Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Services:An Opportunity for Spatially Explicit Assessment

Ecosystem service is an emerging concept that grows to be a hot research area in ecology.Spatially explicit ecosystem service values are important for ecosystem service management.However,it is difficult to quantify ecosystem services.Remote sensing provides images covering Earth surface,which by nature are spatially explicit.Thus,remote sensing can be useful for quantitative assessment of ecosystem services.This paper reviews spatially explicit ecosystem service studies conducted in ecology and remote sensing in order to find out how remote sensing can be used for ecosystem service assessment.Several important areas considered include land cover,biodiversity,and carbon,water and soil related ecosystem services.We found that remote sensing can be used for ecosystem service assessment in three different ways:direct monitoring,indirect monitoring,and combined use with ecosystem models.Some plant and water related ecosystem services can be directly monitored by remote sensing.Most commonly,remote sensing can provide surrogate information on plant and soil characteristics in an ecosystem.For ecosystem process related ecosystem services,remote sensing can help measure spatially explicit parameters.We conclude that acquiring good in-situ measurements and selecting appropriate remote sensor data in terms of resolution are critical for accurate assessment of ecosystem services.

Nonlocal symmetry, optimal systems, and explicit solutions of the mKdV equation

The nonlocal symmetry of the mKdV equation is obtained from the known Lax pair; it is successfully localized to Lie point symmetries in the enlarged space by introducing suitable auxiliary dependent variables. For the closed prolongation of the nonlocal symmetry, the details of the construction for a one-dimensional optimal system are presented. Furthermore, using the associated vector fields of the obtained symmetry, we give the reductions by the one-dimensional sub-algebras and the explicit analytic interaction solutions between cnoidal waves and kink solitary waves, which provide a way to study the interactions among these types of ocean waves. For some of the interesting solutions, the figures are given to show their properties.

MULTIPLE ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNITS CALIBRATION SYSTEM BASED ON EXPLICIT CALIBRATION PROTOCOL AND J1939 PROTOCOL

The rising number of electronic control units （ECUs） in vehicles and the decreasing time to market have led to the need for advanced methods of calibration. A multi-ECU calibration system was developed based on the explicit calibration protocol （XCP） and J1939 communication protocol to satisfy the need of calibrating multiple ECUs simultaneously. The messages in the controller area network （CAN） are defined in the J1939 protocol. Each CAN node can get its own calibration messages and information from other ECUs, and block other messages by qualifying the CAN messages with priority, source or destination address. The data field of the calibration message is designed with the XCP, with CAN acting as the transport layer. The calibration sessions are setup with the event-triggered XCP driver in the master node and the responding XCP driver in the slave nodes. Mirroring calibration variables from ROM to RAM enables the user to calibrate ECUs online. The application example shows that the multi-ECU calibration system can calibrate multiple ECUs simultaneously, and the main program can also accomplish its calculation and send commands to the actuators in time. By the multi-ECU calibration system, the calibration effort and time can be reduced and the variables in ECU can get a better match with the variables of other ECUs.

New Explicit Solutions of (1+1)-Dimensional Variable-Coefficient Broer-Kaup System

By using the compatibility method, many explicit solutions of the (1+1)-dimensional variable-coefficientBroer-Kaup system are constructed, which include new solutions expressed by error function, Bessel function, exponentialfunction, and Airy function.Some figures of the solutions are given by the symbolic computation system Maple.

Sign-invariant and Explicit Solutions of Nonlinear Reaction-Diffusion Systems

Using the sign-invariant theory, we study the nonlinear reaction-diffusion systems. We also obtain some new explicit solutions to the nonlinear resulting systems.

Coupled KdV Equations and Their Explicit Solutions Through Two-Dimensional Hamiltonian System with a Quartic Potential

Based on the second integrable ease of known two-dimensional Hamiltonian system with a quartie potentiM, we propose a 4 × 4 matrix speetrM problem and derive a hierarchy of coupled KdV equations and their Hamiltonian structures. It is shown that solutions of the coupled KdV equations in the hierarchy are reduced to solving two compatible systems of ordinary differentiM equations. As an application, quite a few explicit solutions of the coupled KdV equations are obtained via using separability for the second integrable ease of the two-dimensional Hamiltonian system.

Explicit K-symplectic methods for nonseparable non-canonical Hamiltonian systems

We propose efficient numerical methods for nonseparable non-canonical Hamiltonian systems which are explicit,K-symplectic in the extended phase space with long time energy conservation properties. They are based on extending the original phase space to several copies of the phase space and imposing a mechanical restraint on the copies of the phase space. Explicit K-symplectic methods are constructed for two non-canonical Hamiltonian systems. Numerical tests show that the proposed methods exhibit good numerical performance in preserving the phase orbit and the energy of the system over long time, whereas higher order Runge–Kutta methods do not preserve these properties. Numerical tests also show that the K-symplectic methods exhibit better efficiency than that of the same order implicit symplectic, explicit and implicit symplectic methods for the original nonseparable non-canonical systems. On the other hand, the fourth order K-symplectic method is more efficient than the fourth order Yoshida’s method, the optimized partitioned Runge–Kutta and Runge–Kutta–Nystr ¨om explicit K-symplectic methods for the extended phase space Hamiltonians, but less efficient than the the optimized partitioned Runge–Kutta and Runge–Kutta–Nystr ¨om extended phase space symplectic-like methods with the midpoint permutation.

An explicit finite element method for dynamic analysis in three-medium coupling system and its application

In this paper, an explicit finite element method to analyze the dynamic responses of three-medium coupled systems with any terrain is developed on the basis of the numerical simulation of the continuous conditions on the bounda-ries among fluid saturated porous medium, elastic single-phase medium and ideal fluid medium. This method is a very effective one with the characteristic of high calculating speed and small memory needed because the formulae for this explicit finite element method have the characteristic of decoupling, and which does not need to solve sys-tem of linear equations. The method is applied to analyze the dynamic response of a reservoir with considering the dynamic interactions among water, dam, sediment and basement rock. The vertical displacement at the top point of the dam is calculated and some conclusions are given.

The Simulating of Power Electronics Systems with the Use of Explicit Numerical Schemes

Automated simulating of power electronics systems is currently performed by means of nodal analysis method combined with implicit numerical integration schemes. Such method allows to find transient solutions, even when the integrated system is stiff, however, it leads to some difficulties when simulating big systems and sometimes to the deterioration of computations quality, that is reflected in decrease in accuracy, oscillations of solutions, which are not present in the initial model. This paper analyzes the shortcomings of this approach, and proposes to apply explicit numerical schemes with stability control on the integration step and with reduction of some of state variables. A brief description of the method of finding transient solutions and an example of the analysis are also given in the present paper.

Lie Symmetry Analysis, Optimal Systems and Explicit Solutions of the Dispersive Long Wave Equations

In this paper, the dispersive long wave equation is studied by Lie symmetry group theory. Firstly, the Lie symmetries of this system are calculated. Secondly, one dimensional optimal systems of Lie algebra and all the symmetry reductions are obtained. Finally, based on the power series method and the extended Tanh function method, some new explicit solutions of this system are constructed.

Solving Load Flow Problems of Power System by Explicit Pseudo-Transient Continuation (E-ψtc) Method

This paper is a further study of two papers [1] and [2], which were related to Ill-Conditioned Load Flow Problems and were published by IEEE Trans. PAS. The authors of this paper have some different opinions, for example, the 11-bus system is not an ill-conditioned system. In addition, a new approach to solve Load Flow Problems, E-ψtc, is introduced. It is an explicit method;solving linear equations is not needed. It can handle very tough and very large systems. The advantage of this method has been fully proved by two examples. The authors give this new method a detailed description of how to use it to solve Load Flow Problems and successfully apply it to the 43-bus and the 11-bus systems. The authors also propose a strategy to test the reliability, and by solving gradient equations, this new method can answer if the solution exists or not.

Euler’s First-Order Explicit Method–Peridynamic Differential Operator for Solving Population Balance Equations of the Crystallization Process

Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridynamic differential operator(EE–PDDO)was obtained for solving the one-dimensional population balance equation in crystallization.Four different conditions during crystallization were studied:size-independent growth,sizedependent growth in a batch process,nucleation and size-independent growth,and nucleation and size-dependent growth in a continuous process.The high accuracy of the EE–PDDO method was confirmed by comparing it with the numerical results obtained using the second-order upwind and HR-van methods.The method is characterized by non-oscillation and high accuracy,especially in the discontinuous and sharp crystal size distribution.The stability of the EE–PDDO method,choice of weight function in the PDDO method,and optimal time step are also discussed.

Explicitation Employed in the Translation of Food Culture—Based on the Research of Fujian Cuisine

Fujian cuisine is a distinctive Chinese cuisine.Today,there are many faults and mistakes in the translation of the dish names,which leads to the failure and inconvenience of cross-cultural communication.The paper is an attempt to probe into the appropriate translation of Fujian dish names by the employment of explicitation.

An Explicit Difference Scheme with High Accuracy and Branching Stability for Solving Parabolic Partial Differential Equation

This paper presents an explicit difference scheme with accuracy and branching stability for solving onedimensional parabolic type equation by the method of undetermined parameters and its truncation error is O(△t4+△x4). The stability condition is r=a△t/△x2<1/2.

基于ABAQUS/Explicit的桩腿耦合缓冲器准静态分析

桩腿耦合缓冲器在应用中主要起减小撞击力和限制上下结构相对位移的作用。在设计时,必须考虑到橡胶材料的大变形、橡胶-钢的接触和摩擦问题,它具有几何、材料和边界的三种非线性。通过结构非线性有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit建立了桩腿耦合缓冲器的三维体单元模型,用基于中心差分法的准静态法,对其在水平和垂直两种工况下的准静力变形过程进行了数值仿真,从能量、接触、刚度与吸能以及应力应变等各方面对计算结果及其合理性进行了分析,并针对现有结构尺寸提出了改进建议。分析表明使用准静态分析方法是可行的,对桩腿耦合缓冲器的优化设计具有一定参考价值。

Explicit Grammar Instruction in L2 Learners'Writing Development:Effective or Ineffective?

It has long been in dispute about whether explicit grammar teaching is more effective in second language learning or implicit grammar teaching is.However,there are more than one factor to take into consideration while discussing which way is better for L2 learners.This short essay aims at depicting three respects concerning grammar teaching,namely learning context,language learners'beliefs and needs,and grammar instruction.When educators and practitioners try to adopt grammar instruction either implicitly or explicitly in L2 learners'writing development,they probably need to consider the above three factors and to find out the best way to produce more effective teaching results among their students.

Implicit Learning and Explicit Learning in Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition

Implicit and explicit learning strategies of SL vocabulary acquisition are summarized based on precious studies and experiments. It is concluded that implicit learning strategies dolittlehelpto SL vocabulary acquisition, but explicit learning strategies play a very important part in SL vocabulary acquisition. Besides, an assumption is proposed: the more obvious explicit learning is in vocabulary acquisition, the more words learners can acquire. It is hoped that this research has certain implications for SL learners and teaching.

The Efficacy of Explicit Instruction about Discourse Connectives in English Argumentative Writing on Second-Year Chinese University Students

This study investigated the effect of explicit instruction about DCs in argumentative writings by 15 Chinese learners of English. This study involved in a 4-week experiment. Pre-and post-writing tests were quantitatively analyzed to examine whether the explicit instruction about DCs had a significant effect on the students'argumentative writing. The findings revealed that the ex-plicit instruction of the target DCs facilitated the improvement of the participants in their argumentative writing .

Dynamic explicit FE modeling of hot ring rolling process

A new FE modeling method of hot ring rolling was presented by solving key technologies such as contact and heat boundary conditions,motion control over guide rolls,and mass scaling.The method has the following features:1)the elastic-plastic dynamic explicit approach instead of the static implicit approach is adopted to solve the process so as to greatly improve computational efficiency without sacrificing computational accuracy;2)the coupled thermal-mechanical effect is considered as opposed to the conventional isothermal assumption,which is more practical;3)in contrast to the simplified 2D or local 3D ring model,the full 3D ring is modeled to simulate the process.Based on the FE modeling method,two cases of hot plain ring rolling are simulated in the FEA software ABAQUS/Explicit.The simulation results are compared with the experimental measurements and the good agreement between them is observed regarding the material flow and the temperature distribution of the ring.

基于ABAQUS/Explicit的铣削加工物理仿真技术研究

为预测铣削力,在ABAQUS/Explicit平台上建立了铣削加工物理仿真模型,以高速侧铣加工铝合金7050-T7451槽腔为例,仿真了铣削力,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明仿真铣削力与实际铣削力误差最大为20.89%,认为仿真模型可以代替大量的切削实验来获得不同加工参数和刀具参数下的铣削力。