Determination of Moisture, Ash, Extract Content and TLC identification of Tibetan Medicinal Material Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim.

[Objectives] The moisture, ash and extract content of Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. were measured.[Methods] The moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and extract content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas were detected by using the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I), and D. tanguticum Maxim. was identified by thin layer chromatography in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition, volume I).[Results] The moisture content of D. tanguticum Maxim collected from 16 producing areas ranged from 8.68% to 10.36%, averaging 9.28%. The content of total ash was between 7.21% and 11.60%, averaging 9.89%. The content of acid-insoluble ash was 0.21%-2.71%, averaging 1.51%. The extract content (water-soluble) was 26.67%-42.91%, averaging 32.65%. According to the results of TLC identification, the 16 samples and reference substance had the same characteristic spots at the corresponding positions.[Conclusions] It was recommended that the moisture, total ash and acid-insolue ash content of D. tanguticum Maxim were not be more than 11%, 12%, and 3% respectively, while the extract content was not less than 26%. It provides reference for filling the gaps in the quality standards of D. tanguticum Maxim.

Evaluation of Wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch from Sichuan Based on Moisture, Ash and Extract Contents

[Objectives]The research aimed to determine the contents of moisture,ash and extract of wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch produced in Sichuan,so as to provide the basis for evaluating quality of wild P.veitchii Lynch from Sichuan.[Methods]Moisture,ash and extract contents of wild P.veitchii Lynch were respectively determined according to the fourth part of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version,and correlation analysis and TOPSIS analysis were used for data processing.[Results]12 batches of samples all corresponded with the provision that moisture of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 14.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;11 batches of samples all corresponded with the provisions that total ash and acid insoluble ash of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 7.0%and 1.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;average content of alcohol-soluble extract by hot dipping from 12 batches of samples was 42.29%,which was not less than 30.0%.In P.veitchii Lynch,moisture and acid insoluble ash showed positive correlation with altitude,while total ash and extract content were negatively correlated with altitude.Taking moisture,ash and extract as evaluation indexes,No.9 P.veitchii Lynch sample was the best.[Conclusions]Moisture and ash of P.veitchii Lynch corresponded with the provisions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version and the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version,while extract content was higher than provision of the standard.The research could provide reference basis for rational utilization and quality evaluation of P.veitchii Lynch resources.

Quality Evaluation of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from Different Localities Based on Moisture,Ash and Extract Contents and Thin-layer Chromatography

[Objectives] The aim was to determine the moisture,ash and extract contents in Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. from different localities. [Methods] The contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in L. franchetii from different localities were determined according to the methods described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 Edition). [Results] In the 10 samples,the contents of moisture were all less than or equal to 15. 0%; the contents of total ash were all below 12. 0%; and the contents of acid-insoluble ash were all less than 3. 0%. The contents of water-soluble extract( by cold-soaked extraction method) in the samples were all below 12. 0% except those from Hongyuan Prairie of Sichuan Province and Xinglong Mountain in Lanzhou City,Gansu Province. [Conclusions]The contents of the four indicators measured in this experiment varied by small margins,indicating that the quality was relatively stable. This study provides theoretical data for the revision of the quality standards for L. franchetii.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L. ) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the extraction process and the content determination of flavonoids in ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves.[Methods]Ethanol extraction and methanol extraction of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves were studied,and the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were determined by orthogonal test; and with quercetin as reference substance,total flavonoid content in ginkgo leaves was determined by UV spectrophotometry.[Results]The optimal extraction process was 4 h of Soxhlet extraction with methanol; and the total flavonoid contents had a good linear relation in the range of 0. 006 5-0. 039 mg/ml( R^2= 0. 999 9),the average content was stabilized at 1. 135%,and the average recovery of the method was 102. 0%. [Conclusions]This study selected the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves. The test method is simple with high accuracy and precision,and is suitable for the extraction and determination of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves.

Basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties of Pinus pinaster wood infected with the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

The pinewood nematode（PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become one of the most severe threats to pine forest worldwide. Nematodes, migrating through resin canals and feeding on the living cells, induce rapid metabolic changes in ray parenchyma cells, create cavitation areas, decrease xylem water content and oleoresin exudation, and cause necrosis of parenchyma and cambial cells. This study focused on the impact of PWN infection on technological parameters of wood and evaluated the impact of anatomic and biochemical incidences of tree defense reactions on basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties of Pinus pinaster wood.Samples of infected and uninfected wood were studied.The presence of nematodes reduced wood basic density by2 % and decreased the total content of extractives in infected wood as compared with uninfected（5.98 and8.90 % of dry wood mass, respectively）. Extractives in infected trees had inverse distribution along the trunk as compared with uninfected trees. The adsorption isotherms for infected and uninfected wood had similar positioning.We recorded differences（some statistically significant） in the equilibrium moisture content of infected and uninfected wood under varying environmental conditions. Despite the verified differences in wood basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties, the overall conclusion is that the PWN had a slight impact on these characteristics of wood.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Caffeic Acid in Laggera alata from Different Production Areas of Guangxi

[Objectives] To establish a method for determining the content of Laggera alata( D. Don) Sch. Bip. Ex Oliv. using caffeic acid the target component,and to compare the content of caffeic acid in the medicinal materials of L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi.[Methods]The content was determined by Inertsil~ODS-3 chromatographic column C_(18)( 4. 60 mm × 250 mm,5 μm,mobile phase: acetonitrile-0. 1% phosphoric acid( 22∶ 78),detection wavelength: 320 nm,flow rate: 1. 0 m L/min,column temperature: 30℃,and injection volume: 10 μL. [Results] The caffeic acid showed a good linear relationship in the range of injection volume of 0. 025 92-0. 259 2 μg( R =0. 999 5). The average recovery rate was 98. 33%( RSD = 1. 85%). L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi contained the caffeic acid,and there was a great difference in the caffeic acid. L. alata in Baise had the highest content of caffeic acid,while that in Guilin had the lowest content of caffeic acid. [Conclusions]This method can accurately determine the content of caffeic acid and is expected provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of herbal medicine L. alata.

Relevance-based content extraction of HTML documents

Content extraction of HTML pages is the basis of the web page clustering and information retrieval,so it is necessary to eliminate cluttered information and very important to extract content of pages accurately.A novel and accurate solution for extracting content of HTML pages was proposed.First of all,the HTML page is parsed into DOM object and the IDs of all leaf nodes are generated.Secondly,the score of each leaf node is calculated and the score is adjusted according to the relationship with neighbors.Finally,the information blocks are found according to the definition,and a universal classification algorithm is used to identify the content blocks.The experimental results show that the algorithm can extract content effectively and accurately,and the recall rate and precision are 96.5% and 93.8%,respectively.

Between-Tree and Within-Tree Variation in Specific Gravity and Extractive Content in the Wood of Stercufia setigera Del. Grown in Nigeria

Variations of wood specific gravity and extractive contents from pith to bark and from base to the top of tree were investigated in a 14-year-old commercial pulpwood species Sterculia setigera Del. Growing in savanna zone in Nigeria. Tree mean specific gravity averaged 0.37; wood at the base had significant higher specific gravity than those at the top while it increased from pith to bark. For extractive content mean value was 1.20% for wood and 1.72% for bark; i[t varied significantly between trees and from base of the tree to the top and from pith to the bark. Extractive content at the butt and breast height is more than double of the value at the top of the tree. The high extractive content at the base is similar to high specific gravity observed for wood samples from the base. Extractive content of the bast was significantly higher than that of the wood. The low specific gravity show possible suitability of the species for paper making in Nigerian paper mills. The wood of Sterculia setigera showed a significant variation between- and within-trees in the two properties considered, though the wood is light with low extractive content; it is however a potential raw material for large scale pulpwood production in Nigeria.

Optimization of Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids from Sanguisorbae Radix and Carbonized Sanguisorba Root by Orthogonal Experimental Design

[Objectives] To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Sanguisorbae Radix and carbonized Sanguisorba root,compare quality of different batches of Sanguisorbae Radix,study the effects of processing on the content of flavonoids,and provide scientific basis for reasonable utilization of Sanguisorbae Radix. [Methods] Test samples were prepared by heating,refluxing,and extraction,the extraction process was optimized by orthogonal experiment design,color was developed by NaNO_2-Al( NO_3)3-NaOH,and total flavonoids were measured by UV method at the wavelength of 510 nm. [Results] The linear relationship of rutin was excellent in the concentration range of 0. 1248 mg/mL-0. 5712 mg/mL,R^2= 0. 9997; the average recovery was 99. 67% and the RSD was 0. 70%. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the volume fraction of ethanol was 50%,the extraction temperature was 90℃,the extraction time was 90 min,and the solid-to-liquid ratio was 1∶ 20( g/mL). [Conclusions] After optimization of the extraction process,the extraction rate of total flavonoids in samples of Sanguisorbae Radix was significantly increased; there was certain difference in the content of total flavonoids between different batches of Sanguisorbae Radix and processed products; the total flavonoids significantly declines in carbonized sanguisorba root,and the influence of processing on its curative effect was to be further studied.

Performance Analysis of Optimized Content Extraction for Cyrillic Mongolian Learning Text Materials in the Database

This paper had developed and tested optimized content extraction algorithm using NLP method, TFIDF method for word of weight, VSM for information search, cosine method for similar quality calculation from learning document at the distance learning system database. This test covered following things: 1) to parse word structure at the distance learning system database documents and Cyrillic Mongolian language documents at the section, to form new documents by algorithm for identifying word stem;2) to test optimized content extraction from text material based on e-test results (key word, correct answer, base form with affix and new form formed by word stem without affix) at distance learning system, also to search key word by automatically selecting using word extraction algorithm;3) to test Boolean and probabilistic retrieval method through extended vector space retrieval method. This chapter covers: to process document content extraction retrieval algorithm, to propose recommendations query through word stem, not depending on word position based on Cyrillic Mongolian language documents distinction.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Caffeic Acid in Zhuang Medicine Cryptolepis buchananii

[Objectives]To establish a method for determining the content of caffeic acid in Zhuang Medicine Cryptolepis buchananii.[Methods]The content of caffeic acid in C.buchananii leaves was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]The results of HPLC determination showed that the RSD values were less than 3%,and the content of caffeic acid in 10 batches of C.buchananii leaves was in the range of 0.0965%-0.4772%.[Conclusions]This method is accurate and reliable,has good linear relationship and high precision,and can be used for quality evaluation of C.buchananii.

Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Content Determination of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi at Different Altitudes

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. [Methods]The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. With the puerarin as index,the reflux extraction and single factor test were employed to investigate the effects of temperature,time,ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio on the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi,respectively. Under the optimal extraction technology,the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi at different altitudes was determined.[Results] The optimum extraction process was as follows: 70%ethanol; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 30; 1 h reflux extraction. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi was 11. 48%,the total flavonoids content of different kudzu parts was in the order of roots > stems > leaves,and the total flavonoids content of the sample at about an altitude of 1000 m was significantly higher than at the altitudes of 1400 m and 1700 m.[Conclusions]It was suggested that the Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi should not be cultivated as medicinal plant in too high mountains,and the stems and leaves of Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi could be used as raw materials for extracting total flavonoids.

Intelligent Web Robot for Content Extraction

The main content of a news web page is a source of data for Natural Language Processing(NLP)and Information Retrieval(IR),which contains large quantities of valuable information.This paper proposes a method that formulates the main content extraction problem as a DOM tree node classification problem.In terms of feature extraction,we use the DOM tree node to represent HTML document and then develop multiple features by using the DOM tree node properties,such as text length,tag path,tag properties and so on.In consideration that the essence of the problem is the classification model,we use Xgboost to help select nodes.Experimental results show that the proposed approach is effective and efficient in extracting main content of new web pages,and achieves about 98%accuracy over 1083 news pages from 10 different new sites,and the average processing time per page is within 10 ms.

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.

Technical Study on Extraction of Procyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Using Sub-critical Fluid 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane( R134a)and Content Determination from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction rate of procyanidins as an indicator,the influence of pressure,temperature,and extraction time on extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. Ruthenicum Murr. was studied by single factor experimental methods and orthogonal array design. [Results]The order of factors affecting extraction rate of procyanidins was extraction temperature > extraction pressure > extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. ruthenicum Murr. was the highest with extraction pressure of 1. 2 MPa,extraction temperature of 50℃ and extraction time of 90 min. The content of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr. from different producing areas was determined by vanillin-HCl method under the optimal conditions. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of easy operation,good selectivity,low extraction temperature and high extraction efficiency,which is suitable for extraction of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr.

Effect of water on extractive desulfurization of fuel oils using ionic liquids： A COSMO-RS and experimental study

When evaluating ionic liquids （ILs） for extractive desulfurization （EDS） of fuel oils, the inevitable presence of water in the system may have a significant and in many cases strongly negative effect. However, few studies have considered this particular issue and a promoted water effect on EDS is scarcely reported. In this work, COSMO-RS was firstly employed to calculate the capacity and selectivity for EDS of various IL/H20 mixtures, which cover different IL characters and a wide water concentration range. Experiments were then conducted with a representative IL [C4MIM]IH2P04], whose stable and even promoted extraction performance with a small amount of water was suggested by COSMO-RS. Through analyses of the desulfurization ratio, the cross- solubility and the water content in the desulfurized fuel, the promoted effect of water within a certain range （〈 10 wt%） was experimentally demonstrated. Moreover, such effect of water was explained combining the viscosity, the solvent-solute interactions and the COSMO-RS based analysis.

Soft measurement for component content based on adaptive model of Pr/Nd color features

For measurement of component content in the extraction and separation process of praseodymium/neodymium(Pr/Nd), a soft measurement method was proposed based on modeling of ion color features, which is suitable for fast estimation of component content in production field. Feature analysis on images of the solution is conducted,which are captured from Pr/Nd extraction/separation field. H/S components in the HSI color space are selected as model inputs, so as to establish the least squares support vector machine(LSSVM) model for Nd(Pr) content,while the model parameters are determined with the GA algorithm. To improve the adaptability of the model,the adaptive iteration algorithm is used to correct parameters of the LSSVM model, on the basis of model correction strategy and new sample data. Using the field data collected from rare earth extraction production, predictive methods for component content and comparisons are given. The results indicate that the proposed method presents good adaptability and high prediction precision, so it is applicable to the fast detection of element content in the rare earth extraction.

Assessment of effect of hydroalcoholic and decoction methods on extraction of antioxidants from selected Indian medicinal plants

Objective:To assess the effects of extraction methods on antioxidant activities of selected Indian medicinal flora.Methods:Different parts of plants were extracted by hydroalcoholic and decoction methods using water and various concentrations of methanol(ME) viz.75%, 50%and 25%ME.The antioxidant activity of all the different extracts was evaluated using two different antioxidant assays viz.2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and superoxide anion radical scavenging assay.Total phenol and flavonoid content was also estimated.Results:The results showed that the extracting solvent significantly altered the antioxidant property estimations of screened plants.High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of extracts were observed.High levels of antioxidant activities were detected in Manilkara zapota(M.zapota) as compared with other screened plants. Conclusions:The results obtained appear to confirm the effect of different methods on extraction of antioxidants and antioxidant property of M.zapota.

Studies on Optimal Extraction Conditions of Flavonoid in Leaves of Black Currnt

Employing the orthogonal design,the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoid in leaves of black currant were determined by colorimetric estimation,which were extraction agent of 75% EtOH-H 2O,the material ratio(ratio of weight of fresh leaves to volume of the solvent)of 1:16,the temperature of 35℃,the time of 1 h and times of three.A total extraction rate of over 97% and the flavonoid contents of 179 33 mg/100 g were obtained under the optimal extraction conditions.

地质环境中生物标志物 GDGTs 分析技术研究进展

甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂(GDGTs)是一类来自于微生物细胞膜脂的新兴生物标志物,广泛存在于海洋、湖泊、土壤、泥炭等环境。在活体细胞中,GDGTs通常以完整极性膜脂(IPL-GDGTs)的形式存在,而在地质环境中主要以脱去极性头基的核心脂(CL-GDGTs)的形式存在。CL-GDGTs结构稳定、不易降解,并且对环境变化响应敏感,因此被认为是重建古气候-古环境变化的有力工具。GDGTs结构复杂、种类多样,在环境中的含量通常较低且常与其他化合物共存,因此分析难度较高,现有技术和方法在其分离、纯化、定量等方面仍然面临挑战。本文总结了近年来GDGTs在分析技术方面的研究进展,概述了GDGTs的分类与结构,对环境中IPL-GDGTs和CL-GDGTs的分离、纯化等方法进行总结和比较,其中CL-GDGTs可选择多种提取方法,而极性较强、热稳定性较差的IPL-GDGTs应尽量选取Bligh-Dyer提取法。普通的分离、纯化通常采用柱层析法,而涉及GDGTs单体分离时,一般采用制备液相色谱法。液相色谱-质谱、核磁共振波谱、气相色谱-同位素比值质谱是GDGTs含量测定、结构鉴定、同位素分析的主要分析手段。本文评述了现有方法的特点和不足,并在此基础上,提出了GDGTs分析技术的发展方向,以期为地质环境中GDGTs的分析研究提供启示和参考。