Extensively drug-resistant bacteria are an independent predictive factor of mortality in 130 patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or spontaneous bacteremia

AIM: To evaluate the epidemiology and outcomes of culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and spontaneous bacteremia (SB) in decompensated cirrhosis.METHODS: We prospectively collected clinical, laboratory characteristics, type of administered antibiotic, susceptibility and resistance of bacteria to antibiotics in one hundred thirty cases (68.5% males) with positive ascitic fluid and/or blood cultures during the period from January 1, 2012 to May 30, 2014. All patients with SBP had polymorphonuclear cell count in ascitic fluid > 250/mm3. In patients with SB a thorough study did not reveal any other cause of bacteremia. The patients were followed-up for a 30-d period following diagnosis of the infection. The final outcome of the patients was recorded in the end of follow-up and comparison among 3 groups of patients according to the pattern of drug resistance was performed.RESULTS: Gram-positive-cocci (GPC) were found in half of the cases. The most prevalent organisms in a descending order were Escherichia coli (33), Enterococcus spp (30), Streptococcus spp (25), Klebsiella pneumonia (16), S. aureus (8), Pseudomanas aeruginosa (5), other Gram-negative-bacteria (GNB) (11) and anaerobes (2). Overall, 20.8% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 10% extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Health-care-associated (HCA) and/or nosocomial infections were present in 100% of MDR/XDR and in 65.5% of non-DR cases. Meropenem was the empirically prescribed antibiotic in HCA/nosocomial infections showing a drug-resistance rate of 30.7% while third generation cephalosporins of 43.8%. Meropenem was ineffective on both XDR bacteria and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium). All but one XDR were susceptible to colistin while all GPC (including E. faecium) and the 86% of GNB to tigecycline. Overall 30-d mortality was 37.7% (69.2% for XDR and 34.2% for the rest of the patients) (log rank, P = 0.015). In multivariate analysis, factors adversely affecting outcome included XDR infection (HR = 2.263, 95%CI: 1.005-5.095, P = 0.049), creatinine (HR = 1.125, 95%CI: 1.024-1.236, P = 0.015) and INR (HR =1.553, 95%CI: 1.106-2.180, P = 0.011).CONCLUSION: XDR bacteria are an independent life-threatening factor in SBP/SB. Strategies aiming at restricting antibiotic overuse and rapid identification of the responsible bacteria could help improve survival.

Prolonged use of bedaquiline in two patients with pulmonary extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: Two case reports

BACKGROUND Bedaquiline is among the prioritized drugs recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDRTB).Many patients have not achieved better clinical improvement after bedaquiline is stopped at 24 wk.However,there is no recommendation or guideline on bedaquiline administration beyond 24 wk,which is an important consideration when balancing the benefit of prognosis for XDR-TB against the uncertain safety concerning the newer antibiotics.CASE SUMMARY This paper reported 2 patients with XDR-TB(a female of 58 years of age and a female of 18 years of age)who received bedaquiline for 36 wk,as local experience to be shared.The 2 cases had negative cultures after 24 wk of treatment,but lung imaging was still positive.After discussion among experts,the consensus was made to bedaquiline prolongation by another 12 wk.The 36-wk prolonged use of bedaquiline in both cases achieved a favorable response without increasing the risk of cardiac events or new safety signals.CONCLUSION Longer regimen,including 36-wk bedaquiline treatment,might be an option for patients with XDR-TB.More studies are needed to explore the effectiveness and safety of prolonged use of bedaquiline for 36 wk vs standard 24 wk in the treatment of multidrug-resistant/XDR-TB or to investigate further the biomarkers and criteria indicative for extension of bedaquline to facilitate clinical use of thisnovel drug.

Successful treatment of pyogenic ventriculitis caused by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with multi-route tigecycline: A case report

BACKGROUND Pyogenic ventriculitis caused by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)is one of the most severe complications associated with craniotomy.However,limited therapeutic options exist for the treatment of A.baumannii ventriculitis due to the poor penetration rate of most antibiotics through the blood-brain barrier.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old male patient with severe traumatic brain injury developed pyogenic ventriculitis on postoperative day 24 caused by extensively drug-resistant A.baumannii susceptible to tigecycline only.Successful treatment was accomplished through multi-route administration of tigecycline,including intravenous combined with continuous ventricular irrigation plus intraventricular administration.The pus was cleared on the 3rd day post-irrigation,and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were negative after 12 d.CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that multi-route administration of tigecycline can be a therapeutic option against pyogenic ventriculitis caused by extensively drugresistant A.baumannii.

Establishment of extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia model in rat

Objective:To establish extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa(XDR-PA)infection-induced pneumonia model in rats.Methods:Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group,low bacterial group,medium bacterial group,and high bacterial group.The low,medium and high bacterial groups were given intratracheal instillation of 0.1 mL of bacterial suspension(bacterial concentration in turn is 7.5×10^(9),3×10^(10),6×10^(10)CFU/mL),while the blank group were given the same volume of sterile normal saline.After modeling,the general conditions of rats in each group were observed,including mental state,hair,respiration,activity,eating,weight,and the survival curve was drawn.The pathological characteristics of lung tissue and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed.Pathogenic identification of each group was carried out by bacterial culture of lung tissue homogenate.Results:The general state of the blank group was normal,and the rats in other groups showed signs of mental depression,bristling,shortness of breath,even oral and nasal bleeding,decreased food intake and activity,and significant weight loss,and different degrees of death within 48 hours,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Pathological results showed that the alveolar structure of rats in the blank group was complete,and the alveolar space was clear without exudation.The lung tissue of the low and medium bacterial groups showed obvious inflammatory cell infiltration,alveolar structure destruction,alveolar septum thickening,interstitial edema,but the pathological damage of the medium group was more severe,with a mortality rate of up to 50%,and the mortality rate of the low bacterial group was 17%.In the high bacterial group,red blood cells,inflammatory cells and a large amount of fibrin-like exudation can be seen in the alveolar space,which has the pathological characteristics of acute respiratory failure,and the mortality rate is as high as 67%.The results of bacterial culture of lung tissue homogenate showed that the blank group had no bacterial colonies,while PA colony growth can be seen in low,medium and high bacterial groups.Conclusion:9 Intratracheal instillation of low bacterial count(0.1 mL of 7.5×10^(9) CFU/mL)XDR-PA bacterial suspension can successfully construct a rat pneumonia model of XDR-PA infection.

Global burden of HIV-negative multidrug-and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background:Tuberculosis(TB),caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,remains the second leading cause of death from a single infectious disease globally and poses a significant economic and clinical burden in the world in 2022.Of particular concern is the emergence of drug-resistant TB,accounting for 15%-20%of TB deaths.It is imperative to delve into the global trends of incidence and death rate for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDRTB)and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB),drawing upon the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 drug-resistant tuberculosis dataset.Methods:From the GBD 2021,data on incidence,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and death of MDR-TB and XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were collected.We calculated the estimated annual percentage changes in age standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and age-standardized death rate(ASDR),segmented by age,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI).The impacts of various risk factors on MDR-TB and XDR-TB were also analyzed.Results:In 2021,there were an estimated 443,680(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:259,196-766,545)incident cases of MDR-TB,and an estimated 106,818(95%UI:41,612-211,854)death cases of MDR-TB,while there were an estimated 24,036(95%UI:17,144-34,587)incident cases of XDR-TB and 7,946(95%UI:3,326-14,859)death cases of XDR-TB.The incidence and death cases of MDR-TB were lowest in high SDI regions,whereas the incidence rates of XDR-TB in high-middle SDI regions were higher than those in middle SDI and high SDI regions.Conclusion:This study reported the disease burden of drug-resistant TB from 1990 to 2021.Until 2021,drugresistant TB is still a serious problem in low SDI countries,especially for high-risk age populations with highrisk factors.Controlling drug-resistant TB requires effective control strategies and healthcare systems.

Transmission of extensively drug-resistant and multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in families identified by genotyping

Background Diagnosis and appropriate treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis （MDR-TB） remain major challenges. We sought to elucidate that persons who share a household with drug resistance tuberculosis patients are at high risk for primary drug resistance tuberculosis and how to prevent these outbreaks. Methods We used 12-locus mycobactedal interspersed repetitive unit and 7-locus variable-number tandem repeat to identify household transmission of extensively drug resistant and multiple drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in three families admitted in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated with Tongji University. Drug susceptibility tests were done by the modified proportion method in the MGIT 960 system in the same time. Clinical data were also obtained from the subjects＇ medical records. Results All of the six strains were defined as Beijing genotype by the deletion-targeted multiplex PCR （DTM-PCR） identification on the genomic deletion RD105. Strains from family-1 had the same minisatellite interspersed repetitive unit （MIRU） pattern （232225172531） and the same MIRU pattern （3677235）. Strains from family-2 had the same MIRU pattern （2212261553323） and the same MIRU pattern （3685134）. Strains from family-3 did not have the same MIRU pattern and they differed at only one locus （223326173533, 223325173533）, and did not have the same VNTR pattern with two locus differed （3667233, 3677234）. Conclusions Household transmission exists in the three families. A clear chain of tuberculosis transmission within family exists. Tuberculosis susceptibility should be considered when there is more than one tuberculosis patients in a familv. Household tuberculosis transmission could be prevented with adequate treatment of source Patients.

Activities of Biapenem against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Macrophages and Mice

Objective To assess the activities of biapenem against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods Biapenem/clavulanate(BP/CL) was evaluated for in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) multidrug-resistant(MDR) isolates, extensively drug-resistant(XDR) isolates, and the H37 RV strain. BP/CL activity against the H37 Rv strain was assessed in liquid cultures, in macrophages, and in mice. Results BP/CL exhibited activity against MDR and XDR Mtb isolates in liquid cultures. BP/CL treatment significantly reduced the number of colony forming units(CFU) of Mtb within macrophages compared with control untreated infected macrophages. Notably, BP/CL synergized in pairwise combinations with protionamide, aminosalicylate, and capreomycin to achieve a fractional inhibitory concentration for each pairing of 0.375 in vitro. In a mouse tuberculosis infection model, the efficacy of a cocktail of levofloxacin + pyrazinamide + protionamide + aminosalicylate against Mtb increased when the cocktail was combined with BP/CL, achieving efficacy similar to that of the positive control treatment(isoniazid + rifampin + pyrazinamide) after 2 months of treatment. Conclusion BP/CL may provide a new option to clinically treat MDR tuberculosis.

Molecular Detection of Carbapenemase Genes in Extensive Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates from ICU Patients, Khartoum

Background: The emergence of carbapenemase producing Acinetobacter baumannii is increasingly reported nowadays and constitutes a major problem to the intensive care unit (ICU) patients with notable extensive-drug resistance ability. The study investigates carbapenemase producing A. baumannii strains exhibiting an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype, isolated from ICU patients in Khartoum. Methods: A total of 100 nonduplicate Gram-negative coccobacilli strains were obtained from microbiology laboratory of ICU patients’ clinical isolates. Molecular identification of A. baumannii was performed by targeting 16S rRNA gene using specifically designed primers. Then, XDR strains were determined by susceptibility testing (disc diffusion). For detection of carbapenemase genes Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out. Result: Of 100 ICU clinical isolates, 38 (38.0%) was confirmed A. baumannii strains, those strains showed 100% carbapenem resistance and 60.5% extensive drug resistance to the antibiotics tested. The frequency of carbapenemase producer was 57.9% (22/38) of carbapenem resistance A. baumannii (CRAB). The most common carbapenemase associated with resistance was blaOXA gene followed by blaNDM and blaGES A. baumannii isolates. The co-occurrence of blaOXA-48-like and blaNDM, blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-51, and blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-51 was detected in 22.7%, 18.2% strains and 4.5% respectively. A unique characteristic of our findings was the coharbouring of the genes blaNDM-1, blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-143 in 9.1% strains (2/22), and this was the first report in the Khartoum city, Sudan. Conclusion: We have demonstrated for the first time a high prevalence of XDR-carbapenemase producing A. baumannii clinical isolates from ICU patients in Khartoum. Also an emergent blaOXA-143 was reported as High-Risk Clones. This highlights the routine mentoring of XDR-carbapenemase producing A. baumannii to avoid clone dissemination in our region hospitals.

Clinical analysis of colistin sulfate in the treatment of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria,exacerbated by excessive use of antimicrobials and immunosuppressants,are a major health threat.AIM To study the clinical efficacy and safety of colistin sulfate in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli-induced pneumonia,and to provide theoretical reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.METHODS This retrospective analysis involved 54 patients with Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia admitted to intensive care unit of The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China from August 2020 to June 2022.After bacteriological culture,the patients'airway secretions were collected to confirm the presence of Gram-negative bacilli.The patients were divided into the experimental and control groups according to the medication used.The research group consisted of 28 patients who received polymyxin sulfate combined with other drugs through intravenous,nebulization,or intravenous combined with nebulization,with a daily dosage of 1.5–3.0 million units.The control group consisted of 26 patients who received standard dosages of other antibiotics(including sulbactam sodium for injection,cefoperazone sodium sulbactam for injection,tigecycline,meropenem,or vaborbactam).RESULTS Of the 28 patients included in the research group,26 patients showed improvement,treatment was ineffective for two patients,and one patient died,with the treatment efficacy rate of 92.82%.Of the 26 patients in the control group,18 patients improved,treatment was ineffective for eight patients,and two patients died,with the treatment efficacy rate of 54.9%;significant difference was observed between the two groups(P<0.05).The levels of white blood cell(WBC),procalcitonin(PCT),and C-reactive protein(CRP)in both groups were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment(P<0.05),and the levels of WBC,PCT,and CRP in the research group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Compared with before treatment,there were no significant changes in aspartate aminotransferase,creatinine,and glomerular filtration rate in both groups,while total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase decreased after treatment(P<0.05)with no difference between the groups.In patients with good clinical outcomes,the sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)score was low when treated with inhaled polymyxin sulfate,and specific antibiotic treatment did not improve the outcome.Sepsis and septic shock as well as a low SOFA score were independent factors associated with good clinical outcomes.CONCLUSION Polymyxin sulfate has a significant effect on the treatment of patients with multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia and other infections in the lungs and is safe and reliable.Moreover,the administration route of low-dose intravenous injection combined with nebulization shows better therapeutic effects and lower adverse reactions,providing new ideas for clinical administration.

2017年河南省人民医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解河南省人民医院临床分离菌的分布及耐药性。方法收集该院2017年临床分离菌,采用纸片扩散法和自动化仪器法按统一方案进行细菌药物敏感性试验,按美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2017年标准判断结果。结果共分离临床病原菌7771株,其中革兰阳性菌2027株,占26.1%;革兰阴性菌5744株,占73.9%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株的检出率分别为51.9%和81.0%;未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药菌株,血液标本中发现1株耐利奈唑胺的科氏葡萄球菌。肠球菌属中分别检出1株耐万古霉素屎肠球菌和1株耐利奈唑胺粪肠球菌。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形杆菌中的产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)株分别为64.4%、56.2%和34.4%。肠杆菌科细菌,除肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率为46.7%外,对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,绝大多数菌株的耐药率低于13.0%。结论该院碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌比例较高,应进行流行病学调查并进一步采取更加有效的感控措施,控制耐药株的医院广泛传播。

2005—2014年CHINET老年患者临床分离菌耐药性监测

目的了解国内不同地区17所医院2005—2014年老年患者临床分离菌的分布特点及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法按统一方案,采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行细菌药敏试验,按照CLSI 2014年标准判读结果。结果共收集老年临床分离菌159 888株,占整体人群的33.1%。10年间,老年患者分离菌株的检出率呈上升趋势：2005年为30.0%,2014年为32.7%。其中革兰阳性菌36 659株,占22.9%;革兰阴性菌123 229株,占77.1%。住院患者分离148 376株,占92.8%。痰液等呼吸道分泌物是细菌的主要分离源,共88 201株,占55.2%。金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中MRSA和MRCNS株的平均检出率分别为67.1%和75.9%。甲氧西林耐药株对β内酰胺类抗生素和其他测试药物的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感株（MSSA和MSCNS）。葡萄球菌属中均未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药株。屎肠球菌除对利奈唑胺及氯霉素的耐药率低于粪肠球菌外,对其余抗菌药物耐药率均高于粪肠球菌,屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率（4.6%,0.4%）高于全国水平（3.2%,0.3%）;根据表型推测多数为Van A型或Van B型。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎株青霉素敏感株（PSSP）比例（78.2%）低于2014年全国成人组（95.0%）。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属（肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌）和奇异变形杆菌中产ESBL株分别占67.5%、40.4%和34.3%。碳青霉烯类抗生素依然对肠杆菌科细菌保持良好的抗菌活性,耐药率大多〈10%,其次为阿米卡星、酶抑制剂复合制剂。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为35.9%和33.0%,鲍曼不动杆菌对两药的耐药率均〉55.0%。广泛耐药革兰阴性杆菌中铜绿假单胞菌的分离率（4.0%-1.8%）高于同年全国整体分离率（2.1%-1.6%）;鲍曼不动杆菌广泛耐药株从2010年起分离率呈现逐年下降趋势（19.2%-15.5%）,低于同年的全国水平（21.4%-19.7%）;肠杆菌科细菌广泛耐药株从2008年分离到,分离率（0.1%-1.0%）也低于同年全国水平（0.3%-3.2%）。结论老年患者临床分离菌分布情况与耐药性特点不同于全国平均水平。住院患者比例、呼吸道标本比例、不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌比例均高于全国水平。苛氧菌及肠道致病菌的分离率及耐药率低于全国水平。MRSA、万古霉素耐药肠球菌、产ESBL菌及铜绿假单胞菌中广泛耐药菌分离率及耐药率高于全国水平。经验用药应参考老年人群耐药监测数据,根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。

华东医院感染老年患者多重耐药和广泛耐药革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解华东医院感染老年患者多重耐药和广泛耐药革兰阴性杆菌耐药性及其分布,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物和有效预防、控制医院感染提供依据。方法收集华东医院60岁以上老年患者临床标本(痰液、血液、尿液、胆汁及伤口分泌物等)进行细菌培养、鉴定和体外药物敏感性试验;对228例多重耐药和42例广泛耐药革兰阴性杆菌感染的患者资料进行回顾性研究,并用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测8株广泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌的相关耐药基因。结果多重耐药菌排名前3位的是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌;广泛耐药菌排名前3位的是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍德菌。广泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌检测到了TEM、SHV、PER、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(6')-Ⅰb、OXA-23、gyr A和qac EΔ1基因,IMP、VIM和OXA-24基因检测为阴性。结论华东医院老年患者医院感染的鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况较为严重,呼吸科和重症监护病房尤其要加强抗菌药物的合理使用并进行细菌耐药性的监测等措施,有效预防、延缓和控制耐药菌株的产生和播散。

2015年临床常见分离菌分布及耐药特性分析

目的分析南昌大学第二附属医院2015年临床分离菌的分布构成及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药特性。方法收集我院2015年全年临床分离菌,剔除重复菌株,采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行药物敏感性试验,E试验法检测葡萄球菌对万古霉素及肺炎链球菌对青霉素的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。依据美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2015年版标准判断结果,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果收集细菌3955株,其中革兰阳性菌1364株(34.5%),革兰阴性菌2591株(65.5%)。位列前5位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌(18.9%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(12.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.4%)、铜绿假单胞菌(9.4%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(7.1%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为23.5%和71.4%。91.0%MRSA对复方磺胺甲噁唑敏感,82.9%MRCNS对利福平敏感,均未发现万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株。屎肠球菌对绝大多数抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于粪肠球菌,检出2株万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌,未发现利奈唑胺耐药株。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎菌株对青霉素耐药率为7.2%。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌)中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)株分别占62.1%和31.7%。鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别79.4%、17.0%和12.3%。结论细菌耐药现象仍较严重,特别是对碳青霉烯类耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,感染控制部门应引起重视,积极采取有效的感染控制措施,临床应根据药敏结果科学合理选用抗菌药物。

2014年CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测

目的了解国内主要地区临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法国内主要地区17所教学医院(15所综合性医院、2所儿童医院)临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法按统一方案进行细菌药物敏感性试验。按美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2014版标准判断结果。结果收集各医院2014年1—12月临床分离菌共78 955株,其中革兰阳性菌21 635株,占27.4%,革兰阴性菌57 320株,占72.6%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株的平均检出率分别为44.6%和83.0%。甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)对β内酰胺类抗生素和其他测试药的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS)。MRSA中有92.0%菌株对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲口恶唑敏感;MRCNS中有85.6%的菌株对利福平敏感。未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(氯霉素除外)的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株,表型或基因型检测结果显示主要为VanA型、其次为VanB型或VanM型耐药。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎株成人株和儿童株中青霉素敏感株(PSSP)所占比例较2013年均有所上升,中介(PISP)和耐药(PRSP)的检出率均有所下降。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形杆菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)株平均分别为55.8%、29.9%和24.0%,产ESBL株对测试药物的耐药率均比非产ESBL株高。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,绝大多数菌株的耐药率低于10%。不动杆菌属(鲍曼不动杆菌占93.0%)对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为62.4%和66.7%。与2013年相比,肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中广泛耐药株的检出率有所上升。结论细菌耐药性仍呈增长趋势,多重耐药和广泛耐药菌株检出率的增加对临床抗感染治疗构成严重威胁,需及时采取有效的感控措施。

2015-2017年广东某医院细菌耐药性监测结果分析

目的了解广州医科大学附属第一医院2015-2017年临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,按照CLSI 2017年标准判读结果。结果收集2015年1月-2017年12月临床分离菌共17645株,其中革兰阳性菌3091株(17.5%),革兰阴性菌14554株(82.5%)。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)检出率分别为50.7%和77.9%,未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药葡萄球菌株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌,检出万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌9株(0.8%)。检出肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎分离株227株,成人和儿童各占44.1%和55.9%,成人和儿童青霉素敏感菌株分别占88.0%和81.1%。大肠埃希菌是3年中检出率最高的细菌。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)株分别占53.3%和28.5%。3年间检出碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌255株(3.7%),碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌665株(26.2%),碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌900株(57.5%),每年检出率变化不大。3年间共检出泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌141株(5.6%),泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌458株(29.3%),2015-2017年检出率呈下降趋势。结论该医院近3年细菌耐药情况趋于平稳,但仍应加强院感防控管理,继续做好细菌耐药监测工作。

2015年CHINET细菌耐药性监测

目的了解国内主要地区临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法国内主要地区20所医院(18所综合性医院、2所儿童医院)临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法按统一方案进行细菌药物敏感性试验。按CLSI2015年版标准判断結果。结果收集2015年1—12月各医院临床分离菌共88 778株,其中革兰阳性菌26 481株,占29.8%,革兰阴性菌62 297株,占70.2%。金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)的平均检出率分别为42.2%和82.6%。MRSA和MRCNS对β内酰胺类抗生素和其他绝大多数测试药的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS)。MRSA中有92.3%的菌株对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑敏感;MRCNS中有85.4%菌株对利福平敏感。未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(除氯霉素外)的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株,表型或基因型检测结果显示主要为VanA型、VanB型或VanM型耐药。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎株儿童株中青霉素敏感株所占比例较2014年有所上升,中介和耐药株的检出率均有所下降,但成人株反之。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形杆菌中产ESBL株平均分别占51.5%、27.4%和22.2%,产ESBL株对测试药物的耐药率均比非产ESBL株高。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,绝大多数菌株的耐药率低于10%。不动杆菌属(鲍曼不动杆菌占93.4%)对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为62.0%和70.5%。与2014年相比,肺炎克雷伯菌中广泛耐药株的检出率有所上升。结论肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率仍呈上升趋势,给临床的抗感染治疗带来极大挑战。

2016年安徽铜陵市人民医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解2016年安徽省铜陵市人民医院临床所有分离细菌的分布情况及耐药性变迁。方法收集2016年所有临床分离细菌并作药敏试验,结果统一输入WHONET5.6软件统计分析。结果 2016年共收集细菌2 949株,其中革兰阴性菌2 134株(72.4%),革兰阳性菌815株(27.6%)。革兰阴性菌数量居前5位是大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌属细菌;革兰阳性菌数量居前5位是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和链球菌属。产ESBL大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别占各自菌数量的42.3%和31.1%,耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率为1.2%(8/640)和29.4%(108/367),鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素的敏感率为94.3%,对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为74.3%和74.9%,铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林的敏感率为78.2%,对碳青霉烯类抗生素的敏感率在70%左右;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离率32.0%(74/231),耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分离率65.6%(170/259),没有发现对替考拉宁和万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌属;未检出替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的肠球菌属细菌(粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌)。结论该院各类细菌分离数量呈逐年上升趋势,多重耐药菌的分离率逐年增长,泛耐药肠杆菌科细菌及鲍曼不动杆菌分离率的逐年增长趋势十分严峻,迫切需要继续加强医院感染管理工作。

2015年广州珠江医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解南方医科大学珠江医院2015年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行细菌药物敏感性试验。结果收集2015年1-12月临床分离菌共4 229株,革兰阳性菌1 541株(36.4%),革兰阴性菌2 688株(63.6%)。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株检出率分别为47.2%和76.4%。甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)对β内酰胺类抗生素和其他测试药的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS)。94.0%MRSA菌株对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲唑敏感;83.1%MRCNS菌株对利福平敏感。未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌,未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的菌株。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)株分别为52.6%和39.7%,产ESBL株对测试药物的耐药率均比非产ESBL株高。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,绝大多数菌株耐药率低于4.0%。不动杆菌属对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为69.2%和71.2%。结论该医院细菌耐药性仍呈增长趋势,多重耐药和广泛耐药菌株检出率的增加对临床抗感染治疗构成严重威胁,需及时采取有效的感控措施。

2016年中国CHINET细菌耐药性监测

目的了解国内主要地区临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法对国内主要地区30所教学医院(26所综合性医院、4所儿童医院)临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法按统一方案进行抗菌药物敏感性试验。按CLSI 2016版判断结果。结果收集2016年1-12月上述医院临床分离菌共153 059株,其中革兰阳性菌43 462株,占28.4%,革兰阴性菌109 597株,占71.6%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株的平均检出率分别为38.4%和77.6%。甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)对绝大多数测试药的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS)。MRSA中有92.3%菌株对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲唑敏感;MRCNS中有86.5%菌株对利福平敏感;未发现万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药菌株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(氯霉素除外)的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株,经表型或基因型检测结果显示主要为Van A型、Van B型或Van M型耐药。儿童肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎分离株中青霉素敏感和中介(PSSP和PISP)株所占比例较2015年有所上升,青霉素耐药(PRSP)株的检出率有所下降;成人分离株中PISP和PRSP均有所下降。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形杆菌中产ESBL率分别平均为45.2%、25.2%和16.5%,产ESBL株对测试药物的耐药率均比非产ESBL株高。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,多数菌属的耐药率低于10%。不动杆菌属(鲍曼不动杆菌占90.6%)对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为68.6%和71.4%。与2015年耐药率数据相比,铜绿假单胞菌中广泛耐药株的检出率有所上升。结论临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率仍呈增长趋势,应加强医院感染防控措施和抗菌药物临床应用管理措施,继续做好细菌耐药性监测工作。

The Role of Pyridoxine in the Prevention and Treatment of Neuropathy and Neurotoxicity Associated with Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens: A Topic Review

Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) is a global public health problem caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to Rifampicin. Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy and neurotoxicity are well-known adverse effects of treatment regimens that cause significant morbidity. Pyridoxine is often added to treatment regimens for the prevention and/or treatment of these side effects. The basis and effectiveness of this practice are unclear. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of pyridoxine in preventing and/or treating neuropathy and neurotoxicity associated with RR-TB treatment. We included studies with patients with RR-TB who experienced neuropathy or neurotoxicity attributed to RR-TB regimens and were given pyridoxine. Our findings showed contradicting evidence on the use of pyridoxine for preventing or treating neurotoxicity due to cycloserine in the treatment of RR-TB. Moreover, pyridoxine did not have a protective effect against neuropathy and/or neurotoxicity caused by other RR-TB regimens that do not contain isoniazid. In conclusion, we found that withdrawing or withholding medications such as linezolid, cycloserine, thioamides, fluoroquinolones, and ethambutol, implicated in causing neuropathy or neurotoxicity was more effective than using pyridoxine to stop the progression of symptoms, and in some instances, led to their reversal over time.