An Approach of Reducing Overall Level of Export Fluctuations of the Export-oriented Countries

Overall level of export fluctuations of the export-oriented countries with rising export volume partly stem from the market failure caused by free choice of export enterprises,some government intervention thus may be necessary.To reduce the level of fluctuations of the export growth rates in these countries,this paper,taking the significant differences of the exports among various markets into account and thus using a new index named relative variance to measure the export volatility risks,proposes a model of merchandise market portfolio,a modified version of Markowitz model,available to provide explicit guidelines for the firms,the industries and even the whole country to optimize the structure of their export markets.An application of this model to the case of China’s apple is then discussed.The results show that the market share of China’s apple in 7 sub-markets should be redistributed drastically.

HAS THE PEARL RIVER DELTA BEEN AN EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY?

Ever since the introduction of the Open Door Policy, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) has enjoyed very phenomenal export and economic growth. As a result, many scholars have tried to associate the two phenomena and described the region as an,'export-oriented economy'.However, these studies, mostly based on the rapid export growth of the PRD and its status as the most important exporting area of the country,have not paid any heed to the actual export-orientation of the regional economy and, hence, cannot prove that the PRD has been a 'truly'export-oriented economy. in view of these shortcomings. the present paper attempts to re-examine the issue from the viewpoint of the PRD's local economy, at both the regional and county levels. The study period is from 1981 to 1990. Judging from the export-dependency indices and the relative importance of exports in accounting for the economic growth and industrialization of the PRD, this paper concludes that the region, though having signs of increasing export-orientation, cannot be categorized as a 'truly' export-oriented economy. In addition, it also shows that most of the 'evidences' or 'common beliefs' behind the notion of an export-oriented economy in the RD are illusionary, if not erroneous. Finally, the paper explores into the reasons behind the low export-orientation of the PRD and tries to sugyst some ways for boosting the export-orientation of the PRD and tries to suggest some ways for boosting the export-orientation of the region.

Current Situation and Problems of Export-oriented Tilapia Processing in Guangxi and Countermeasures

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is an excellent area for tilapia breeding in China,and the development of tilapia industry has received high attention of both the state and Guangxi government. The foreign exchange earning is an essential industrial form of tilapia industry in Guangxi. Thus,enhancing the competitiveness of export-oriented tilapia processing is of great significance to the development of tilapia industry. On the basis of field survey,this paper analyzed current situation of export-oriented tilapia processing in Guangxi. At present,tilapia processing industry in Guangxi has realized preliminary standardization,large-scale and grouping,but it is still faced with some problems and challenges,such as low industrialization level,no balanced marketing,and imperfect product quality safety monitoring measures. Therefore,it is required to create favorable environment for export-oriented tilapia processing industry in Guangxi through enhancing policy support,increasing financial input and supporting tilapia processing leading enterprises.

Export-Oriented Economy in Shenzhen

In the past 15 years Shenzhen has made great achievements in its export-oriented economy. According to customs’ statistics, the city’s export value stood at US $ 14.3 billion in 1993 and US $ 12.1 billion in the first three quarters of 1994. The total import and export value was US $ 23.8 billion in the first three quarters of 1994, a 1, 500-fold increase over 1979 and an average annual growth rate of 70%. Export trade held a small part in Shenzhen’s economy

Impetus for Export-Oriented Economy——Review of foreign capital utilization in Hunan during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period

Since its implementation of the openingpolicy,China has witnessed greatsuccess in foreign fund utilization.Hunan,situated in the hinterland,beganto introduce foreign capital a little later thanthe coastal areas.In 1979,Hunan began toconduct processing and assembling businessand compensation trade,but gained only afew million US dollars.A vast change wastook place in the Eighth Five-Year Planperiod,achieving a great quantitative andqualitative rise in foreign capital utilizationas compared with the sixth and seventh Five-Year Plan periods.In the past five years,Hunan has approved 4,001 foreign-fundedprojects,a 5,5-fold increase over the total forthe previous 12 years(1979-1990),including3,584 projects directly financed by

Zhangjiagang's Strategies for the Export-oriented Economy

Following its fast development over the past dozen years, especially the past three years, Zhangjiagang, a coastal city in Jiangsu Province has established conditions for the further advance of its export-oriented economy. An official of the city announced to the press in Beijing recently that with the aim of building Zhangjiagang into a modern port city by the end of the century, the following three strategies have been adopted:

A bibliometric analysis using machine learning to track paradigm shifts and analytical advances in forest ecology and forestry journal publications from 2010 to 2022

Forest habitats are critical for biodiversity,ecosystem services,human livelihoods,and well-being.Capacity to conduct theoretical and applied forest ecology research addressing direct(e.g.,deforestation)and indirect(e.g.,climate change)anthropogenic pressures has benefited considerably from new field-and statistical-techniques.We used machine learning and bibliometric structural topic modelling to identify 20 latent topics comprising four principal fields from a corpus of 16,952 forest ecology/forestry articles published in eight ecology and five forestry journals between 2010 and 2022.Articles published per year increased from 820 in 2010 to 2,354 in 2021,shifting toward more applied topics.Publications from China and some countries in North America and Europe dominated,with relatively fewer articles from some countries in West and Central Africa and West Asia,despite globally important forest resources.Most study sites were in some countries in North America,Central Asia,and South America,and Australia.Articles utilizing R statistical software predominated,increasing from 29.5%in 2010 to 71.4%in 2022.The most frequently used packages included lme4,vegan,nlme,MuMIn,ggplot2,car,MASS,mgcv,multcomp and raster.R was more often used in forest ecology than applied forestry articles.R software offers advantages in script and workflow-sharing compared to other statistical packages.Our findings demonstrate that the disciplines of forest ecology/forestry are expanding both in number and scope,aided by more sophisticated statistical tools,to tackle the challenges of redressing forest habitat loss and the socio-economic impacts of deforestation.

Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation for Households Engaged in Forestry in Ecological Restoration Areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved a win-win situation concerning ecological restoration and socio-economic development.However,synergistic development may not be realized at the local scale.In areas undergoing ecological restoration,livelihood vulner-ability may be more pronounced due to the inflexibility,policy protection,and susceptibility to climate and market changes in forestry production.Although this issue has attracted academic interest,empirical studies are relatively scarce.This study,centered on Jiaxian County,Shaanxi Province of China explored the households’livelihood vulnerability and coping strategies and group heterogeneity con-cerned with livelihood structures or forestry resources through field investigation,comprehensive index assessment,and nonparametric tests.Findings showed that:1)the percentage of households with high livelihood vulnerability indicator(LVI)(>0.491)reached 46.34%.2)Eight groups in livelihood structures formed by forestry,traditional agriculture,and non-farm activities were significantly different in LVI,land resources(LR),social networks(SN),livelihood strategies(LS),housing characteristics(HC),and socio-demo-graphic profile(SDP).3)The livelihood vulnerability of the groups with highly engaged/reliance on jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)forest demonstrated more prominent livelihood vulnerability due to the increased precipitation and cold market,where the low-engaged with reliance type were significantly more vulnerable in LVI,SDP,LR,and HC.4)The threshold of behavioral triggers widely varied,and farmers dependent on forestry livelihoods showed negative coping behavior.Specifically,the cutting behavior was strongly associated with lagged years and government subsidies,guidance,and high returns of crops.Finally,the findings can provide guidance on the dir-ection of livelihood vulnerability mitigation and adaptive government management in ecologically restored areas.The issue of farmers’livelihood sustainability in the context of ecological conservation calls for immediate attention,and eco-compensations or other forms of assistance in ecologically functional areas are expected to be enhanced and diversified.

Advancing climate resilience through a geo-design framework: strengthening urban and community forestry for sustainable environmental design

Urban and community forestry is a specialized discipline focused on the meticulous management of trees and forests within urban,suburban,and town environments.This field often entails extensive civic involvement and collaborative partnerships with institutions.Its overarching objectives span a spectrum from preserving water quality,habitat,and biodiversity to mitigating the Urban Heat Island(UHI)effect.The UHI phenomenon,characterized by notably higher temperatures in urban areas compared to rural counterparts due to heat absorption by urban infrastructure and limited urban forest coverage,serves as a focal point in this study.The study focuses on developing a methodological framework that integrates Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR),Random Forest(RF),and Suitability Analysis to assess the Urban Heat Island(UHI)effect across different urban zones,aiming to identify areas with varying levels of UHI impact.The framework is designed to assist urban planners and designers in understanding the spatial distribution of UHI and identifying areas where urban forestry initiatives can be strategically implemented to mitigate its effect.Conducted in various London areas,the research provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between urban and community forestry and UHI.By mapping the spatial variability of UHI,the framework offers a novel approach to enhancing urban environmental design and advancing urban forestry studies.The study’s findings are expected to provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers,aiding in creating healthier and more livable urban environments through informed decision-making in urban forestry management.

Coupling and Long-term Change Characteristics of Forest Carbon Sink and Forestry Economic Development in China

[Objectives]To analyze the changes in of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,provide reference for relevant management decisions,ecological governance and resource and environment management,and promote the development of green low-carbon economy in China.[Methods]Based on the data of six forest resource inventories from 1989 to 2018 and related studies,the comprehensive evaluation model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,the coupling degree model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,and the coupling coordination degree model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development were adopted.The coupling degree of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development from 1992 to 2018 was analyzed.Stepwise regression and ARIMA model were used to analyze the influencing factors and lagging characteristics of forest carbon sink.The coupling degree between forest carbon sink and forestry economic development in China from 2019 to 2030 was predicted by autoregression and ADF test.The coupling between forest carbon sink and forestry economic development in China and its long-term change characteristics were also discussed in this study.[Results](i)The investment of ecological construction and protection,the actual investment of forestry key ecological projects,GDP and the import of forest products had a significant impact on forest resources carbon stock.The total output value of forestry industry,the actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects and the export volume of forest products had a significant impact on the forest carbon sink,and the actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects has the greatest impact on the two.(ii)The impact of actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects had a lag of 2 years on the forest resources carbon stock and a lag of 1 year on the forest carbon sink.When investing in forest carbon sink,it is necessary to make a good plan in advance,and do a good job in forest resources management and time optimization.(iii)From 1992 to 2018,the coupling degree of forest resources carbon stock,forest carbon sink and long-term development of forestry economy in China was gradually increasing.Although there were some fluctuations in the middle time,the coupling degree of forest resources carbon stock and the long-term development of forestry economy increased by 9.24%annually,and the degree of coupling coordination increased from"serious imbalance"in 1992 to"high-quality coordination"in 2018.From 1993 to 2018,the coupling degree of forest carbon sink and long-term development of forestry economy increased by 9.63%annually,slightly faster than the coupling coordination degree of forest resources carbon stock and long-term development of forestry economy.The coordination level also rose from level 2 in 1993 to level 10 in 2018.(iv)The prediction shows that the coupling coordination degree of forest resources carbon stock,forest carbon sink and the long-term development of forestry economy would increase from 2019 to 2030.The coupling coordination degree(D)values of both were close to 1,the coordination level was also 10 for a long time,and the degree of coupling coordination was also maintained at the"high-quality coordination"level for a long time.[Conclusions]Forest has multiple benefits of society,economy and ecology,and forest carbon sink is only a benefit output.The long-term coupling analysis of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development is a key point to multiple benefit analysis.The analysis shows that the spillover effect and co-evolution effect of forest carbon sink in China are significant.From 1992 to 2018,the coupling coordination degree of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development was gradually rising.The prediction analysis also indicate that the coupling coordination degree between the forest carbon sink and the long-term development of forestry economy will remain at the level of"high-quality coordination"for a long time from 2019 to 2030.Therefore,improving the level of forest management and maintaining the current trend of increasing forest resources are the key to achieving the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in China.

Forestry ecological footprint in China during 1973–2003

The ecological footprint （EF） model has received much attention as an assessment indicator for sustainable development in recent years. Firstly, the temporal changes of domestic timber production, imports and exports in China were analyzed from 1973 to 2003, the analysis results showed an apparent fluctuation in timber production during 1973-1995 but a decreasing trend during 1995-2002, an increasing trend in timber imports since 1995 especially after the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Project （NFPP）, an decreasing trend year by year in timber exports since 1995. Secondly, this paper presented a time series analysis of actual forest area demand in the sustainable yield and production approach in China from 1973 to 2003, which includes both import and export forest area demand. The results showed the actual forest area demand simulated from the sustainable yield approach was slightly higher than that from the production approach during 1978-1988 and a little lower during 1989-2003; however, the actual forest area demands simulated by these two model approaches were larger than calculations that expressed in conventional forest EF. Meanwhile, the results indicated the forestry development in China during 1978-1988 was unsustainable due to overexploitation of forest stocking volumes, and China＇s forestry moved toward sustainable development since 1989 because forest resources are exploited at lower rates than they are regenerated. However, compared to forestry developed countries, the forestry development capacity in China is still lower. Finally, based on the model results we analyzed the relationships between forestry EF and the key policies, including trade policy, economic policy and forest conservation programs. In addition, several suggestions about reducing forestry EF and enhancing sustainable forestry development in China are given.

Prevention and Utilization of Invasive Plants of Agriculture and Forestry in Guangdong Province

Guangdong has become a major＂window＂ for invasive plants, and the largest zone, where cross-border and intercontinental migration frequencies reach the peak. The invasive plants in Guangdong are dominated by Mikania micrantha, Eichhornia crassipes, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Eupatorium odoratum, and Wedelia trilobata. It is an important way for treating the invasive plants by exploring the prevention methods and making ful use of the characteristics of the invasive plants, and it is of great significance to prevent and utilize alien species in a scientific and effective way in order to control the invasive plants with minimal cost.

Current situation of Chinese forestry tactics and strategy of sustainable development

Based on the analysis of the current situation of Chinese forestry and a series of ecological, environmental, eco-nomic, and social problems, this paper emphasized on the importance of forests in social and economic development in China The author pointed out that sustainable development, particularly the sustainable development of forestry, is the inevitable choice to solve the problems of ecological environment and social economics. The objectives, criteria, and strategies of sus-taining forestry were also demonstrated and expounded, from the viewpoints of ecology, economics, and sociology.

Analysis of Textbook "Garden Plant Protection" Construction in Agricultural and Forestry Universities or Higher Vocational Colleges

The survey of textbook 'Garden Plant Protection' was introduced in this study,and the necessity of textbook 'Garden Plant Protection' construction in agricultural and forestry universities or higher vocational colleges was also analyzed.Aimed at the status of textbook 'Garden Plant Protection' construction in agricultural and forestry universities or higher vocational colleges,the corresponding ideas for its construction were put forward.

多传感器融合的SLAM算法在林业智能化的应用与改进

同步定位与建图(SLAM)算法可实现机器人在未知环境下的定位,并对周围环境构建增量式地图,是机器人实现自主导航的基础。针对单一传感器(全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)、激光、相机等)的SLAM算法在林区环境存在定位精度低、构建的地图一致性较差的问题,提出了多传感器融合的SLAM算法在林业智能化的应用与改进。首先,联合使用激光雷达、单目相机、惯导对林区环境构建三维点云地图的同时对林业机器人进行实时定位;其次,提出以时间为约束的RS-T回环帧搜索法,进行候选回环帧搜索。结果表明:针对M2DGR数据集,RS-LVI-SAM算法与当前经典的SLAM算法对比,RS-LVI-SAM算法生成轨迹的均方根误差与标准差分别为0.09和0.04 m,定位精度最高;在林区场景中,RS-LVI-SAM算法建立的林区点云地图中侧柏的胸径与真实胸径的均方根误差与绝对平均误差分别为1.27、1.16 cm,建图效果最佳;生成的轨迹与真实轨迹的均方根误差与绝对平均误差分别为0.46、0.34 m,定位精度最高。因此,RS-LVI-SAM算法可以实现林区环境下的精准定位与林区点云地图构建,为机器人林区作业提供了技术支撑。

A Needs-analysis Approach to Postgraduate English Curriculum Design in Chinese Agriculture and Forestry Universities——A Case Study of Shandong Agricultural University

In order to investigate the curriculum design for postgraduate English in Agriculture and Forestry Colleges, this papermakes great attempts to probe into the target needs and learning needs of English in SDAU. Both quantitative and qualitative re-search methods were employed in the survey. The final conclusion of this study is that the current English curriculum design forpostgraduate in SDAU can not satisfy the needs of students and workplace completely. On the basis of such major findings and re-sults, this paper makes attempts to develop an English curriculum design and implementing model for postgraduate English teach-ing in SDAU, hoping to offer implications on curriculum design of postgraduate English in Agriculture and Forestry Colleges and of-fer suggestions on personalized teaching reform of postgraduate English.

Forest fire risk zone mapping from satellite images and GIS for Baihe Forestry Bureau, Jilin, China

A forest fire can be a real ecological disaster regardless of whether it is caused by natural forces or human activities, it is possible to map forest fire risk zones to minimize the frequency of fires, avert damage, etc. A method integrating remote sensing and GIS was developed and applied to forest fire risk zone mapping for Baihe forestry bureau in this paper. Satellite images were interpreted and classified to generate vegetation type layer and land use layers （roads, settlements and farmlands）. Topographic layers （slope, aspect and altitude） were derived from DEM. The thematic and topographic information was analyzed by using ARC/INFO GIS software. Forest fire risk zones were delineated by assigning subjective weights to the classes of all the layers （vegetation type, slope, aspect, altitude and distance from r3ads, farmlands and settlements） according to their sensitivity to fire or their fire-inducing capability. Five categories of forest fire risk ranging from very high to very low were derived automatically. The mapping result of the study area was found to be in strong agreement with actual fire-affected sites.

Developing a quantitative index system for assessing sustainable forestry management in Heilongjiang Province,China： a case study

In this study, we developed a comprehensive index system for forestry sustainability of Heilongjiang Province, which includes forest resources sustainability,sustainable economic development, sustainable social development and sustainable advancement in science and technology. Based on this system and the regional forest development, we further evaluated the sustainability of Heilongjiang Province for year 2008-2013. The results show that even though the regional forestry has been preliminarily on the track of sustainable development, it is fragile. Four indicators, e.g. soil and water retention rate,forest stand growth（per unit area）, the proportion of national investment and the annual carbon sequestration have important impact on the sustainability, with a weight of 39.0 % in all the indicators. We also analyzed the factors hindering the sustainable development. It turns out that soil and water retention rate, forest stand growth（per unit area）,the proportion of science and technology funds, per capita GDP and the proportion of the tertiary industry production are the main factors hindering regional sustainable development, which accounts for 50.94 % of the total obstacle degrees in the system. At last, we discussed how to promote the regional sustainable development from the perspectives of forest resources sustainability, economic development sustainability, society development sustainability and the sustainable advancement of science and technology.

Over-mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and close-to-nature forestry in northern Iran

Oriental Beech is the most important commercial tree species in northern Iran. In recent years wood production companies interested in felling large beech trees for profit have challenged advocates of close-to-nature silviculture who favor conservation. Our study objective was to assess the economic value of over-mature beech trees by relating tree diameter （DBH） to amount of decay. Based on the location of onset of decay, we categorized three types of decay as stump, stem, and crown decay. Trees of greater diameter （age） typically showed greater decay in the stem. Percent of decayed volume, diameter of decayed tissue, and length of decay in tree stems varied between 0.5%-64.3%, 15 cm-75 cm, and 2.0-19.5 m, respectively. With increasing trunk diameter, the propor- tion of truck decay increased. Red heart and dark red heart constituted 25% and 14.3% of sampled trees, respectively. However, we found no correlation between intensity of stem decay and morphological charac- teristics of trees. Seedlings were not abundant around the bases of over-mature trees, suggesting that the trees did not contribute to regeneration of the stand. Beech trees of diameter 〉1 m do not provide valu- able round wood for industries and cause to raise wood production costs. We recommend that these trees 〉1 m DBH should be retained in forest stands because of their low commercial value but high ecological and conservational values such as maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems.

Economic dependence of rural people on homestead forestry in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Homestead forests contribute substantially to the rural econ- omy of Bangladesh. Rural people depend on trees and plants for their energy usage, housing, food and other forms of subsistence livelihood. In order to identify the potential role of forests on homestead dwellers, an empirical field investigation was conducted in the four Upazilas of My- mensingh district of Bangladesh. It was found that land holdings of the respondents within the four sites are the highest in Mymensingh. The study made an important observation that among all homestead vegeta- tion between 5-6 years old, tree species are generally preferred over plants. This is perhaps due to the efforts of the social forestry extension service to demonstrate that planting trees is an important long-term in- vestment. In all four Upazilas, there was a significant correlation between household annual income and homestead forestry, agriculture and fisher- ies practice, suggesting that higher income families tend to have larger holdings of homesteads, farms and pond areas. Three Upazilas displayed a strong positive relationship （nearly 45%） between homestead forest areas and annual family income; however, the Fulbaria Upazila showed a very poor relationship （0.2%） in this regard. The results of this study suggest that homestead forests play a positive role in the rural economy, in addition to helping mitigate the increasing problem of deforestation in Bangladesh.