Waterproofing Technology of Underground Subway Tunnels

The waterproof construction of subway tunnels is a crucial and challenging aspect of subway tunnel engineering.Mastering excellent waterproof construction technology is essential to ensure that the construction meets design requirements and guarantees the safe operation of subway lines.This paper focuses on discussing waterproof construction technology for subway station tunnels.By analyzing the main methods and techniques of underground tunnel construction,as well as the key techniques and difficulties of waterproofing construction,this paper examines the waterproofing construction project of Guangzhou Metro Culture Park Station as a case study.It analyzes the methods,quality management practices,and safety management strategies applied in the project.This paper serves as a reference for tunnel engineering design and construction units in our country,offering insights into effective waterproof construction techniques for subway tunnels.

Preparation and Performance Study of Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Materials

Cementitious capillary crystalline waterproof materials(CCCW for short)offer durability and excellent waterproofing properties,making them a popular option for building waterproofing.Some scholars have studied the proportioning of such materials.However,these studies lack the relationship between the impermeability pressure of mortar and the components,and the mechanism of action is somewhat debatable.Therefore,we adopted a two-step method in our experiments.Firstly,we screened out the components that significantly impact impermeability from a variety of active components by orthogonal test.We then optimized the design of the active group ratio using the simplex lattice method.Lastly,we conducted a performance test of the optimal ratio and explored the waterproofing mechanism of homemade CCCW.

Application of New Concept Waterproofing in Xiang'an Undersea Tunnel,China

As a kind of transportation mode for crossing channels, undersea tunnel has incomparable advantages for its directness, convenience, fastness, insusceptibility to weather conditions, and smaller influences on environments. In recent years, with the development of undersea tunnel construction, the design and construction technologies have been greatly enhanced. The first undersea tunnel in China has just been built. Waterproofing is the key technique of undersea tunneling. A new concept of waterproofing scheme of grouting, sealing, draining and divided sections was adopted in the construction of the tunnel based on the researches, the in-situ geological features, the astuteness of the current technology and the cost of construction. The structural details of the sealing and draining system are introduced to illustrate the salient features of the new waterproofing technique. It is hoped that experiences described in the paper can offer guidance for the construction of the extensive undersea tunnels in the coming years.

Synthesizing Self-Crosslinking Waterborne Polyurethane-Silanol Dispersion for Waterproofing Application

Polyurethane dispersions (PUD) have diversified into a myriad of applications over the years. This has led to extensive research on both industrial and laboratory fronts as polyurethane dispersions provide liberty to interplay at the molecular level to diversify the properties of the product which has also led to the development of eco-friendly waterborne dispersions. Yet, waterborne PUDs are limited in their mechanical and physical properties as compared to solvent-based products. The incorporation of crosslinkers in the PUD further bolsters these properties thus improving water and solvent resistance. The incorporation of silanols increases solvent resistance and adhesion of the resultant PUD. In this work, a post crosslinking system based on the ketone-hydrazine mechanism was incorporated into the PUD thus providing the required structural reinforcement for construction application. The targeted application for this work is the use of PUDs for waterproofing.

Elastic Bio-based Polyurethane Nanofibrous Membrane with Robust Waterproof and Breathable Properties

Elastic bio-based waterproof and breathable membranes(EBWBMs) allow the passage of water vapor effectively and resist the penetration of liquid water,making it ideal for use under extreme conditions.In this study,we used a facile strategy to design the bio-based polyurethane(PU) nanofibrous membranes with the nanoscale porous structure to provide the membranes with high waterproof and breathable performances.The optimization of nanofibrous membrane formation was accomplished by controlling the relative ambient humidity to modulate the cooperating effects of charge dissipation and non-solvent-induced phase separation.The obtained EBWBMs showed multiple functional properties,with a hydrostatic pressure of 86.41 kPa and a water vapor transmission(WVT) rate of 10.1 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1).After 1 000 cycles of stretching at 40% strain,the EBWBMs retained over 59% of the original maximum stress and exhibited an ideal elasticity recovery ratio of 85%.Besides,even after 80% deformation,the EBWBMs still maintained a hydrostatic pressure of 30.65 kPa and a WVT rate of 13.6 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),suggesting that bio-based PU nanofibrous membranes could be used for protection under extreme conditions.

Study on Preparation of Waterproofing Agent for Mineral Wool Board from Modified C_9 Petroleum Resin

The modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared from the C9petroleum resin was modified with maleic anhydride.The effects of maleic rosin and maleic anhydride addition level,the modification time and the alkali liquor on the properties of the emulsion were discussed.The results showed that the optimum process conditions covered:a maleic anhydride mass fraction of 1.5%,a maleic rosin mass fraction of 10%,a KOH mass fraction of 1%,a petroleum resin modification temperature of 200℃,a petroleum resin modification duration of 3 h,and a modified petroleum resin emulsion/wax emulsion mixing ratio of 1:1.The particle size of modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared under these conditions was equal to 104.166μm.

Preparation of low-cost waterproofing materials

To address the need for producing a cheap,single-component,hot-applied compound joint sealant with high quality for sealing joints and cracks in concrete and flexible pavements without using primer for installation,a hot-applied modified asphalt sealant was produced by blending up about 30% starch into 20% citric acid.The starch and the asphalt cement were mixed at a temperature of above 160 ℃.Thus the waterproofing asphalt was manufactured to protect the surface of various shapes and types from water leakage using the citric acid.Results indicate that this sealant complies with the requirements of ASTM D-1191,D-6690-06a and D-7116-05.The citric acid is a kind of reliable materials for asphalt cement,which can be widely used in paving and waterproofing construction materials,and this offers profound engineering and economic advantages.

上海地铁运营车站出入口底板改造防水技术探讨

上海地铁运营线网中,有为数不少的车站出入口缺少下行自动扶梯,根据相关部门要求,上海地铁已开展了一部分出入口的加装扶梯改造,并计划未来几年覆盖全网;加装扶梯过程中,有部分出入口需要局部开挖结构底板增设扶梯基坑,施工风险较大。以此类涉及出入口改造项目为例,介绍运营车站出入口底板改造中的防水关键技术,以期为今后同类型改造项目的防水设计提供借鉴。

包覆交联法提升玫瑰茄红上染真丝织物色牢度的应用

文章以甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、2-羟基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三(三甲基硅氧烷基)硅烷为原料,合成了聚丙烯酸酯类高分子,再将整理后的织物浸于戊二醛溶液中,以达到化学接枝交联的目的,并将其作为纤维包覆材料应用于天然玫瑰茄红色素染色的真丝织物。实验结果表明:整理后真丝织物的色牢度明显提升,湿摩色牢度从2~3级提升到4级,皂洗色牢度从1~2级提到3~4级,并且整理后织物表现出较好的防水效果,水接触角从接近0°提到125°;机械性能显著改善,断裂强度从8.73 MPa提高到26.37 MPa。

昌景黄铁路南昌东站抗浮设防水位研究

研究目的:抗浮设防水位是站房基坑工程中一个十分重要的参数,其数值过高会极大增加工程造价,过低又存在工程风险。现行的规范只有原则性的规定,没有也不可能有量化的取值标准。因此,对于有大型基坑的车站工程,进行抗浮设防水位的专项勘察研究,具有重要的工程意义。本文以昌景黄高速铁路南昌东站基坑工程为例,通过现场实测的孔隙水压力、室内外渗透性试验、地下水渗流场模型试验等方法,对抗浮设防水位的确定进行研究。研究结论:(1)抗浮设防水位建议值:使用期可按场坪标高以下0.5 m(即绝对标高20.00 m)取值,施工期按场坪标高(即绝对标高20.50 m)取值,如后期拟建工程的场坪标高有调整,建议使用期按调整后的场坪标高以下0.5 m取值,施工期按调整后的场坪标高取值;(2)工程场地瑶湖、赣抚平原总干渠和抚河等地表水与地下水难以形成水力联系;地下水的承压水与基岩裂隙水存在直接的水力联系,承压水向基岩裂隙中渗流,在基岩裂隙水丰富且具有承压性的区域,基岩裂隙水向上补给承压水;(3)拟建工程场地中,上层滞水和承压水均位于拟建建筑物基底以上,对工程有较大影响,地下水水位的变化对拟建建筑物的抗浮设防设计有重要的影响;(4)上层滞水远期最高水位按工程建设后的地坪标高考虑,承压水远期最高水位标高按19.00 m考虑;(5)本研究成果可为类似工程抗浮设防水位的确定提供借鉴与参考。

页岩储层防水锁聚合物水基钻井液体系研究

开发一种适用于页岩储层的水基钻井液体系,以优化钻井过程中的页岩稳定性和防水锁效果。通过页岩滚动回收率、线性膨胀率测试以评价不同处理剂的效果。结果表明:0.5%WEDM+1.5%SFTH复配体系可显著提高页岩的回收率,同时最大线性膨胀率由37.6%降至16.80%。封堵剂CMS在控制滤失量方面表现出色,包被剂KPAM在提高钻井液稳定性和降低滤失量方面具有显著效果。防水锁水基钻井液配方为:4%基浆+1.0%WEDM+1.5%SFTH+1.5%CMS+0.3%KPAM+2.0%op-10。该体系在高温高压条件下展现出了优异的流变特性和滤失控制能力,特别是在抗温性和抗污染性方面表现卓越。该体系在150℃高温下保持了良好的稳定性,且对NaCl和CaCl_(2)的抗污染能力强。在储层保护方面,该体系能有效减少钻井液对储层的伤害,实现高达85.69%的渗透率恢复率,同时形成的泥饼质量良好。研究成果对于页岩气开采具有重要意义。

高耐水聚合物水泥防水涂料及其应用性能研究

从JS防水涂料的耐水机理出发,针对性地设计了由聚合物中活性官能团(羧基)与交联剂形成的后交联结构,减弱了水分子对聚合物分子间的增塑作用及对聚合物分子与无机填料界面力的破坏作用,研制了一种具有优异耐水性能的JS防水涂料。该涂料在长期浸水后,仍保持较好的物理力学性能,吸水率<9%、拉伸强度>1.6 MPa,且浸水1年后表观无变化。

基于突变理论的隔水岩体失稳分析及安全厚度计算

为了保障岩溶突水隧道施工和运营安全,基于弹性梁模型,应用突变理论建立岩溶突水顶板在动力扰动下失稳的双尖点突变模型;综合考虑围岩性质、静水压力、动力扰动等因素,分析岩溶突水隧道顶板的失稳机制和破坏条件,建立其失稳突变的判别方程,并采用Matlab软件编程,求解顶板的最小安全厚度;同时,为了避免当静水压力过大时,突变理论公式的不合理性,单独计算仅在静水压力的情况下的最小安全厚度,并取两者计算值中的更大值。结果表明:隔水岩体是否保持稳定是由岩体内外因素共同决定的;岩体跨度越长,岩体最小安全厚度越大;岩体弹性模量越大,岩体最小安全厚度越小。在振动频率一定时,爆破荷载越大,岩体最小安全厚度越大;在爆破荷载的大小一定时,爆破振动的频率越大,岩体最小安全厚度越小;静水压力越大,岩体最小安全厚度越大。该岩溶突水隧道顶板安全厚度计算方法具有可行性与较高的准确性。

硅溶胶-异丁基三乙氧基硅烷复合乳液对泡沫混凝土防水性能的影响

[目的]研究硅溶胶-异丁基三乙氧基硅烷(IBTS)复合乳液对泡沫混凝土防水性能的影响,为拓宽其应用提供实验数据。[方法]通过宏观力学特性试验和微观结构分析,综合考察了该复合乳液对泡沫混凝土的防护效果。[结果]涂抹了复合乳液的泡沫混凝土表现出比涂抹了单一IBTS乳液的泡沫混凝土更优异的抗渗透性能和耐久性,其水渗透深度和碳化深度更小,浸水48 h后的吸水率为0.46%,氯离子迁移系数为1.1×10^(-12)m^(2)/s,冻融240次后的质量损失率为0.55%,且动弹性模量仍维持冻融试验前的85.34%。[结论]复合乳液的防水机理涉及表面效应、化学反应、物理效应等多个方面,通过形成致密的防水层、填充孔隙和微裂纹、吸附并包固水分子等方式来防止水分渗透和扩散,从而提高泡沫混凝土的防水性能。

富水砂卵石地层盆形冻结止水技术研究

为解决全断面砂卵石地层地下工程的地下水控制问题,提出盆形冻结止水技术。首先,采用三轴力学试验研究冻结砂卵石的压缩力学特性和蠕变力学特性;然后,采用大尺度物理模型试验和数值模拟方法研究盆形冻结的温度场扩展规律,并根据研究结果进一步提出盆形冻结积极冻结期的群孔布置技术和维护冻结期的精细化控制技术。结果表明:1)低围压(小于3 MPa)条件下,三轴抗压强度与围压呈正线性相关,然后围压继续增大时,强度基本不变;基于损伤理论建立冻结砂卵石全过程蠕变模型。2)荷载对冻胀率及融沉系数影响最大,细粒土质量分数次之,原状饱和砂卵石是不冻胀材料,并由此建立饱和砂卵石冻胀率及融沉系数三维预测模型。3)基于大型物理模型试验及数值模拟结果,盆形冻结可以在地下水渗流条件下形成完整的盆形结构,起到有效止水的效果。4)盆底冻结管在冻结过程中表现出与单管冻结迥异的“群孔效应”,根据试验结果提出包含冻结管间距、土体导热系数、渗流速度3因素的积极冻结期冻结管合理间距的确定与布置技术。5)为节约维护冻结期的能源,提出隔排切割冻结管、仅保留盆壁冻结管2种维护形式以对冻结区域进行精细化控制,经过分析,2种方式均可以有效满足盆形结构维护期的冷量供给,保持完整的盆形形态。

盐碱地改造用高效阻盐材料的制备及其性能研究

为改良盐碱土壤,制备了一种隔水阻盐性能优异的超疏水颗粒材料,构建隔水阻盐材料与蓄水模式结合的盐碱地改造体系。以大漠砂为芯材,通过表面覆膜进行疏水改性,探究树脂和微纳米辅材掺量对材料疏水性、抗渗性和透气性的影响规律。利用微型土柱模拟地下水盐迁移过程,探究材料的隔水性能和阻盐性能。结果表明,在树脂、疏水碳酸钙和纳米二氧化硅掺量分别为1.0%、0.8%和0.2%时,材料接触角达到153.6°,耐静水高度达230 mm,并维持良好的透气性能。在微型土柱模拟试验中,隔水阻盐材料对水分蒸发和盐分上移的抑制作用明显,蒸发抑制率为50%~70%,盐分抑制率大于99%且在20次阻盐循环后维持97.5%以上。

基于飞行智能浮标测流系统设计与实现

为了提高浮标法流量测验的精度,针对传统GPS浮标法难以回收、精度、自动化程度低等问题,提出采用无人机飞行技术和浮标法相结合的方式。首先,设计防水无人机为浮标载体,利用其机动灵活(水上起降)和高精度定位(RTK差分定位)将飞行至水面上任意点位,无人机载体即为浮标载体,随水漂流速度(即无人机移动速度,也即水体表层水速)实时发送至无人机地面站。其次载体底部携带测深仪和可见光通过无人机的数图传系统将水位和现场画面也实时传送至地面站,其地面站能够查看载体漂浮的轨迹路线。测验结束后飞行浮标载体飞回起点处,该方式方便回收,并具有低成本、循环使用,便捷性等优点,洪水期借助大断面数据实现流量自动化、高效化以及实时化测报。

火山渣粒径和DPS掺量对轻骨料混凝土性能的影响

以火山渣作为粗骨料制备了轻骨料混凝土,研究了火山渣粒径(4.75~9.50、4.75~19.00、4.75~26.00 mm)对轻骨料混凝土坍落度、吸水率和抗压强度的影响,优选出了最佳火山渣粒径。在此基础上,研究了渗透结晶型无机防水剂(DPS)的掺量(0、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)对轻骨料混凝土性能的影响,并分析了其作用机理。结果表明:随着火山渣粒径的增大,轻骨料混凝土的坍落度降低,吸水率增大,抗压强度先增大后减小,最佳火山渣粒径为4.75~19.00 mm;随着DPS掺量的增加,轻骨料混凝土的坍落度和吸水率降低,抗压强度增大;掺入适量DPS可以有效提高混凝土基体的密实度,从而改善混凝土的性能。

脱硫石膏强度及耐水性改善方法研究综述

针对脱硫石膏强度及耐水性改善方法和改性机理做了系统的归纳与分析。详细阐述了水泥、各种矿物掺合料、有机硅防水剂以及其他有机乳液等对脱硫石膏及其复合胶凝材料的强度和耐水性的影响,对各种改性方法的作用机理、优点以及不足之处进行了讨论。结果表明:掺入适量的水泥和矿物掺合料时会生成水硬性产物,脱硫石膏的强度和耐水性得到一定的改善,但是掺入过量时会造成不利的影响;水泥、粉煤灰和脱硫石膏之间的比例变化会对胶凝体系的强度和耐水性产生较大的影响;有机硅防水剂可以在脱硫石膏表面形成一层疏水性薄膜,显著提升脱硫石膏的耐水性,当与矿物掺合料复合作用于脱硫石膏时可以得到更好的力学性能和耐水性能;其他类型的有机防水剂均能改善脱硫石膏的耐水性,但是大部分会改变脱硫石膏的晶体形貌,对脱硫石膏的强度和耐水性产生不利影响;目前脱硫石膏的改性材料都比较复杂,单独作用时综合性能不佳,需要进一步研究与探讨更加简单、有效的改性材料和方法。

具有双螺旋结构的超弹性柔性导体研究

柔性电子器件由于其稳定、高导电性和高拉伸性等特点而受到广泛的关注。本文制备了一种由热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)线和铜(Cu)丝组成的双螺旋柔性导体(DHFC),导体初始电导率为5.71×10^(7) S/m。通过增大螺旋直径,使其拉伸性能增加,DHFC可恢复的最大形变量可达6706%。在弹性应变范围内,DHFC在重复形变(1000次循环的拉伸,应变为2200%)下表现出较高的稳定性,电阻的增加可以忽略不计。此外,由于导体外部涂有水性聚氨酯(WPU)而使其具有优异的防水性能,在水中所测的电阻值与在空气环境中所测的电阻值基本一致。