A Novel Multiple DBC-staked units Package to Parallel More Chips for SiC Power Module

Silicon carbide(SiC) power modules play an essential role in the electric vehicle drive system. To improve their performance, reduce their size, and increase production efficiency, this paper proposes a multiple staked direct bonded copper(DBC) unit based power module packaging method to parallel more chips. This method utilizes mutual inductance cancellation effect to reduce parasitic inductance. Because the conduction area in the new package is doubled, the overall area of power module can be reduced. Entire power module is divided into smaller units to enhance manufacture yield, and improve design freedom. This paper provides a detailed design, analysis and fabrication procedure for the proposed package structure. Additionally, this paper offers several feasible solutions for the connection between power terminals and DBC untis. With the structure, 18dies were paralleled for each phase-leg in a econodual size power module. Both simulation and double pulse test results demonstrate that, compared to conventional layouts, the proposed package method has 74.8% smaller parasitic inductance and 34.9% lower footprint.

Extending homogeneous fluidization flow regime of Geldart-A particles by exerting axial uniform and steady magnetic field

The homogeneous/particulate fluidization flow regime is particularly suitable for handling the various gas–solid contact processes encountered in the chemical and energy industry.This work aimed to extend such a regime of Geldart-A particles by exerting the axial uniform and steady magnetic field.Under the action of the magnetic field,the overall homogeneous fluidization regime of Geldart-A magnetizable particles became composed of two parts:inherent homogeneous fluidization and newly-created magnetic stabilization.Since the former remained almost unchanged whereas the latter became broader as the magnetic field intensity increased,the overall homogeneous fluidization regime could be extended remarkably.As for Geldart-A nonmagnetizable particles,certain amount of magnetizable particles had to be premixed to transmit the magnetic stabilization.Among others,the mere addition of magnetizable particles could broaden the homogeneous fluidization regime.The added content of magnetizable particles had an optimal value with smaller/lighter ones working better.The added magnetizable particles might raise the ratio between the interparticle force and the particle gravity.After the magnetic field was exerted,the homogeneous fluidization regime was further expanded due to the formation of magnetic stabilization flow regime.The more the added magnetizable particles,the better the magnetic performance and the broader the overall homogeneous fluidization regime.Smaller/lighter magnetizable particles were preferred to maximize the magnetic performance and extend the overall homogeneous fluidization regime.This phenomenon could be ascribed to that the added magnetizable particles themselves became more Geldart-A than-B type as their density or size decreased.

Engineering vascularized organotypic tissues via module assembly

Adequate vascularization is a critical determinant for the successful construction and clinical implementation of complex organotypic tissue models. Currently, low cell and vessel density and insufficient vascular maturation make vascularized organotypic tissue construction difficult,greatly limiting its use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To address these limitations, recent studies have adopted pre-vascularized microtissue assembly for the rapid generation of functional tissue analogs with dense vascular networks and high cell density. In this article, we summarize the development of module assembly-based vascularized organotypic tissue construction and its application in tissue repair and regeneration, organ-scale tissue biomanufacturing, as well as advanced tissue modeling.

Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by Solid-Liquid Two-Step Film Formation

A considerable efficiency gap exists between large-area perovskite solar modules and small-area perovskite solar cells.The control of forming uniform and large-area film and perovskite crystallization is still the main obstacle restricting the efficiency of PSMs.In this work,we adopted a solid-liquid two-step film formation technique,which involved the evaporation of a lead iodide film and blade coating of an organic ammonium halide solution to prepare perovskite films.This method possesses the advantages of integrating vapor deposition and solution methods,which could apply to substrates with different roughness and avoid using toxic solvents to achieve a more uniform,large-area perovskite film.Furthermore,modification of the NiO_(x)/perovskite buried interface and introduction of Urea additives were utilized to reduce interface recombination and regulate perovskite crystallization.As a result,a large-area perovskite film possessing larger grains,fewer pinholes,and reduced defects could be achieved.The inverted PSM with an active area of 61.56 cm^(2)(10×10 cm^(2)substrate)achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.56%and significantly improved stability.This method suggests an innovative approach to resolving the uniformity issue associated with large-area film fabrication.

Analysis of thermal management and anti-mechanical abuse of multi-functional battery modules based on magneto-sensitive shear thickening fluid

Electric vehicles(EVs)have garnered significant attention as a vital driver of economic growth and environmental sustainability.Nevertheless,ensuring the safety of high-energy batteries is now a top priority that cannot be overlooked during large-scale applications.This paper proposes an innovative active protection and cooling integrated battery module using smart materials,magneto-sensitive shear thickening fluid(MSTF),which is specifically designed to address safety threats posed by lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)exposed to harsh mechanical and environmental conditions.The theoretical framework introduces a novel approach for harnessing the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics(SPH)methodology that incorporates the intricate interplay of non-Newtonian fluid behavior,capturing the fluid-structure coupling inherent to the MSTF.This approach is further advanced by adopting an enhanced Herschel-Bulkley(H-B)model to encapsulate the intricate rheology of the MSTF under the influence of the magnetorheological effect(MRE)and shear thickening(ST)behavior.Numerical simulation results show that in the case of cooling,the MSTF is an effective cooling medium for rapidly reducing the temperature.In terms of mechanical abuse,the MSTF solidifies through actively applying the magnetic field during mechanical compression and impact within the battery module,resulting in 66%and 61.7%reductions in the maximum stress within the battery jellyroll,and 31.1%and 23%reductions in the reaction force,respectively.This mechanism effectively lowers the risk of short-circuit failure.The groundbreaking concepts unveiled in this paper for active protection battery modules are anticipated to be a valuable technological breakthrough in the areas of EV safety and lightweight/integrated design.

Analysis for Effects of Temperature Rise of PV Modules upon Driving Distance of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaic Electric Vehicles

The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules. In this paper, detailed analytical results for effects of climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules upon driving distance of the VIPV-EV were presented by using test data for Toyota Prius and Nissan Van demonstration cars installed with high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell modules with a module efficiency of more than 30%. The temperature rise of some PV modules studied in this study was shown to be expressed by some coefficients related to solar irradiation, wind speed and radiative cooling. The potential of VIPV-EV to be deployed in 10 major cities was also analyzed. Although sunshine cities such as Phoenix show the high reduction ratio of driving range with 17% due to temperature rise of VIPV modules, populous cities such as Tokyo show low reduction ratio of 9%. It was also shown in this paper that the difference between the driving distance of VIPV-EV driving in the morning and the afternoon is due to PV modules’ radiative cooling. In addition, the importance of heat dissipation of PV modules and the development of high-efficiency PV modules with better temperature coefficients was suggested in order to expand driving range of VIPV-EV. The effects of air-conditioner usage and partial shading in addition to the effects of temperature rise of VIPV modules were suggested as the other power losses of VIPV-EV.

Study on Image Recognition Algorithm for Residual Snow and Ice on Photovoltaic Modules

The accumulation of snow and ice on PV modules can have a detrimental impact on power generation,leading to reduced efficiency for prolonged periods.Thus,it becomes imperative to develop an intelligent system capable of accurately assessing the extent of snow and ice coverage on PV modules.To address this issue,the article proposes an innovative ice and snow recognition algorithm that effectively segments the ice and snow areas within the collected images.Furthermore,the algorithm incorporates an analysis of the morphological characteristics of ice and snow coverage on PV modules,allowing for the establishment of a residual ice and snow recognition process.This process utilizes both the external ellipse method and the pixel statistical method to refine the identification process.The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through extensive testing with isolated and continuous snow area pictures.The results demonstrate the algorithm’s accuracy and reliability in identifying and quantifying residual snow and ice on PV modules.In conclusion,this research presents a valuable method for accurately detecting and quantifying snow and ice coverage on PV modules.This breakthrough is of utmost significance for PV power plants,as it enables predictions of power generation efficiency and facilitates efficient PV maintenance during the challenging winter conditions characterized by snow and ice.By proactively managing snow and ice coverage,PV power plants can optimize energy production and minimize downtime,ensuring a sustainable and reliable renewable energy supply.

Heat dissipation enhancement method for finned heat sink for AGV motor driver's IGBT module

With the widespread use of high-power and highly integrated insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT),their cooling methods have become challenging.This paper proposes a liquid cooling scheme for heavy-duty automated guided vehicle(AGV)motor driver in port environment,and improves heat dissipation by analyzing and optimizing the core component of finned heat sink.Firstly,the temperature distribution of the initial scheme is studied by using Fluent software,and the heat transfer characteristics of the finned heat sink are obtained through numerical analysis.Secondly,an orthogonal test is designed and combined with the response surface methodology to optimize the structural parameters of the finned heat sink,resulting in a 14.57%increase in the heat dissipation effect.Finally,the effectiveness of heat dissipation enhancement is verified.This work provides valuable insights into improving the heat dissipation of IGBT modules and heat sinks,and provides guidance for their future applications.

Unsupervised multi-modal image translation based on the squeeze-and-excitation mechanism and feature attention module

The unsupervised multi-modal image translation is an emerging domain of computer vision whose goal is to transform an image from the source domain into many diverse styles in the target domain.However,the multi-generator mechanism is employed among the advanced approaches available to model different domain mappings,which results in inefficient training of neural networks and pattern collapse,leading to inefficient generation of image diversity.To address this issue,this paper introduces a multi-modal unsupervised image translation framework that uses a generator to perform multi-modal image translation.Specifically,firstly,the domain code is introduced in this paper to explicitly control the different generation tasks.Secondly,this paper brings in the squeeze-and-excitation(SE)mechanism and feature attention(FA)module.Finally,the model integrates multiple optimization objectives to ensure efficient multi-modal translation.This paper performs qualitative and quantitative experiments on multiple non-paired benchmark image translation datasets while demonstrating the benefits of the proposed method over existing technologies.Overall,experimental results have shown that the proposed method is versatile and scalable.

Extending the solid solution range of sodium ferric pyrophosphate:Off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)as a novel cathode for sodium‐ion batteries

Iron‐based pyrophosphates are attractive cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries due to their large framework,cost‐effectiveness,and high energy density.However,the understanding of the crystal structure is scarce and only a limited candidates have been reported so far.In this work,we found for the first time that a continuous solid solution,Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)(0≤α≤1,could be obtained by mutual substitution of cations at center‐symmetric Na3 and Na4 sites while keeping the crystal building blocks of anionic P_(2)O_(7) unchanged.In particular,a novel off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)is thus proposed,and its structure,energy storage mechanism,and electrochemical performance are extensively investigated to unveil the structure–function relationship.The as‐prepared off‐stoichiometric electrode delivers appealing performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 83 mAh g^(−1),a working voltage of 2.9 V(vs.Na^(+)/Na),the retention of 89.2%of the initial capacity after 500 cycles,and enhanced rate capability of 51 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 1600 mA g^(−1).This research shows that sodium ferric pyrophosphate could form extended solid solution composition and promising phase is concealed in the range of Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2),offering more chances for exploration of new cathode materials for the construction of high‐performance SIBs.

t-extending模的直和

提出了t-补子模的概念,它与t-闭子模是等价的。讨论了t-extending模的直和因子的内射性,研究了t-extending模的直和,证明了M=i∈I M_(i)(|I|≥2)是t-extending模的等价条件有以下两个:(1)存在i≠j∈I,使得对M的任意t-闭子模K,若K∩M_(i)≤Z_(2)(M)或K∩M_(j)≤Z_(2)(M),则K是M的直和因子;(2)存在i≠j∈I,使得M_(j)或M_(i)在M中的任意t-补是t-extending模且是M的直和因子。

On FI-extending Rings and Modules

In this paper, we discuss FI-extending property of rings and modules. The main results are the following： a characterization of von Neumann regular rings which are two-sided FI-extending is given; sufficient conditions for direct summands of FI-extending modules to be FI-extending are obtained; and at last, a necessary and sufficient condition for nonsingular modules over nonsingular rings to be FI-extending is given.

On generalized extending modules

A module M is called generalized extending if for any submodule N of M, there is a direct summand K of M such that N≤K and K/N is singular. Any extending module and any singular module are generalized extending. Any homomorphic image of a generalized extending module is generalized extending. Any direct sum of a singular (uniform) module and a semi-simple module is generalized extending. A ring R is a right Co-H-ring if and only if all right R modules are generalized extending modules.

Solvent engineering towards scalable fabrication of high-quality perovskite films for efficient solar modules

Over the last decade,remarkable progress has been made in metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs),which have been a focus of emerging photovoltaic techniques and show great potential for commercialization.However,the upscaling of small-area PSCs to large-area solar modules to meet the demands of practical applications remains a significant challenge.The scalable production of high-quality perovskite films by a simple,reproducible process is crucial for resolving this issue.Furthermore,the crystallization behavior in the solution-processed fabrication of perovskite films can be strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the precursor inks,which are significantly affected by the employed solvents and their interactions with the solutes.Thus,a comprehensive understanding of solvent engineering for fabricating perovskite films over large areas is urgently required.In this paper,we first analyze the role of solvents in the solution-processed fabrication of large-area perovskite films based on the classical crystal nucleation and growth mechanism.Recent efforts in solvent engineering to improve the quality of perovskite films for solar modules are discussed.Finally,the basic principles and future challenges of solvent system design for scalable fabrication of high-quality perovskite films for efficient solar modules are proposed.

Sandwich structured ultra-strong-heat-shielding aerogel/copper composite insulation board for safe lithium-ion batteries modules

The fire hazard of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)modules is extremely serious due to their high capacity.Moreover,once a battery catches fire,it can easily result in a fire of the entire LIBs modules.In this work,a sandwich structure composite thermal insulation(STI)board(copper//silica dioxide aerogel//copper)with the advantages of low thermal conductivity(0.031 W m-1K-1),low surface radiation emissivity(0.1)and good thermal convection inhibition effect has been designed.The thermal runaway(TR)occurrence time of adjacent LIBs increases from 1384 s to more than 6 h+due to the protection of STI board.No TR propagation occurs within LIBs modules with protect of a STI board when a battery catches fire.The ultra-strong-heat-shielding mechanism of STI board has been revealed.The TR propagation of LIBs modules has been insulated effectively by STI board through reducing the heat transfer of convection,conduction and radiation.The air flow rate between the heater and LIBs and radiant heat absorbed by LIBs decrease by 63.5%and 35.1%with protection of STI board,respectively.A high temperature difference inside the STI board is also formed.This work provides direction for the designing of safe thermal insulation board for LIBs modules.

Highly Efficient and Stable FAPbI_(3) Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Based on Exposure of the(011)Facet

Perovskite crystal facets greatly impact the performance and stability of their corresponding photovoltaic devices.Compared to the(001)facet,the(011)facet yields better photoelectric properties,including higher conductivity and enhanced charge carrier mobility.Thus,achieving(011)facet-exposed films is a promising way to improve device performance.However,the growth of(011)facets is energetically unfavorable in FAPbI_(3) perovskites due to the influence of methylammonium chloride additive.Here,1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride([4MBP]Cl)was used to expose(011)facets.The[4MBP]^(+)cation selectively decreases the surface energy of the(011)facet enabling the growth of the(011)plane.The[4MBP]^(+)cation causes the perovskite nuclei to rotate by 45°such that(011)crystal facets stack along the out-of-plane direction.The(011)facet has excellent charge transport properties and can achieve better-matched energy level alignment.In addition,[4MBP]Cl increases the activation energy barrier for ion migration,suppressing decomposition of the perovskite.As a result,a small-size device(0.06 cm2)and a module(29.0 cm2)based on exposure of the(011)facet achieved power conversion efficiencies of 25.24%and 21.12%,respectively.

Extending the Network Lifetime Using Optimized Energy Efficient Cross Layer Module (OEEXLM) in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor network, the primary design is to save the energy consumption as much as possible while achieving the given task. Most of recent researches works have only focused on the individual layer issues and ignore the importance of inter working between different layers in a sensor network. In this paper, we use a cross-layer approach to propose an energy-efficient and extending the life time of the sensor network. This protocol which uses routing in the network layer, and the data scheduling in MAC layer. The main ob-jective of this paper is to provide a possible and flexible approach to solve the conflicts between the require-ments of large scale, long life-time, and multi-purpose wireless sensor networks. This OEEXLM module gives better performance compared to all other existing protocols. The performance of OEEXLM module compared with S-MAC and directed diffusion protocol.

Complement of the reduced non-zero component graph of free semimodules

Let M be a finitely generated free semimodule over a semiring S with identity having invariant basis number property with a basisα={α1,...,αk}.The complement■of the reduced non-zero component graph■of M,is the simple undirected graph with■as the vertex set and such that there is an edge between two distinct vertices■and■if and only if there exists no i such that both ai,biare non-zero.In this paper,we show that the graph■is connected and find its domination number,clique number and chromatic number.In the case of finite semirings,we determine the degree of each vertex,order,size,vertex connectivity and girth of■.Also,we give a necessary and sufficient condition for■to be Eulerian or Hamiltonian or planar.

A Class of Simple Modules for Electrical Lie Algebra of Type D_(5)

The simple modules for electrical Lie algebra of type D5 were investigated.The sufficient and necessary criteria of the simple Z-graded highest weight modules were established by means of determining the singular vectors of the Verma modules.The simple highest weight module is isomorphic to either that for the symplectic Lie algebra sp4 or Verma module.

Splash Zone Dynamic Analysis of A Suspended Semi-Submerged Subsea Module for Irregular Waves

Experimental and numerical studies on the dynamic cable tension of a subsea module during semi-submerged hoisting tests are performed. The experiments are carried out in irregular waves and the time-domain numerical simulations are conducted using the software “Simulation of Marine Operations”. The numerical formulation is validated through a comparison with experimental test measurements. The effects of the significant wave height, spectral peak period,and wave direction on the dynamic effect in the main sling and sub-slings are then investigated numerically. The relationship between the wave parameters and the dynamic effect is identified in the time and frequency domains,enabling the allowable sea states to be partially specified. The extreme dynamic effects in all slings under different wave conditions are estimated by using cumulative distribution functions of the Gumbel distribution. The results show that it is reasonable to model a complex subsea module via slender elements and depth-dependent coefficients in simulations of offshore operations. Lowering operations are safer if the wave height is 1 m and the wave period is larger than 8 s because the wave steepness is sufficient for the maximum possible dynamic effect to remain below 0.9. The dynamic tension may decrease when the wave direction is approximately 150°. It is dangerous for subsea modules to encounter lateral waves while entering the water because large overloads and underloads in the extreme dynamic tension may cause snap loads to occur and the slings to become slack.