Structural properties of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag and their influence on flotation separation and resource utilization:A review

Coal gasification fine slag(FS)is a typical solid waste generated in coal gasification.Its current disposal methods of stockpil-ing and landfilling have caused serious soil and ecological hazards.Separation recovery and the high-value utilization of residual carbon(RC)in FS are the keys to realizing the win-win situation of the coal chemical industry in terms of economic and environmental benefits.The structural properties,such as pore,surface functional group,and microcrystalline structures,of RC in FS(FS-RC)not only affect the flotation recovery efficiency of FS-RC but also form the basis for the high-value utilization of FS-RC.In this paper,the characteristics of FS-RC in terms of pore structure,surface functional groups,and microcrystalline structure are sorted out in accordance with gasification type and FS particle size.The reasons for the formation of the special structural properties of FS-RC are analyzed,and their influence on the flotation separation and high-value utilization of FS-RC is summarized.Separation methods based on the pore structural characterist-ics of FS-RC,such as ultrasonic pretreatment-pore-blocking flotation and pore breaking-flocculation flotation,are proposed to be the key development technologies for improving FS-RC recovery in the future.The design of low-cost,low-dose collectors containing polar bonds based on the surface and microcrystalline structures of FS-RC is proposed to be an important breakthrough point for strengthening the flotation efficiency of FS-RC in the future.The high-value utilization of FS should be based on the physicochemical structural proper-ties of FS-RC and should focus on the environmental impact of hazardous elements and the recyclability of chemical waste liquid to es-tablish an environmentally friendly utilization method.This review is of great theoretical importance for the comprehensive understand-ing of the unique structural properties of FS-RC,the breakthrough of the technological bottleneck in the efficient flotation separation of FS,and the expansion of the field of the high value-added utilization of FS-RC.

Structural and microwave absorption properties of CoFe_(2)O_(4)/residual carbon composites

Electromagnetic interference,which necessitates the rapid advancement of substances with exceptional capabilities for bsorbing electromagnetic waves,is of urgent concern in contemporary society.In this work,CoFe_(2)O_(4)/residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag(CFO/RC)composites were created using a novel hydrothermal method.Various mechanisms for microwave absorption,including conductive loss,natural resonance,interfacial dipole polarization,and magnetic flux loss,are involved in these composites.Consequently,compared with pure residual carbon materials,this composite offers superior capabilities in microwave absorption.At 7.76GHz,the CFO/RC-2 composite achieves an impressive minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of-43.99 dB with a thickness of 2.44 mm.Moreover,CFO/RC-3 demonstrates an effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of up to 4.16 GHz,accompanied by a thickness of 1.18mm.This study revealed the remarkable capability of the composite to diminish electromagnetic waves,providing a new generation method for microwave absorbing materials of superior quality.

Study on the disaster caused by the linkage failure of the residual coal pillar and rock stratum during multiple coal seam mining:mechanism of progressive and dynamic failure

Multi-seam mining often leads to the retention of a significant number of coal pillars for purposes such as protection,safety,or water isolation.However,stress concentration beneath these residual coal pillars can significantly impact their strength and stability when mining below them,potentially leading to hydraulic support failure,surface subsidence,and rock bursting.To address this issue,the linkage between the failure and instability of residual coal pillars and rock strata during multi-seam mining is examined in this study.Key controls include residual pillar spalling,safety factor(f.),local mine stiffness(LMS),and the post-peak stiffness(k)of the residual coal pillar.Limits separating the two forms of failure,progressive versus dynamic,are defined.Progressive failure results at lower stresses when the coal pillar transitions from indefinitely stable(f,>1.5)to failing(f,<1.5)when the coal pillar can no longer remain stable for an extended duration,whereas sud-den(unstable)failure results when the strength of the pillar is further degraded and fails.The transition in mode of failure is defined by the LMS/k ratio.Failure transitions from quiescent to dynamic as LMS/k.<1,which can cause chain pillar instability propagating throughout the mine.This study provides theoretical guidance to define this limit to instability of residual coal pillars for multi-seam mining in similar mines.

Ash Detection of Coal Slime Flotation Tailings Based on Chromatographic Filter Paper Sampling and Multi-Scale Residual Network

The detection of ash content in coal slime flotation tailings using deep learning can be hindered by various factors such as foam,impurities,and changing lighting conditions that disrupt the collection of tailings images.To address this challenge,we present a method for ash content detection in coal slime flotation tailings.This method utilizes chromatographic filter paper sampling and a multi-scale residual network,which we refer to as MRCN.Initially,tailings are sampled using chromatographic filter paper to obtain static tailings images,effectively isolating interference factors at the flotation site.Subsequently,the MRCN,consisting of a multi-scale residual network,is employed to extract image features and compute ash content.Within the MRCN structure,tailings images undergo convolution operations through two parallel branches that utilize convolution kernels of different sizes,enabling the extraction of image features at various scales and capturing a more comprehensive representation of the ash content information.Furthermore,a channel attention mechanism is integrated to enhance the performance of the model.The combination of the multi-scale residual structure and the channel attention mechanism within MRCN results in robust capabilities for image feature extraction and ash content detection.Comparative experiments demonstrate that this proposed approach,based on chromatographic filter paper sampling and the multi-scale residual network,exhibits significantly superior performance in the detection of ash content in coal slime flotation tailings.

Recycling and utilization of coal gasification residues for fabricating Fe/C composites as novel microwave absorbents

Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently utilized for recycling.The CGR contains abundant carbon components,which could be applied to the microwave absorption field as the carbon matrix.In this study,Fe/CGR composites are fabricated via a two-step method,including the impregnation of Fe^(3+)and the reduction process.The influence of the different loading capacities of the Fe component on the morphology and electromagnetic properties is studied.Moreover,the loading content of Fe and the surface morphology of the Fe/CGR can be reasonably controlled by adjusting the concentration of the ferric nitrate solution.Meanwhile,Fe particles are evenly inserted on the CGR framework,which expands the Fe/CGR interfaces to enhance interfacial polarization,thus further improving the microwave-absorbing(MA)properties of composites.Particularly,as the Fe^(3+)concentration is 1.0 mol/L,the Fe/CGR composite exhibits outstanding performance.The reflection loss reaches-39.3 dB at 2.5 mm,and the absorption bandwidth covers 4.1 GHz at 1.5 mm.In this study,facile processability,resource recycling,appropriately matched impedance,and excellent MA performance are achieved.Finally,the Fe/CGR composites not only enhance the recycling of the CGR but also pioneer a new path for the synthesis of excellent absorbents.

A new criterion of coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index

To evaluate the coal burst proneness more precisely,a new energy criterion namely the residual elastic energy index was proposed.This study begins by performing the single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression tests with five pre-peak unloading stress levels to explore the energy storage characteristics of coal.Five types of coals from different mines were tested,and the instantaneous destruction process of the coal specimens under compression loading was recorded using a high speed camera.The results showed a linear relationship between the elastic strain energy density and input energy density,which confirms the linear energy storage law of coal.Based on this linear energy storage law,the peak elastic strain energy density of each coal specimen was obtained precisely.Subsequently,a new energy criterion of coal burst proneness was established,which was called the residual elastic energy index(defined as the difference between the peak elastic strain energy density and post peak failure energy density).Considering the destruction process and actual failure characteristics of coal specimens,the accuracy of evaluating coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index was examined.The results indicated that the residual elastic energy index enables reliable and precise evaluations of the coal burst proneness.

Influence of abnormal stress under a residual bearing coal pillar on the stability of a mine entry

Mine entries close to residual bearing coal pillars(RBCPs) will suffer large deformation that may cause rock burst. To better understand the deformation mechanism and develop safe and practical guidelines for entry design, most studies focus on the absolute size of the stress field in and around the pillar. In this paper, we present a new approach to analyze the abnormal stress field close to a RBCP that uses the stress concentration coefficient(SCC), stress gradient(SG), and coefficient of lateral pressure(CLP) to describe the stress state induced by the RBCP. Based on elastic theory and a mathematical model for the abutment stress in the RBCP, an analytical solution for the abnormal stress in the strata below the RBCP was derived and the characteristics of the abnormal stress for a case study of a coal mine in China were analyzed. The results show that the abnormal stress field around the pillar is characterized by four distinct zones: a zone of high SCC, high SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of high SCC, low SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of low SCC, SG close to 0, and CLP greater than 1, and a zone of SCC close to 1, SC close to 0, and CLP close to 1. Based on this zoning pattern, a numerical model was established to study the combined effects of the abnormal stress on the stability of the entry. The most stable zone was determined based on a model of the Xinrui coal mine and verified by field measurements at the mine. Our conclusions can be used as guidelines for designing safe entry layouts in similar geological and mining settings.

Roadway layout for recycling residual coal pillar in room-and-pillar mining of thick coal seam

In the context of a room-and-pillar mining gob in Shanxi province in China,this paper numerically investigates the stress distribution and deformation rules of roadway surrounding rocks at various locations of residual coal pillars in room-and-pillar mining gobs using software FLAC3 D.It is found that the concentrated stress beneath coal pillars distributes in a shape of ellipse.A reasonable roadway layout is then proposed.In this design,it is indicated that roadways should be designed to avoid the supporting zones of pillars with increasing compression and take into account the roof falling and crushing in the upper gob.According to the surrounding rock deformation characteristics and mining roadway locations as well as the supporting principles of timely support,rock reinforcing,piecewise management and suiting local conditions,a new asymmetric shield supporting plan is proposed.The field surveying results show that this supporting plan can effectively control the roadway rock deformation,thus guarantee the safe and smooth construction of roadways.

Ground pressure and overlying strata structure for a repeated mining face of residual coal after room and pillar mining

To investigate the abnormal ground pressures and roof control problem in fully mechanized repeated mining of residual coal after room and pillar mining, the roof fracture structural model and mechanical model were developed using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The roof fracture characteristics of a repeated mining face were revealed and the ground pressure law and roof supporting condi- tions of the repeated mining face were obtained. The results indicate that when the repeated mining face passes the residual pillars, the sudden instability causes fracturing in the main roof above the old goal and forms an extra-large rock block above the mining face. A relatively stable ＂Voussoir beam＂ structure is formed after the advance fracturing of the main roof. When the repeated mining face passes the old goaf, as the large rock block revolves and touches gangue, the rock block will break secondarily under overburden rock loads. An example calculation was performed involving an integrated mine in Shanxi province, results showed that minimum working resistance values of support determined to be reason- able were respectively 11,412 kN and 10,743 kN when repeated mining face passed through residual pillar and goaf. On-site ground pressure monitoring results indicated that the mechanical model and support resistance calculation were reasonable.

Pore pressure fluctuations of overlying aquifer during residual coal mining and water-soil stress coupling analysis

Three test models and a simulation model were constructed based on the prevailing conditions of the Taiping coalmine in order to analyze pore pressure fluctuations of an overlying aquifer during residual coal mining. As well, the relation between pore pressure and soil stress was evaluated. The model tests show the vibrations of pore pressure and soil stress as a result of mining activities. The simulation model tells of the response characteristics of pore pressure after mining and its distribution in the sand aquifer. The comparative analysis reveals that pore pressure and soil stress vibration are activated by unexpected events occurring in mines, such as collapsing roofs. An increased pore pressure zone always lies above the wall in front or behind the working face of a mine. Both pore pressure and vertical stress result in increasing and decreasing processes during movements of the working face of a mine. The vibration of pore pressure always precedes soil stress in the same area and ends with a sharp decline. Changes in pore pressure of sand aquifer are limited to the area of stress changes. Obvious changes are largely located in a very small frame over the mining face.

Mapping Subsurface Seepage Flow Patterns in Proximity to a Coal Combustion Residual Landfill Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Electrical resistivity tomography data were acquired in proximity to the coal combustion residual landfill in an effort to image and analyze seepage pathways through the shallow residual soil and underlying karsted limestone bedrock. The water table is at a depth of more than 45 m. The most prominent subsurface seepage pathways identified on the acquired electrical resistivity tomography data are located immediately adjacent to the toe of the landfill and are attributed to stormwater run-off. The moisture content of the limestone appears to decrease gradually with increasing distance from the toe of the landfill, suggesting there is also a horizontal component of moisture flow in the subsurface. Shallow limestone with higher moisture content generally underlies or is in close proximity to anthropogenic features such as drainage ditches and clay berms that are designed to channel run-off. At one location, electrical resistivity tomography data were acquired along essentially the same traverse at different times of the year, and the resistivity of shallow limestone overall was lower on the data acquired after heavy rains.

Preparation of mesoporous activated carbons from coal liquefaction residue for methane decomposition

Mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from direct coal liquefaction residue （CLR） by KOH activation method, and the experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of KOH/CLR ratio, solvent for mixing the CLR and KOH, and carbonization procedure on the resultant carbon texture and catalytic activity for catalytic methane decomposition （CMD）. The results showed that optimal KOH/CLR ratio of 2 ： 1; solvent with higher solubility to KOH or the CLR, and an appropriate carbonization procedure are conductive to improving the carbon pore structure and catalytic activity for CMD. The resultant mesoporous carbons show higher and more stable activity than microporous carbons. Additionally, the relationship between the carbon textural properties and the catalytic activity for CMD was also discussed.

Co-pyrolysis characteristics and interaction route between low-rank coals and Shenhua coal direct liquefaction residue

To reasonably utilize the coal direct liquefaction residue(DLR), contrasting research on the co-pyrolysis between different low-rank coals and DLR was investigated using a TGA coupled with an FT-IR spectrophotometer and a fixed-bed reactor. GC–MS, FTIR, and XRD were used to explore the reaction mechanisms of the various co-pyrolysis processes. Based on the TGA results, it was confirmed that the tetrahydrofuran insoluble fraction of DLR helped to catalyze the conversion reaction of lignite. Also, the addition of DLR improved the yield of tar in the fixed-bed, with altering the composition of the tar. Moreover, a kinetic analysis during the co-pyrolysis was conducted using a distributed activation energy model. The co-pyrolysis reactions showed an approximate double-Gaussian distribution.

Mechanisms and characteristics of mesocarbon microbeads prepared by co-carbonization of coal tar pitch and direct coal liquefaction residue

DCLR-P was prepared by direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) with ash removal.In the present experiments,mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) were prepared by co-carbonization of coal tar pitch (CTP) and DCLR-P.With the increase of DCLR-P content,the yield of MCMBs increased from 47.8% to 56.8%.At the same time,the particle sizes distribution of MCMBs was narrowed,resulting in the decrease of D9o/D10 ratio from 154.88 to 6.53.The results showed that DCLR-P had a positive effect on the preparation of MCMBs.1H-NMR,FTIR,SEM and XRD were used to analyze the mechanisms and characteristics of MCMBs prepared by co-carbonization of CTP and DCLR-P.The results showed that the Proton Donor Quality Index (PDQI) of DCLR-P was 13.32,significantly higher than that of CTP (0.83).This indicated that DCLR-P had more naphthenic structure than CTP,which leads to hydrogen transferring in polycondensation reaction.The aliphatic structure of DCLR-P can improve the solubility and fusibility of mesophase,thereby making the structure of MCMBs more structured.The microstructure of the graphitized MCMBs had a substantially parallel carbon layer useful for its electrical performance.The performance of graphitized MCMBs as a negative electrode material for Li-ion batteries was tested.The particle sizes,tap density,specific surface area and initial charge-discharge efficiency of graphitized MCMBs met the requirements of CMB-I in GB/T-24533-2009.However,the initial discharge capacity of graphitized MCMB was only 296.3 mA h g-1 due to the low degree of graphitization of MCMBs.

Geochemistry of Permian Coal and Its Combustion Residues in Huainan Coalfield, China

INAA (instrumental neutron activation analysis) was used to determine the contents of trace elements in coal samples from 11 workable Permian coal seams in Huainan coalfield. With XRFS (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), the geochemical composition of its combustion residues from Tianjiaan Power Plant and Luohe Power Plant was analyzed. In addition, the electron microprobe was employed to study the chemical composition of some fly ashes and bottom ashes. Compared with those of the coals around the world, most trace elements of the Huainan coal are characterized by a normal abundance. Like most coals worldwide, the elements Se, S, As, Sb, Br, U and Cl are enriched in Huainan coal according to dark's value, while the other elements tend to be diluted. The large fluctuation in the contents of trace elements in this kind of coal demonstrates great differences in coal seams. On the other hand, the contents of these elements are very similar in different bottom and fly ash samples. The elements with low organic affinity tend to concentrate in fly and bottom ash than in coal, especially those elements associated with Fe. However, the elements with strong organic affinity tend to be volatile during the combustion. Moreover, the abundance of the elements in fly ash and bottom ash changes with different densities and with different particle sizes. The bottom and fly ashes consist of glass, lime, mullite, coal residues and ferrite minerals. Some residual chars contain higher contents of volatile elements, such as S, P, Cl and As, indicating that the ash containing more residual chars has a strong adsorption of some hazardous elements, suggesting a possible utilization of power plant ash in the field of water cleaning.

CO2-hierarchical activated carbon prepared from coal gasification residue: Adsorption equilibrium, isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies for methylene blue removal

Mineral matter in a residue(RC G)from coal gasification(CG)was removed by two-stage acid leaching.Hierarchical activated carbon(HAC)was prepared by activating RC Gwith CO2.The performance of HAC on removing methylene blue(MB)from an aqueous solution was investigated.HAC was characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that HAC exhibits hierarchical pore structure with high specific surface area(862.76 m2·g-1)and total pore volume(0.684 cm3·g-1),and abundant organic functional groups.The adsorption equilibrium data of MB on HAC are best fitted to the Redlich-Peterson.The kinetic data show that the pseudo-first-order model is more suitable at low MB concentration,while the advantages of the pseudo-second-orderand the Elovich models are more obvious as the concentration increases.According to the thermodynamic parameters,the HAC-MB adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.

Compatibility Evaluation between Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue and Bitumen

The compatibility between direct coal liquefaction residue(DCLR) and five kinds of pure bitumen(Shell-90,SK-90, ZSY-70, DM-70 and KLMY-50) was evaluated in this study. The rheological characteristics, glass transition temperatures(T_g), solubility parameters(SP) and SARA(saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) fractions of DCLR,five kinds of pure bitumen and their blends(named as DCLR modified bitumen) were measured using the dynamic shear rheometer(DSR), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), viscosity, and SARA tests, respectively. And the compatibility between DCLR and pure bitumen was characterized with three approaches, viz. the Cole-Cole plot,T_g, and the solubility parameter difference(SPD) method. Since each method has its own working mechanism, the compatibility ranking for the DCLR and five kinds of pure bitumen is slightly different according to the three approaches. However, the difference is pretty close and sometimes can be ignored. The general compatibility ranking decreases in the following order: Shell-90≈SK-90>DM-70≈ZSY-70>KLMY-50, which is affected by the asphaltenes content and the colloid index(I_c) value in the pure bitumen. Pure bitumen with lower asphaltenes content and colloid index(I_c) value has better compatibility with DCLR.

Influence of dispersants on coal-water slurry prepared from the solid residue of plasma pyrolysis of coal

This work presents the influence of dispersants on coal-water slurry(CWS),which was prepared from the solid residue of plasma pyrolysis of coal.The effects of dispersant type,solid concentration,dispersant content,and temperature on the rheological properties of CWS are examined.A suitable empirical model regarding the relation between viscosity and temperature is proposed.Through the sedimentation experiment of CWS,dispersants are found to significantly promote the stability of CWS.

XPS analysis and combustibility of residues from two coals extraction with sub-and supercritical water

Two kinds of residues,obtained from extraction of one weakly reductive coal,Shenfu-Dongsheng coal(SD),and one reductive coal,Pingshuo coal(PS),with sub-and supercritical water on a semi-continuous apparatus,were characterized by calorific value analysis and XPS analysis,and the combustion behaviors of residues were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis.The results show that the residues have higher calorific value than raw coal samples,and SD residue has higher calorific value than PS residue.C-C,C-O and pyridinic nitrogen,pyrrolic nitrogen are the dominant form of C,O and N on the surface of raw coal samples and their extraction residues.The combustion behaviors of extraction residues show that the SD residue is more reactive and more easily burned than PS residue.