Extremely Cold and Warm Days in the Spanish Central Plateau: Analysis of Its Evolution from 1961 to 2010

From anomalies of daily data of maximum and minimum temperatures, that have been obtained as difference between the real data of every day and the average data of the corresponding day of the year in each of the 14 observatories of the Spanish Central Plateau (8 in North subplateau and 6 in the South subplateau) between 1961-2010, the extremely cold and warm days are determined, throughout all the year, in all the study area and the two different sub areas. We consider a day as an extremely cold day (ECD) if achieves simultaneously the following conditions: the anomaly of minimum temperature of the day is lower than the value of the P05 percentile of the series of daily anomalies of minimum temperature, and the value of the anomaly of daily maximum temperature is lower, as well, than the P05 percentile of the corresponding series of anomalies. The values of the thresholds determined by these percentiles are obtained considering the complete anomalies daily series of temperature for all the study regions. In order to establish the extremely warm days the methodology is the same but the conditions are: the anomaly of minimum temperature of the day is greater than the value of the P95 percentile of the series of daily anomalies of minimum temperature, and the value of the anomaly of daily maximum temperature is greater as well than the P95 percentile of the corresponding anomalies series. Once the extremely warm and cold days are determined, throughout the year in the period of time considered, for each zone, the corresponding series of annual frequencies are obtained. The analysis of tendency of these series indicates that in all the cases the tendency of the frequency of the extremely cold days is decreasing. Considering a linear model for the temporary behavior of the frequency, the reduce is of the order of 1 day every 10 years. In the case of the extremely warm days its annual frequency presents an increasing tendency, which indicates that the number of extremely warm days per year has been increased during the studied time interval. In agreement with the linear model of behavior, the increase is, approximately, of the order of 1 day per decade.

Decadal Variations of Winter Extreme Cold Days in Northern China

Weather and climate extremes often lead to dramatic losses in our society and warrant improvement of their understanding. In this study, the decadal variations in the first two dominant empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of winter extreme cold days (WECDs) in northern China (NC) have been investigated. Results show that both EOF modes show distinct decadal variations that together explain around 24% of total variances. At the decadal time scale, the EOF1 is closely related to the decadal Arctic Oscillation (AO);the negative AO can lead to spatially consistent increase of WECDs in NC. On the other hand, the decadal EOF2 can be influenced by the decadal El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The decadal El Niño can result in the large-scale negative sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the Eurasian continent west of the western NC and the positive ones over western China. The anomalous southwesterlies between the contrasted SLP anomalies can advect the warmer air from the lower latitudes to the western NC, decrease the WECDs there, and contribute to the east-west asymmetric WECD anomalies in NC. The impacts of El Niño are confirmed by the numerical simulations in the Atmospheric Model 2.1 (AM2.1) when forced by the El Niño-related sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific.

Analysis of Changes of Extreme Temperature during June to August Season over Tanzania

Natural and human systems are exposed and vulnerable to climate extremes, which contributes to the repercussions of climate variability and the probability of disasters. The impacts of both natural and human-caused climate variability are reflected in the reported changes in climate extremes. Particularly at the local community levels in the majority of the regions, there is currently a dearth of information regarding the distribution, dynamics, and trends of excessive temperatures among the majority of Tanzanians. Over the years 1982-2022, this study examined trends in Tanzania’s extreme temperature over the June to August season. Based on the distinction between absolute and percentile extreme temperatures, a total of eight ETCCDI climate indices were chosen. Mann-Kendall test was used to assess the presence of trends in extreme climatic indices and the Sen’s Slope was applied to compute the extent of the trends in temperature extremes. The study showed that in most regions, there is significant increase of warm days and nights while the significant decrease of cold days and nights was evident to most areas. Moreover, nighttime warming surpasses daytime warming in the study area. The study suggests that anthropogenic influences may contribute to the warming trend observed in extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures globally, with Tanzania potentially affected, as indicated in the current research. The overall results of this study reflect patterns observed in various regions worldwide, where warm days and nights are on the rise while cold days and nights are diminishing.

The 2020/21 Extremely Cold Winter in China Influenced by the Synergistic Effect of La Niña and Warm Arctic

In the first half of winter 2020/21,China has experienced an extremely cold period across both northern and southern regions,with record-breaking low temperatures set in many stations of China.Meanwhile,a moderate La Niña event which exceeded both oceanic and atmospheric thresholds began in August 2020 and in a few months developed into its mature phase,just prior to the 2020/21 winter.In this report,the mid−high-latitude large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere,which were forced by the negative phase of Arctic Oscillation,a strengthened Siberian High,an intensified Ural High and a deepened East Asian Trough,are considered to be the direct reason for the frequent cold surges in winter 2020/21.At the same time,the synergistic effect of the warm Arctic and the cold tropical Pacific(La Niña)provided an indispensable background,at a hemispheric scale,to intensify the atmospheric circulation anomalies in middle-to-high latitudes.In the end,a most recent La Niña prediction is provided and the on-coming evolution of climate is discussed for the remaining part of the 2020/21 winter for the purpose of future decision-making and early warning.

Opposing Trends of Winter Cold Extremes over Eastern Eurasia and North America under Recent Arctic Warming

Under recent Arctic warming,boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America,bringing about serious social and economic impacts.Here,we investigated the changes in daily surface air temperature(SAT)variability during the rapid Arctic warming period of 1988/89–2015/16,and found the daily SAT variance,mainly contributed by the sub-seasonal component,shows an increasing and decreasing trend over eastern Eurasia and North America,respectively.Increasing cold extremes(defined as days with daily SAT anomalies below 1.5 standard deviations)dominated the increase of the daily SAT variability over eastern Eurasia,while decreasing cold extremes dominated the decrease of the daily SAT variability over North America.The circulation regime of cold extremes over eastern Eurasia(North America)is characterized by an enhanced high-pressure ridge over the Urals(Alaska)and surface Siberian(Canadian)high.The data analyses and model simulations show the recent strengthening of the high-pressure ridge over the Urals was associated with warming of the Barents–Kara seas in the Arctic region,while the high-pressure ridge over Alaska was influenced by the offset effect of Arctic warming over the East Siberian–Chukchi seas and the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO)–like sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies over the North Pacific.The transition of the PDO-like SST anomalies from a positive to negative phase cancelled the impact of Arctic warming,reduced the occurrence of extreme cold days,and possibly resulted in the decreasing trend of daily SAT variability in North America.The multi-ensemble simulations of climate models confirmed the regional Arctic warming as the driver of the increasing SAT variance over eastern Eurasia and North America and the overwhelming effect of SST forcing on the decreasing SAT variance over North America.Therefore,the regional response of winter cold extremes at midlatitudes to the Arctic warming could be different due to the distinct impact of decadal SST anomalies.

An Isentropic Mass Circulation View on the Extreme Cold Events in the 2020/21 Winter

Three extreme cold events successively occurred across East Asia and North America in the 2020/21 winter.This study investigates the underlying mechanisms of these record-breaking persistent cold events from the isentropic mass circulation(IMC)perspective.Results show that the midlatitude cold surface temperature anomalies always co-occurred with the high-latitude warm anomalies,and this was closely related to the strengthening of the low-level equatorward cold air branch of the IMC,particularly along the climatological cold air routes over East Asia and North America.Specifically,the two cold surges over East Asia in early winter were results of intensification of cold air transport there,influenced by the Arctic sea ice loss in autumn.The weakened cold air transport over North America associated with warmer northeastern Pacific sea surface temperatures(SSTs)explained the concurrent anomalous warmth there.This enhanced a wavenumber-1 pattern and upward wave propagation,inducing a simultaneous and long-lasting stronger poleward warm air branch(WB)of the IMC in the stratosphere and hence a displacement-type Stratospheric Sudden Warming(SSW)event on 4 January.The WB-induced increase in the air mass transported into the polar stratosphere was followed by intensification of the equatorward cold branch,hence promoting the occurrence of two extreme cold events respectively over East Asia in the beginning of January and over North America in February.Results do not yield a robust direct linkage from La Niña to the SSW event,IMC changes,and cold events,though the extratropical warm SSTs are found to contribute to the February cold surge in North America.

Study on the extremely cold winter of 1670 over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The snow-cover days over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River （MLRYR） in the winter of 1670 were extracted from Chinese historical documents. By these records, the winter temperature anomalies （compared to the mean of 1961-1990） recorded at seven meteorological stations and the regional mean winter temperature were estimated. The results show that： （1） There was an average of about 30 snow-cover days over the MLRYR region in 1670, ranging from 11-20 days in Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang to 5140 days in eastern Hunan Province. The snow-cover days averaged about 40 days in Anqing and Nan- cheng, and ranged from 30 to 40 days in Quzhou, Jingdezhen, and Nanchang; and （2） the regional mean winter temperature in 1670 was estimated to be approximately 4.0 ℃ lower than that of 1961-1990. The maximum negative anomaly of 5.6℃ occurred in Nanchang and the minimum anomaly of-2.8 ℃ was detected in Quzhou. Both of these were lower than that of the coldest winter during the instrumental observation period of 1951-2010. This research could not only provide a method to es- timate historical climate extremes, but also provide a background to understand the recent instrumentally climate extremes.

Trends of Temperature Extreme Indices over Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions in Tanzania

The study aimed at analyzing the trends and variability of temperature extremes over the northeastern highlands in Tanzania, specifically over Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. Quality controlled mean monthly, daily maximum and minimum temperature data for the period 1961 to 2020, obtained from Tanzania Meteorological Authority, were used in the study. Rclimdex and the National Climate Monitoring Products (NMCP) software, developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), were used for computation of the indices at a monthly, seasonal and annual time scale. The computed indices were also subjected to trend analysis to determine their direction and magnitude of change. Extraction and assessment of the top five highest and lowest maximum and minimum temperatures were also done. Increasing trends of temperature anomalies for seasonal and annual timescales were observed for both Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. Also, the increasing trends of warm and extreme warm days and nights and relatively increasing trends of cold and extreme cold days and nights were observed for both regions. The highest ever recorded temperatures since the establishment of the two stations were 36.3?C observed on 16th February 2011 and 38.6?C observed on 22nd February 2005 for Arusha and Kilimanjaro respectively. These results indicate that The last two decades have been characterized by enhanced warming, which is consistent with overall global temperature trend patterns as depicted in recent IPCC reports and the report of the State of Climate in Africa.

Variations of widespread extreme cold and warm days in winter over China and their possible causes

The two leading modes of winter surface air temperature(SAT) over China during 1961–2017 are a spatially consistent pattern and a north-south dipole pattern. Based on the two leading modes, the characteristics of the extreme cold and warm days in the two patterns, defined by the standard deviation larger than 1.28 or smaller than-1.28 in the time series of the two leading modes, are analyzed. With the increase of winter SAT during 1961–2017, the number of spatially consistent extreme cold days decreased and their occurrence was restricted to late December to early January, whereas the number of spatially consistent extreme warm days increased significantly in January and February. Global warming is associated with an increase in the spatially consistent extreme warm days and a decrease in spatially consistent extreme cold days, but has little relation to the sum of extreme cold and warm days of either the spatially consistent or north-south dipole pattern. The Siberian High(SH) is the main factor controlling the sum of spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The strong(weak) SH before(after) the1990 s corresponds to an increase(decrease) in the sum of the spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The occurrences of extreme south-cold-north-warm and extreme south-warm-north-cold days are related to the north-south difference of the SH.When the center of the SH is in mid-high latitudes, the extreme south-warm-north-cold(south-cold-north-warm) days occur more(less) often. During the winters of 1961–2017, the total number of extreme cold and warm days of the north-south dipole pattern changes negligibly. The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) may be the main factor affecting the sum of the extreme cold and warm days of the two types of SAT pattern in China.

Identifying hot spots of long-duration extreme climate events in the northwest arid region of China and implications for glaciers and runoff

China’s Northwest Arid Region(NAR),with dry and cold climate conditions and glaciers widely developed in the high mountains,provides vital water resources for Asia.The consecutive cold,warm,dry and wet days have much higher impacts on the water cycle process in this region than extreme temperature and precipitation events with short durations but high intensities.Parametric and nonparametric trend analysis methods widely used in climatology and hydrology are employed to identify the temporal and spatial features of the changes in the consecutive cold,warm,dry and wet days in the NAR based on China’s 0.5°×0.5°meteorological grid datasets of daily temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2018.This study found that(1)the consecutive cold days(Cold Spell Duration Indicator,CSDI),and the consecutive dry days(CDD)decreased,while the consecutive warm days(Warm Spell Duration Indicator,WSDI),and the consecutive wet days(CWD)increased from 1961 to 2018,(2)and the eastern Kunlun Mountains were the hot spots where all of these consecutive climate indices changed significantly,(3)and the changes in these consecutive climate indices were highly correlated with the rise in the Global Mean Land/Ocean Temperature Index.The results indicated that winters tended to warmer and dryer and summer became hotter and wetter during 1961–2018 in the NAR under the global warming,which can lead to the sustained glacier retreat and the increase in summer runoff in this region,and the eastern Kunlun Mountains are the area where could face high risks of water scarcity and floods if the changes in these climate indices continue in the future.Given the vulnerability of the socio-economic systems in the NAR to a water shortage and floods,it is most crucial to improve the strategies of water resources management,disaster prevention and risk management for this region under climate change.

一次极端暴雪事件中罕见冻雨成因分析

使用常规观测、自动气象站、雷达回波及ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析等资料,对2021年11月8-9日发生在黑龙江省一次极端暴雪事件中罕见冻雨过程进行分析。结果表明:冻雨发生在降水强度较大时段,地面气温普遍低于0℃。垂直温度分布呈典型的“冷-暖-冷”层结特征,近地层存在强逆温层,探空温度>0℃的面积比<0℃的大。近地层冷垫是冷高压南侵时,受江淮气旋和地形阻挡,在海拔较低的松花江干流地区堆积形成。融化层在850 hPa低涡前部,西南或偏南低空急流携带暖湿空气像楔子一样插在冷空气中,持续的暖平流特征明显,地面冷垫与中层暖层之间有明显的锋区特征。电线积冰直径与融化层持续长短有很大的相关性。冻雨的形成符合“冰相融化”机制,在冻雨区具有回波强度增大的特征。

Winter Arctic warming and its linkage with midlatitude atmospheric circulation and associated cold extremes: The key role of meridional potential vorticity gradient

The surface air temperature over the Eurasian continent has exhibited a significant cooling trend in recent decades(1990–2013), which has occurred simultaneously with Arctic warming and Arctic sea ice loss. While many studies demonstrated that midlatitude cold extremes are linked to Arctic warming and Arctic sea ice loss, some studies suggest that they are unrelated.The causal relationship between midlatitude cold extremes and Arctic change is uncertain, and it is thus an unsolved and difficult issue. It has been widely recognized that the severity and location of midlatitude cold extremes are closely related to the persistence, location and movement of blocking systems. It might be possible that the Arctic sea ice decline or the Arctic’s warming influences midlatitude cold extremes by changing the blocking system. This paper reviews the recent research advances on the linkages between the blocking system and Arctic warming. The nonlinear multiscale interaction model of Luo et al.revealed that the magnitude of the meridional gradient(PVy) of the background potential vorticity(PV) is a key parameter that reflects changes in the dispersion and nonlinearity of the blocking system. It was found that Arctic warming played a role in reducing the dispersion of the blocking system and enhancing its nonlinearity by reducing the magnitude of PVy. A small PVyis a favorable background condition for increasing the duration of blocking events and producing midlatitude cold extremes.However, because the magnitude of PVyreflects the difference between the background PVof the Arctic high latitudes and the midlatitude continent, the occurrence of midlatitude cold extremes not only depends on an anomalous background PVover Arctic high latitudes but also on its value over the midlatitudes. Thus, Arctic warming or sea ice decline is not necessary for the occurrence of midlatitude cold extremes.

温阳散寒活血法治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症疗效及血清hsCRP、TNF-α、IL-6的影响

目的:探讨温阳散寒活血法治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)疗效及血清超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)的影响。方法:选取2018年1月~2020年12月河北省沧州中西医结合医院收治的180例ASO患者,根据随机数字表法分为两组,对照组(n=90)接受常规西医治疗,观察组(n=90)在常规西医治疗基础上接受自拟脉管炎Ⅰ号组方熏洗治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效和治疗14d、28d后中医证候积分、间歇性跛行距离、踝肱指数、足背动脉血流量和血清hsCRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平及不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组临床治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后14d、28d观察组中医证候积分和血清hsCRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平明显低于对照组,间歇性跛行距离、踝肱指数、足背动脉血流量明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者不良反应发生率比较无差异(P>0.05)。结论:自拟脉管炎Ⅰ号组方熏洗治疗ASO疗效显著,可有效改善下肢缺血症状,延长间歇性跛行距离,调节血清hsCRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平,且安全性高,值得推广。

1961—2021年广西沿海地区极端冷暖事件时空变化

为给红树林保护修复和气象保障服务提供科学依据,基于1961—2021年大气环流指数以及北海、防城港和钦州10个国家站逐日最高、最低气温,采用RClimDex模型计算极端气温指数,采用线性趋势分析、MK突变检验和偏相关分析,研究广西沿海地区极端冷暖事件时空变化规律。结果表明,1961—2021年,霜冻日数、持续冷期指数、冷夜日数、冷昼日数和气温日较差显著下降,热带夜数、夏季日数、持续暖期指数、暖夜日数、暖昼日数、日最高气温的最大值、日最低气温的最大值和日最低气温的最小值显著上升,说明广西红树林生态区冷、暖指数都趋于变暖,与全球变暖趋势正响应,且夜间气温的上升幅度大于白天,昼夜温差变小。冷指数突变年为1988—2015年,暖指数突变年为1996—2012年,冷、暖指数突变时间段相差不大。冷夜日数、冷昼日数、暖夜日数、暖昼日数和持续暖期指数空间分布规律一致,都是除防城港市东南部偏低外,其他地方普遍高;其中暖夜日数、暖昼日数和持续暖期指数在北海市北部地区增加趋势较明显,说明冷、暖指数在研究区的空间差异不大,在北海市北部地区变暖现象较明显。西太平洋副热带高压和欧亚纬向环流增强有利于极端气温上升。

三江源地区极端气候事件演变事实及其成因探究

利用三江源地区14个气象台站1962—2005年逐日气温、降水资料分析了该地区冷暖干湿极端气候事件的演变规律,探讨了其变化成因。研究表明:近44a来三江源地区气温等级由冷向暖转变,极端高温事件频繁发生,而极端低温事件则逐年减少,致使气温不断向着更高的均值状态持续增暖;尽管降水量干湿变化不甚显著,但降水的极端状况即严重干旱或暴雨事件均呈减少趋势,降水量的变化趋于稳定,降水变率减小;地形对极端气温、降水事件频次变幅的空间分布均有着较为显著的影响,且对后者的影响更为显著;高原季风、厄尔尼诺事件及高原积雪等因子的年际振荡是三江源地区极端气候事件发生频次波动的主要原因。

吉林省敦化市乡村人群气候变化感知的偏差及群体分异研究

通过问卷调查,具体分析了吉林省敦化市乡村人群对气候变化趋势和极端冷暖年的感知偏差及人群分异。发现乡村人群对气候变化趋势的感知与科学事实比较符合,由于对变暖转折年代更敏感,因而对变暖的确认度在一些时段与科学事实在变化程度或幅度上存在比较大的偏差。乡村人群对极端冷暖年不如对趋势感知的准确度高。经验积累影响乡村人群对气候变化趋势感知准确度,成长经历影响乡村人群对极端冷暖年感知的准确度。建议政府对气候变化教育有专门投入,在应对气候趋势的变化和极端冷暖年变化方面,总结关键人群在粮食种植行为上取得的经验和教训,以教育方式为关键人群提供分享这些案例的机会,服务于提高乡村人群适应气候变化的能力建设目标。

石家庄近53a冬季气温变化特征

利用石家庄1955年1月至2008年4月逐日气温观测资料,分析讨论了石家庄冬季平均气温、寒冷日数、冷积温的变化特征以及冬季气温的突变和周期;研究了冬季变暖的背景下,石家庄冬季时间尺度的演变、冬季极端冷(暖)日的变化特征和严重冷(暖)冬的分布。结果表明:石家庄近53 a冬季气温明显上升,最低气温的上升对冬季增温的贡献较大,寒冷日数与冷积温均呈明显减少趋势;冬季气温在20世纪90年代发生突变,存在15 a和3 a左右的周期;近53 a冬季缩短了近4个候,主要体现在冬季结束时间的提前;冬季极端冷日日数呈显著减少趋势,极端暖日日数年际变化加大;严重冷冬均出现在20世纪80年代之前,而严重暖冬均出现在上世纪末到本世纪初。

山东省三次暖切变线极强降水的对比分析

应用加密观测、常规观测、卫星云图和雷达探测的资料及NCEO/NCAR(1°×1°)再分析资料,对由东省三次极强降水天气进行了诊断和对比分析。结果表明,,低层暖式切变线和500 hPa西风槽是三次强降水的主要影响系统。强降水前低层大气高温、高湿、对流不稳定同,有较高的对流不稳定能量。低层暖式切变线辐合和暖湿平流产生的上升运动与地面辐合线附近产生的上升运动相叠加,触发对流不稳定能量释放,产生强对流,造成强降水。较强的风垂直切变使得对流有组织地发展。强降水期间,中高层弱的干冷空气侵入,使得对流不稳定加强,中高层具有高位涡的干冷空气入侵诱发低层中尺度涡旋发展,辐合上升运动加强。低层暖湿气流螺旋式辐合上升与中高层入侵的干冷空气相遇,水汽凝结率增大,降水强度增强。中高层干冷空气侵入的时段与极强降水的时段相对应。有利的地形对局地短时极强降水有重要作用。低层暖式切变线和500 hPa低槽的位置、强弱不同,中高冷空气的强度和入侵路径不同,对流云团的发生发展、内部结构和移动方向不同,造成强降水的地理位置和强度不同。

南方极端低温雨雪冰冻过程天气学特征分析

应用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对我国1961—2008年的南方极端低温冰雪典型过程进行了天气学分析。1961—2008年我国南方极端低温冰雪过程共发生了5次;这5次南方极端低温冰雪过程主要是受西风槽和南支槽、中层低涡和切变线、西南急流、地面强冷空气共同影响造成的;多股冷空气不断南下,前沿冷锋抵达黔滇地区、低层冷垫上空暖湿气流强盛、垂直结构逆温长时期维持是南方极端低温冰雪过程的重要特征;根据环流特征的不同可分为西南气流和偏西气流两种类型,前者降水和降温基本上是同时发生,形成雨雪冰冻天气,而后者一般是先降水、后降温,且后期降温剧烈,以低温冰冻天气为主。

不同气候背景下新疆冬季极端冷(暖)事件的变化特征

利用1961—2013年新疆89站逐日气温和NCEP再分析高度场资料,分析了不同气候背景下新疆1961年以来冬季(12月—翌年2月)出现的极端冷(暖)事件年代际变化及与其相联系的环流特征。根据对新疆冬季极端冷(暖)事件的气候背景划分,认为新疆冬季极端冷(暖)事件在不同气候背景中都有明显的不同,全疆冬季极端冷事件存在随气候背景转变而发生区域一致变化的特征,但冬季极端暖事件的变化则有南北反相的区域差异。总体而言,新疆极端冷暖事件发生的日数趋于减少,极端冷暖事件强度也具有显著减小的趋势;北疆西部和天山两侧是气候极端性变化最显著的区域。从冷暖期环流特征的差异来看,北疆型极端冷事件减少的主要原因来自于突变后极涡减弱,而南疆型极端冷(暖)事件减少(增加)则主要受欧亚范围内大片正变高区的影响。