cashew nuts and warmhearted people-all these metaphors can be used to describe Mozambique.In June 1975,China established diplomatic relations with Mozambique,which have developed in an all-round way over the past decades.The Maputo Bridge.
文摘The editors of Deep Underground Science and Engineering wish to extend our deepest thanks to the following peer reviewers in 2022 and 2023.We are grateful to their contributions of their time and expertise to improve the quality of Deep Underground Science and Engineering.We have made every effort to ensure that all ad hoc reviewers are correctly listed.Our apologies are given to those whose names were unwittingly misspelled or omitted.
文摘This study adopts a historical and cultural approach to interactions(Bernié,2012)in order to propose a comparative analysis of the work of physical education(PE)teachers,focusing on team sport specialists and non-specialists and their teaching of handball in a school environment.Our goal is to understand the modes of language employed by teachers in the regulatory phase of the learning process.Our hypothesis is that the sporting specialization of teachers influences their use of language in terms of both form(speech acts)and content.The aim of this study is to use linguistic analysis as a means of better understanding the regulating actions deployed by PE teachers when teaching handball in a French middle school.
文摘The great number of drugs and their variety have increased the potential of therapy but increased the risks of crimes related to the production,sale,and use of medicines.The prosecution of such crimes requires pharmaceutical or pharmacological expertise.The development of forensic pharmacy and forensic pharmacology is relevant and needs consideration of their modern capabilities.The purpose of the work is to analyze literature data on the scientific basis of forensic pharmaceutical and pharmacological expertise and their modern possibilities.The texts of articles,book chapters,and websites were studied using keywords relevant to the purpose of the review.It is shown,that modern forensic pharmaceutical expertise is a separate type of expertise that focuses on the study of drugs and documents that regulate the production,distribution,and quality of medicines.It uses the latest analytical methods of pharmacy.A pharmacologist analyzes body fluids and tissues and interprets the resulting data to help courts and investigators assess the role of a drug in the person’s behavior,illness,injury,or death.The range of issues included in the pharmacological examination is fully within the competence of the forensic medical examination,which can be appointed in civil cases or criminal proceedings connected with harm to health or death.Forensic pharmacology is not the same as forensic toxicology or pharmacovigilance and requires a separate approach based on purely pharmacological knowledge.
文摘The present problems of bilingual teaching in local colleges in west China and are analyzed,and the countermeasures also are presented.The aim is to carry out bilingual teaching well in local colleges in west China.
文摘Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review, a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Biological Chemistry. The
文摘Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Biological Chemistry.The
文摘Preliminary Review The first step in manuscript evaluation is a general examination by the editorial staff if the submitted manuscript falls in the scope of the journal concerning subject scope,archival editorial style,organization of materials,topical importance,timeliness,relationship to prior publication,conciseness,appropriate references,English proficiency,and length.In the case of need,opinion from an editor-in-chief is referred.
基金This work was supported by QinetiQ(contract number UoBMASTSUB/1000067064)and the EPSRC(grant number EP/M006905/1).
文摘The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare;military personnel receive training on effective search strategies,and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy.Previous methods of camouflage assessment have,amongst others,used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics.However,the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined,or necessarily appropriate.In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task,and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians.We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm,with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green,Multi Terrain Pattern,US Marine Pattern or,as a conspicuous control,UN Peacekeeper Blue.Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment.We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times,task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.