Optimization of Polysaccharide Extraction from Radix Glehniae Root Bark by Response Surface Methodology and Anti-immunosuppressive Activity Analysis

[ Objective ] This study aimed to establish and optimize the extraction technology of polysaccharides from Radix Glehniae root bark, and to explore the processing methods of Radix Glehniae in producing areas. [ Method ] Based on the single-factor experiment, with polysaccharide content and polysaccharide yield as indices, various factors affecting polysaccharide yield from Radix Glehniae root bark were investigated by central composite design-response surface method. Mo- reover, immune functions of cyclophosphamide-induced blood-deficient mice in various polysaccharide groups were compared to investigate the effects of root bark removal of Radix Glehniae on medicinal quality. [ Result] Ultrasonic extraction was the appropriate extraction technology of polysaccharides from Radix Glehniae root bark. The optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions were ultrasonic time 36 min, ultrasonic power 460 W, solid-liquid ratio 1： 10, ethanol concentration 80%, under which polysaccharide yield reached 16.08%. Polysaccharides extracted from Radix Glehniae root （ALP） and Radix Glehniae root bark （BLP） could effec- tively improve immune function of blood-deficient mice with no significant differences. [ Conclusion] Radix Glehniae could be used without removal of root bark. The optimized extraction process was stable and feasible, which laid a solid foundation for further comprehensive development and utilization of Radix Glehniae root bark.

Optimization of Enzyme-assisted Extraction Technology for Tartary Buckwheat Shell Procyanidins with Response Surface Methodology

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cellulase dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature on procyanidin extraction rate by single factor experiment, with tartary buckwheat shell as an experimental material.Main process parameters were optimized to obtain a regression model by response surface methodology. The results of variance analysis indicated that the regression model reflected the relationship between buckwheat shell procyanidin extraction rate with enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature; and the optimal process parameters were enzyme dosage of 6.5 mg/g, enzymolysis time of 1.5 h, pH at 4.7 and enzymolysis temperature at 46 ℃. Three parallel experiments were conducted under these process parameters. In practice, the highest procyanidin extraction rate was 6.78 g/100 g. The relative error between the predicted value of regression model and the actual value was 1.3%. The regression equation fitted the real situation better.

Extraction Techniques of Krill Oils Optimized with Response Surface Methodology

The research explored the extraction techniques of organic solvents of Antarctic kril oil and the effects of freezing temperature, extractant proportion, ex-traction time, drying temperature and ratio of material and liquid on extraction ratio of Antarctic kril oil. Based on single-factor experiments, optimal extraction conditions were concluded as per response surface methodology, as fol ows： freezing tempera-ture at -38.5 ℃, the ratio of material and liquid at 1 g：6.7 ml, and drying tempera-ture at 66.8 ℃, where the yield rate of crude oil reached 13.71%.

Investigation of the processing technology and mechanism of Kansui radix by licorice based on response surface methodology and integrative pharmacology

Background:The herbs should be processed by different methods before use,and the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may change,which may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity after processing.Gansui(Kansui radix)is a common clinical herbal medicine,and there are considerable changes in its toxicity and efficacy after processing.Gaocao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome)has a detoxifying effect.Methods:Using the contents of euphorbiadienol and the alcohol-soluble extract of Glycyrrhizae radix-processed Kansui radix as evaluation indexes,response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of Kansui radix by exploring the effects of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount,frying temperature,and frying time on the processing technology of Kansui radix.Meanwhile,response surface software was used to analyze experimental data to determine the processing parameters of Kansui radix by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma.Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine is used to analysis the potential ingredients of Kansui radix and verify the potential ingredients by western blotting.Results:The technology of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui radix was optimized for the Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount of 27%,frying temperature of 180℃,and frying time of 11 min.The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Kansui radix could cause kidney,liver,and heart injury by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Kansui radix at high or low dose could decrease the ratio of p-AKT/AKT while Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui could increase it.Conclusion:The model established by response surface methodology is relatively accurate and can predict the contents of euphorbiadienol and alcohol extract of processed Kansui radix.The toxic effects and its mechanism of action of Kansui radix and processed Kansui radix on kidney,liver,and heart,from the perspective of systems biology,have provided scientific evidence to its clinical application.

Optimization of Steam Explosion Process Condition for Extracting Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla by Response Surface Methodology

【Objective】To optimize the steam explosion process condition for extracting polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla.【Method】The effects of steam pressure,pressure-maintaining time and material moisture content on the extraction of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla were studied by response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design.【Result】The findings showed that each factor could significantly affect the test index,and the optimum condition was as follows:steam pressure 1.50 Mpa,pressuremaintaining time 46 s and material moisture content 46%.Under this condition,the verified experimental value of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla was 39.32%,indicating a relative standard deviation of 2.73%from the predictive value.Meanwhile,scanning electron microcopy(SEM)images showed that the surface physical structure of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was irregularly broken and cracked,which means the physical structure of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was changed and destroyed at the cellular level.【Conclusion】This experiment provides a new approach for the extraction of polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla,as well as a reference for the resource utilization of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.

Optimization of Microwave-assisted Extraction Technology of Polyphenols from Loropetalum chinense(R. Br.) Oliv

In order to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction technology of polyphenols from Loropetalum chinense （R. Br.） Oliv., the effects of microwave power, ethanol concentration, solid to liquid ratio and extraction time on polyphenols extraction rate were investigated. On the basis of single-factor test, a four-factor and three-level orthogonal test was designed by response surface method to establish a mathematical model between the response value and various factors. The results showed that the intensity of effect of different influencing factor on polyphenols ex- traction rate ranked as microwave power＇s〉solid to liquid ratio＇s〉extraction time＇s〉 ethanol concentration＇s. The optimum microwave-assisted extraction conditions for polyphenols from L. chinense were as follows： extraction power 254 W, ethanol concentration 60%, extraction time 12.5 rain and solid to liquid ratio 1：17. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction rate of polyphenols from L. chinense was 19.17%.

Saponins Content in Fibrous Roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Optimization of the SEP Extraction Technology

[Objectives]To explore the saponins resources in fibrous roots of Pseudostellaria heterophylla and optimize the SEP technology for extracting saponins.[Methods]Saponins contents in fibrous roots and root tubers of P.heterophylla were compared;with the fibrous roots as host materials,this experiment applied Box-Behnken design to analyze the influence of steam pressure,maintenance pressure time,moisture content of host materials on the content of saponins extracts.[Results]Saponins content was higher in fibrous roots than in tuberous roots of P.heterophylla;the response surface optimization showed that SEP(steam explosion pretreatment)promoted the contents of saponins and extracts in fibrous roots,and the optimal extracting conditions were stream pressure 1.50 Mpa,maintenance pressure time 54 s,and moisture content of host materials 30%.Under this extracting conditions,the verification value of saponins content experiment was 0.441%,36.53%higher than the untreated control group.[Conclusions]This research offered a new method of exploring saponins resources from fibrous roots of P.heterophylla,and provided a reference for developing new medicinal parts of P.heterophylla.

Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of celastrol from Celastrus monospermus Roxb.using response surface methodology

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of key extraction parameters including extraction time（10–20 min）, extraction temperature（30–60 °C）, ultrasonic power（60–90 W） and solvent-to-solid（S/S） ratio（10–30 m L/g） on yield of celastrol from Celastrus monospermus Roxb. To optimize the conditions, we investigated the effects of parameters on the ultrasound assisted extraction（UAE） with the Box-Behnken Design（BBD）, one widely used form of Response Surface Methodology（RSM）. In all tested solvents, ethanol was the most effective for celastrol extraction, followed by methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. A second order polynomial model was fitted well to the extraction experimental data with R2 of 0.9928. Extraction yield of 3.116 mg/g was obtained for celastrol under the optimized extraction conditions of extraction time（20 min）, extraction temperature（46 °C）, ultrasonic power（60 W） and S/S ratio（30 m L/g）. Experimental validation was performed, and the experimental values agreed well with the predicted values. The results indicated that the UAE was good extraction material for celastrol from C. monospermus Roxb.

基于主成分分析的聚乙烯醇-金针菇水提取物复合膜制备、表征与保鲜应用

为开发新型食品包装膜,提高金针菇资源化利用水平,以可降解的聚乙烯醇(PVA)和金针菇水提取物共混制备PVA-金针菇水提取物复合膜。以拉伸强度、断裂延伸率、耐水性系数、厚度、不透明度及水蒸气透过系数等复合膜物理性能参数,研究PVA添加量、2-乙酰柠檬酸三乙酯(ATEC)添加量、金针菇水提物添加量、干燥时间和干燥温度对复合膜物理性能的影响;采用主成分分析法对复合膜性能进行综合评价;并结合响应面分析法,建立了PVA-金针菇水提取物复合膜制备的多元二次回归方程模型,优化了复合膜制备条件,并研究了复合膜在20℃条件下对草莓贮藏期间(6 d)褐变度、失重率、维生素C、丙二醛等保鲜指标的影响。研究结果表明,PVA添加量4.0 g、ATEC添加量4.0 g、金针菇水提物添加量3.9 g、干燥温度62℃,干燥时间3.5 h为最佳制备条件,所得复合膜拉伸强度为31.76±0.50 N/cm^(2)、断裂延伸率为97.99%±0.25%、水蒸气透过系数为1.44×10^(-9)±1.53×10^(-11) g·mm/m^(2)·h·kPa、耐水性系数为549.14±0.94 s/mm、膜厚度为0.062±0.002 mm、不透明度为20.97±0.39,物理性能综合得分为102.25±0.16,与模型预测结果的相对误差为0.57%。红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析表明复合膜结构完整,金针菇水提取物与基质相容性较好,并以氢键结合。通过草莓贮藏期间褐变度、失重率、维生素C以及丙二醛的测定,制备的复合膜显示出较好的保鲜效果。

水平对置撞击流反应器强化液-液萃取及传质特性

为了研究撞击流技术强化水相从煤油相中萃取乙酸,考察操作条件和溶液性质对萃取效果和传质特性的影响,测定液滴分散程度,利用响应面法优化萃取工况。结果表明:随煤油相进口体积流量和相比(水相与煤油相的体积流量比)的增加,分散相液滴粒径分布范围先缩小后扩大,Sauter平均直径d32先减小后增大。萃取率和总体积传质系数随煤油相进口体积流量的增加、水相黏度的增加和表面张力的减小而先增大后减小,随相比的增加呈先增后减再增加的趋势。各因素对萃取率的影响程度为:相比>煤油相进口体积流量>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)质量浓度,且交互作用显著。最佳工况下萃取率为93.11%,较传统萃取工艺提高了5.11%。

利用响应面分析技术提升桑椹多酚超声提取得率研究

目的优化超声提取桑椹多酚的方法以增加桑椹中多酚类物质的提取得率。方法以多酚提取得率为考查指标,通过单因素和响应面法的结合探索桑椹多酚超声提取工艺,考察液料比、超声功率和乙醇体积分数等关键因素,利用福林酚试剂法测定收集的10批次桑椹样品中多酚含量。结果超声提取桑椹多酚的最佳工艺条件是60%乙醇体积分数、36 mL/g液料比、350 W超声功率和30 min超声提取时间,此条件下桑椹多酚提取得率最高可达2.86%;不同产地桑椹样品多酚含量存在差异,山东、北京和四川3地收集的桑椹样品中多酚含量较高。结论本研究优化了桑椹多酚的超声提取工艺,操作简单,用时短,有机试剂用量少,多酚类物质提取得率较高,为桑椹多酚的开发提供了实验参考。

响应面法对金银花叶总黄酮与绿原酸同步萃取工艺的优化

采用响应面法,对加压辅助溶剂同步萃取金银花叶总黄酮和绿原酸的工艺进行了优化。在单因素试验的基础上,综合评价总黄酮和绿原酸的得率“OD值”作为因变量,通过响应面法优化了液料比、萃取压力、溶剂体积分数、萃取温度和萃取时间。结果表明,优化后的加压辅助溶剂同步萃取工艺参数为:液料比26.5 mL/g,萃取压力3.1 MPa,溶剂体积分数60.5%,萃取温度90.3℃,萃取时间32 min。该工艺条件下,从金银花叶中萃取总黄酮得率为205.3 mg/g,绿原酸得率为24.5 mg/g, OD值与理论预测值的相对误差为1.0%。

响应面法优化锁阳水提物的制备工艺研究

以锁阳为原料,水提锁阳浸膏的质量为评价指标,在单因素试验和响应面试验基础上,利用响应面法对锁阳水提物的制备工艺(料液比、水提温度、水提时间、水提次数)进行优化。结果表明,当料液比为1∶14(g∶mL),水提时间160 min,水提次数4次,水提温度为100℃时,锁阳水提物(Aqueous extract of cynomorium songaricum,AECS)的浸膏得率为(78.34±0.43)%,回归模型的预测值与实测值的相对误差较小,说明该回归模型能够较好地优化该提取工艺。试验为锁阳的深加工产品的进一步研发提供了一定的理论依据。

马齿苋中总酚提取工艺研究

以马齿苋为原料,选取超声波辅助法对其中的总酚进行提取测定。通过单因素实验探究了超声时间、乙醇浓度、超声温度、料液比对多酚得率的影响。在单因素实验基础上,结合响应面分析法优化提取工艺。实验表明:超声时间为114 min,提取温度为66℃,料液比为1∶28(g/mL),乙醇体积分数为34%时,多酚得率最高,为44.02%。

青椒叶总黄酮的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化研究

目的:为探究蜗牛酶辅助提取青椒叶总黄酮的工艺及其抗氧化活性。方法:通过在单因素实验基础上引入Box-Behnken响应面法,对青椒叶总黄酮的蜗牛酶辅助提取工艺进行了优化,建立了四元二次回归方程,并利用其对DPPH和OH自由基的清除率来考察其抗氧化活性。结果:经过实验验证,在酶解时间61 min、酶用量1.8%、pH 5.5和酶解温度57℃的最佳工艺条件下,青椒叶总黄酮可以被高效地提取,其提取率达到最高,可达26.49 mg·g^(-1)。将实际值与预测值(26.59 mg·g^(-1))进行比较后发现,其间的相对误差仅为0.38%,证明该模型呈现出较高的准确性和可靠性。自由基清除效果表明青椒叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基和OH自由基的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为69.11 mg·L^(-1)和163.31 mg·L^(-1)。结论:可以使用响应面法来优化青椒叶总黄酮的提取工艺,所提取的青椒叶总黄酮显示出一定的抗氧化活性,为青椒叶资源的开发与利用提供理论基础。

三七药渣中多糖提取工艺优化及其动力学分析

以三七药渣为原料,探讨了超声辅助提取三七药渣中三七多糖的优化工艺,并对提取过程进行动力学分析。在单因素实验的基础上,利用BBD(Box-Behnken Design)响应面法优化工艺条件,得到最优提取条件为:超声温度60℃、超声功率136.8 W、超声时间53 min、液固比43 mL/g,此时多糖得率为6.79%。通过测定不同超声功率、不同超声时间下提取液中的多糖浓度,得到超声辅助提取三七药渣中三七多糖的提取速率常数、相对萃余率,验证了所推导的动力学模型,拟合得到了半衰期以及有效扩散系数回归方程。

金花茶多酚制备、成分分析及其体内外抗氧化活性分析

为了探究金花茶多酚最佳提取工艺条件及纯化后总多酚成分及体内外抗氧化活性分析。本研究以金花茶为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,设计响应面试验,筛选超声功率、提取温度、乙醇浓度和料液比最佳提取参数。采用Lx-8型大孔树脂对提取物进行纯化,并以高效液相色谱法对5种多酚单体化合物进行定性定量分析,随后对提取物进行体内外抗氧化实验。结果表明,最优工艺条件为超声功率290 W,提取温度35℃,乙醇浓度55%,料液比1:30 g/mL,在此条件下,金花茶多酚得率为3.53%,茶多酚纯度为63.73%。5种多酚单体化合物没食子酸、绿原酸、表儿茶素、芦丁、鞣花酸含量分别为0.47、11.18、59.03、18.34、16.41 mg/g。体外抗氧化实验结果表明,金花茶花多酚能够有效清除DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和超氧阴离子自由基,其IC50值分别为0.38、0.16、0.39 mg/mL。此外,金花茶多酚还能够通过显著提高线虫体内SOD酶活力及降低MDA含量,有效增强秀丽隐杆线虫对氧化损伤的抵抗力。

芝麻籽粒植酸含量高通量检测方法的建立与低植酸种质的筛选

【目的】植酸是芝麻中主要的抗营养成分之一。探究芝麻籽粒植酸高效提取最优条件,建立植酸含量高通量检测方法,并应用于芝麻群体材料植酸含量变异检测和低植酸种质资源筛选,推动芝麻植酸基础研究和低植酸品种选育。【方法】以0.4 mol·L-1 HCl为提取溶剂,进行种子量、捣碎时间、捣碎频率、提取液体积等单因素试验,对芝麻籽粒植酸进行提取,结合微量化铁沉淀法高通量测定植酸含量。在单因素试验的基础上,进行Box-Behnken四因素三水平的响应面试验,建立植酸得率为响应值的二次多项式回归方程模型,并绘制响应曲面图和等高线图,分析影响植酸得率的主要因素及各因素间的交互作用,确定植酸含量检测的最优提取条件。利用该参数条件对2个环境下种植的200份芝麻种质资源进行植酸含量测定,筛选低植酸种质。【结果】方差分析显示,建立的回归模型具有高度显著性(P<0.0001),失拟项不显著(P>0.05),方程对试验拟合较好,可用此回归方程对芝麻籽粒植酸提取试验进行优化。4个因素的一次项对植酸得率的影响均达到极显著水平,对植酸得率的影响大小依次为种子量>捣碎时间>捣碎频率>提取液体积。响应面分析图表明,种子量和捣碎时间、种子量和捣碎频率、捣碎时间和捣碎频率、捣碎时间和提取液体积、捣碎频率和提取液体积之间具有一定的交互作用。经过单因素条件及响应面设计优化的植酸最佳提取条件参数为种子量30 mg、捣碎时间6.5 min、捣碎频率50 Hz、提取液体积435μL,在此条件下的植酸得率预测值为14.03 mg·g^(-1),实际植酸平均得率为14.14 mg·g^(-1),模型预测值与试验实际值十分接近。从200份种质资源中筛选出3份稳定的低植酸芝麻种质,平均含量为11.63 mg·g^(-1)。【结论】建立了芝麻植酸高效提取检测技术,可以显著减少试验时长,减少样品使用量,检测结果重复性好,准确性高。

苦参-黄柏药对的提取工艺研究

目的研究苦参-黄柏药对的提取工艺,为治疗肛肠疾病的新药开发提供参考依据。方法以苦参总碱(苦参碱+氧化苦参碱)含量、盐酸小檗碱含量、总黄酮含量及浸膏得率为评价指标,采用层次分析法-熵权法计算各指标权重系数,结合Box-Behnken设计-响应面法研究苦参-黄柏药对的最佳提取工艺并进行验证。结果苦参-黄柏药对的最优提取工艺为以12倍量58%乙醇浸泡30 min后提取2次,每次120 min。验证实验结果与预测值的相对误差为1.88%。结论所得提取工艺稳定、可行,可为苦参-黄柏药对的进一步应用与新药开发提供参考。

响应面法优化涡旋辅助提取胆木中异长春花苷内酰胺的工艺

目的采用响应面法优化胆木中异长春花苷内酰胺的涡旋辅助提取工艺。方法在单因素试验的基础上通过Box-Behnken方法对乙醇浓度、涡旋转速、液料比等参数进行优化,建立参数与响应值之间的数学模型,确定最佳提取工艺。结果生物碱的最佳工艺为:乙醇浓度55%,涡旋转速1500 r·min^(-1),液料比60 mL/g,涡旋时间1 min,该条件下异长春花苷内酰胺的实际提取率为3.85 mg·g^(-1),与理论模拟值(3.82 mg·g^(-1))接近。结论该提取方法简便、快速、提取率高,适用于胆木生物碱的提取,研究结果为胆木的产业化加工提供了理论基础。