Externality;the term can define as a positive or negative impact from either production or consumption of goods or services.Services provided by particular location have very specific dependency on spatial characteris...Externality;the term can define as a positive or negative impact from either production or consumption of goods or services.Services provided by particular location have very specific dependency on spatial characteristics of that region.A region’s distinct characteristics make it ecologically unique from other such regions.Ecosystem services are offered by these regions thus differ according to these unique ecological features.In this particular study,artificially imposed expansion of coastal shrimp farming towards the inland and its impact over paddy cultivation have been addressed.Optimization of the extent of this manipulative coastal expansion has been supported by little modification of a previously described model.Here the investment prediction for both shrimp and paddy farming has been investigated by calculating net present value(NPV).Shrimp farming has very specific externality on local ecosystem services.In this particular case,some contradictory results are presented and with respect to positive or negative externality;but the externalities are strong.NPV results indicate that there is no long-term profitability in case of shrimp farming.Hence,an overall externality of shrimp farming has been described in context of this study.展开更多
Recent years have seen sharp increases in China’s trade de ficit in services,especially in tourism,arousing concerns over a potential capital flight from China.Such concerns appeared to be justi fied by China’s bala...Recent years have seen sharp increases in China’s trade de ficit in services,especially in tourism,arousing concerns over a potential capital flight from China.Such concerns appeared to be justi fied by China’s balance of payments data,whose statistical scope was of ficially modi fied retroactively since 2014.To overcome the impact of changing statistical approach,this paper uses banks’cross-border customer payment and receipt data to re-estimate China’s service trade,and finds that China’s service imports did not increase abnormally from 2014 to 2016 as some researchers reckoned.With the re-estimated service trade data,we find that the relationship between China’s GDP per capita and travel imports as a share of service imports since 2001 tallies with those of emerging Asian industrial countries before the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997,indicating that China’s travel import growth in recent years did not deviate from the long term trend and international experience.Furthermore,this paper finds that China’s travel imports did not signi ficantly in fluence the stock and housing markets in the US,Hong Kong and the EU as major travel destinations,thus refuting the argument that massive capital has fled China for overseas markets.展开更多
Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs （HRVP） has obtained far-reaching powers to formulate, coordinate and implement EU external policies, traditionally a prerogative of the state. ...Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs （HRVP） has obtained far-reaching powers to formulate, coordinate and implement EU external policies, traditionally a prerogative of the state. In the exercise of this delegated powers, the HRVP is assisted by a dedicated administrative body, the European External Action Service （EEAS）. Formal decision-making over the EU＇s common foreign and security policy lies with the Council, while the European Neighborhood and Trade policies, as well as international cooperation remain competences of the EU-Commission. Concomitantly, the EEAS is situated within several, partly overlapping and conflicting accountability relationships. The ensuing question is： To what extent, how and by whom can the HRVP and the EEAS be held politically to account？ With data from official documents, 50 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 184 EU foreign policy-makers, the article maps and assesses of the multi-level actor/forum relationships of the EU＇s foreign policy machinery.展开更多
Considering diseconomies of scale and network externalities in the e-commerce supply chain(ECSC),we construct an e-platform-led benchmark model and derive the optimal decisions.Then,the model is extended by endogenizi...Considering diseconomies of scale and network externalities in the e-commerce supply chain(ECSC),we construct an e-platform-led benchmark model and derive the optimal decisions.Then,the model is extended by endogenizing the impact of service level on network externalities.Considering service investment that includes fixed and variable investments,the model is further extended.Comparing the extended models with the benchmark model,we found the following conclusions.Although the e-platform dominates the ECSC,its profit is lower than the manufacturer.The corporate profits,service level,and price increase with network externalities.Increases in diseconomies of scale decrease the corporate profits and service level,but increase the price.A high-quality service combined with network externalities can achieve synergy and improve the e-platform’s economies of scale,further generating a higher profit.Improving network externalities promotes the fair profit distributionin ECSC and achieves stable development.展开更多
基金University Grants Commission(UGC)NET fellowship[Ref No.F.16-6(DEC.2016)/2017(NET)]University Grants Commission(UGC)for D S Kothari fellowship reference no.BL/17-18/0490.
文摘Externality;the term can define as a positive or negative impact from either production or consumption of goods or services.Services provided by particular location have very specific dependency on spatial characteristics of that region.A region’s distinct characteristics make it ecologically unique from other such regions.Ecosystem services are offered by these regions thus differ according to these unique ecological features.In this particular study,artificially imposed expansion of coastal shrimp farming towards the inland and its impact over paddy cultivation have been addressed.Optimization of the extent of this manipulative coastal expansion has been supported by little modification of a previously described model.Here the investment prediction for both shrimp and paddy farming has been investigated by calculating net present value(NPV).Shrimp farming has very specific externality on local ecosystem services.In this particular case,some contradictory results are presented and with respect to positive or negative externality;but the externalities are strong.NPV results indicate that there is no long-term profitability in case of shrimp farming.Hence,an overall externality of shrimp farming has been described in context of this study.
文摘Recent years have seen sharp increases in China’s trade de ficit in services,especially in tourism,arousing concerns over a potential capital flight from China.Such concerns appeared to be justi fied by China’s balance of payments data,whose statistical scope was of ficially modi fied retroactively since 2014.To overcome the impact of changing statistical approach,this paper uses banks’cross-border customer payment and receipt data to re-estimate China’s service trade,and finds that China’s service imports did not increase abnormally from 2014 to 2016 as some researchers reckoned.With the re-estimated service trade data,we find that the relationship between China’s GDP per capita and travel imports as a share of service imports since 2001 tallies with those of emerging Asian industrial countries before the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997,indicating that China’s travel import growth in recent years did not deviate from the long term trend and international experience.Furthermore,this paper finds that China’s travel imports did not signi ficantly in fluence the stock and housing markets in the US,Hong Kong and the EU as major travel destinations,thus refuting the argument that massive capital has fled China for overseas markets.
文摘Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs （HRVP） has obtained far-reaching powers to formulate, coordinate and implement EU external policies, traditionally a prerogative of the state. In the exercise of this delegated powers, the HRVP is assisted by a dedicated administrative body, the European External Action Service （EEAS）. Formal decision-making over the EU＇s common foreign and security policy lies with the Council, while the European Neighborhood and Trade policies, as well as international cooperation remain competences of the EU-Commission. Concomitantly, the EEAS is situated within several, partly overlapping and conflicting accountability relationships. The ensuing question is： To what extent, how and by whom can the HRVP and the EEAS be held politically to account？ With data from official documents, 50 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 184 EU foreign policy-makers, the article maps and assesses of the multi-level actor/forum relationships of the EU＇s foreign policy machinery.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71971129)the Science and Technology Support Program for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province(2019RWG017)。
文摘Considering diseconomies of scale and network externalities in the e-commerce supply chain(ECSC),we construct an e-platform-led benchmark model and derive the optimal decisions.Then,the model is extended by endogenizing the impact of service level on network externalities.Considering service investment that includes fixed and variable investments,the model is further extended.Comparing the extended models with the benchmark model,we found the following conclusions.Although the e-platform dominates the ECSC,its profit is lower than the manufacturer.The corporate profits,service level,and price increase with network externalities.Increases in diseconomies of scale decrease the corporate profits and service level,but increase the price.A high-quality service combined with network externalities can achieve synergy and improve the e-platform’s economies of scale,further generating a higher profit.Improving network externalities promotes the fair profit distributionin ECSC and achieves stable development.
