Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms of axon regeneration:the need for spinal cord injury treatment strategies to address both

Spinal cord injury（SCI）causes disturbances in motor and sensory functions leading to paralysis,the severity of which depends on the spinal level of the injury.Traumatic lesions of spinal cord axon projection tracts are untreatable in human patients,although numerous research groupsworldwide are studying putative treatment strategies.

Characteristics of anomalous Hall effect in spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gases in the presence of both intrinsic,extrinsic,and external electric-field induced spin-orbit couplings

The various competing contributions to the anomalous Hall effect in spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gases in the presence of both intrinsic, extrinsic and external electric-field induced spin-orbit coupling were investigated theoretically. Based on a unified semiclassical theoretical approach, it is shown that the total anomalous Hall conductivity can be expressed as the sum of three distinct contributions in the presence of these competing spin-orbit interactions, namely an intrinsic contribution determined by the Berry curvature in the momentum space, an extrinsic contribution determined by the modified Bloch band group velocity and an extrinsic contribution determined by spin-orbit-dependent impurity scattering. The characteristics of these competing contributions are discussed in detail in the paper.

Gatifloxacin inducing apoptosis of stromal fibroblasts through cross-talk between caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

AIM: To reveal the cytotoxicity and related mechanisms of gatifloxacin(GFX) to stromal fibroblasts(SFs) in vitro.METHODS: SFs were treated with GFX at different concentrations(0.009375%-0.3%), and their viability was detected by MTT method. The cell morphology was observed using light/transmission electron microscope. The plasma membrane permeability was measured by AO/EB double-staining. Then cell cycle, phosphatidylserine(PS) externalization, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential(MTP) were analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA damage was analyzed by electrophoresis and immunostaining. ELISA was used to evaluate the caspase-3/-8/-9 activation. Finally, Western blotting was applied for detecting the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins.RESULTS: Morphological changes and reduced viability of GFX-treated SFs demonstrated that GFX above 0.009375% had cytotoxicity to SFs with dependence of concentration and time. GFX-treating cells also showed G1 phase arrest, increased membrane permeability, PS externalization and DNA damage, which indicated that GFX induced apoptosis of SFs. Additionally, GFX could activate the caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, induce MTP disruption, downregulate B-cell leukemia-2(Bcl-2) and B-cell leukemiaXL(Bcl-XL), and upregulate Bcl-2 assaciated X protein(Bax), Bcl-2-associated death promoter(Bad), Bcl-2 interacting domain(Bid) and cytoplasmic cytochrome C in SFs, suggesting that caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways were related to GFX-contributed apoptosis of SFs.CONCLUSION: The cytotoxicity of GFX induces apoptosis of SFs through triggering the caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Robust visual tracking for manipulators withunknown intrinsic and extrinsic parameters

This paper addresses the robust visual tracking of multi-feature points for a 3D manipulator with unknown intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the vision system. This class of control systems are highly nonlinear control systems characterized as time-varying and strong coupling in states and unknown parameters. It is first pointed out that not only is the Jacobian image matrix nonsingular, but also its minimum singular value has a positive limit. This provides the foundation of kinematics and dynamics control of manipulators with visual feedback. Second, the Euler angle expressed rotation transformation is employed to estimate a subspace of the parameter space of the vision system. Based on the two results above, and arbitrarily chosen parameters in this subspace, the tracking controllers are proposed so that the image errors can be made as small as desired so long as the control gain is allowed to be large. The controller does not use visual velocity to achieve high and robust performance with low sampling rate of the vision system. The obtained results are proved by Lyapunov direct method. Experiments are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Automatic Evaluation Strategies for Paraphrase Generation Systems

Paraphrase is an expression of a text with alternative words and orders to achieve a better clarity. Paraphrases have been found vital for augmenting training dataset, which aid to enhance performance of machine learning models that intended for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Thus, recently, automatic paraphrase generation has received increasing attention. However, evaluating quality of generated paraphrases is technically challenging. In the literature, the importance of generated paraphrases is tended to be determined by their impact on the performance of other NLP tasks. This kind of evaluation is referred as extrinsic evaluation, which requires high computational resources to train and test the models. So far, very little attention has been paid to the role of intrinsic evaluation in which quality of generated paraphrase is judged against predefined ground truth (reference paraphrases). In fact, it is also very challenging to find ideal and complete reference paraphrases. Therefore, in this study, we propose semantic or meaning oriented automatic evaluation metric that helps to evaluate quality of generated paraphrases against the original text, which is an intrinsic evaluation approach. Further, we evaluate quality of the paraphrases by assessing their impact on other NLP tasks, which is an extrinsic evaluation method. The goal is to explore the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation methods. To ensure the effectiveness of proposed evaluation methods, extensive experiments are done on different publicly available datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation strategies are promising. The results further reveal that there is a significant correlation between intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation approaches.

Manipulating extrinsic and intrinsic obstacles to axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury（SCI）is a traumatic event that can lead to permanent motor and sensory deficits.After the initial trauma,axons of surviving neurons rapidly retract.While there may be a small degree of abortive sprouting,virtually all attempts at robust regrowth across the lesion site ultimately fail.Thus,neurons below the level of the injury are permanently disconnected from their normal input,resulting in persistent loss of function.

Generational Gap： Intrinsic （Non-monetary） Versus Extrinsic （Monetary） Rewards in the Workforce

Traditionally, organizations assume that compensation/pay and monetary benefits are what all employees need to work harder, be productive, or remain with the company. According to Abraham Maslow, within every person is a hierarchy of five needs： physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs Organizations must be able to identify what employees desire to secure optimum performance and to meet the needs of both employees and employers. This research focuses on the generational gap and the significance of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in the workforce. The purpose and objective of this research are to test the significance of monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the organization. A self-designed questionnaire distributed to a multi-generational group of employees of selected organizations was used to collect the analyzed data. Sixty-five （65%） responses were obtained. Secondary data were used to elucidate the needs in this area of study. Because the workforce is predicted to become more diverse in terms of age, organizations will be unlikely to implement one set of rewards for the multiple generations. This is due to the differing expectations and requirements among the generations. However, the results indicate no significant difference in monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the workforce.

Small-signal modeling of GaN HEMT switch with a new intrinsic elements extraction method

A novel and accurate method is proposed to extract the intrinsic elements of the GaN high-electron-mobility transistor（HEMT） switch.The new extraction method is verified by comparing the simulated S-parameters with the measured data over the 5-40 GHz frequency range.The percentage errors E（ij） within 3.83% show the great agreement between the simulated S-parameters and the measured data.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value for English Learning: Mediation Effects of SelfEfficacy in Chinese EFL Context

The present study examined how students＇ intrinsic and extrinsic value promotes their foreign language proficiency via the mediation effect of self-efficacy beliefs. A total of 1,036 Chinese eighth graders answered an English proficiency test and questionnaires assessing motivational beliefs. Structural equation modelling results with bootstrapping procedures revealed that intrinsic value can directly and indirectly influence foreign language proficiency via partial mediation effect of self-efficacy while extrinsic value can only directly influence foreign language proficiency with a small magnitude. Moreover, there is no gender difference in the mediation model. Our findings suggested that intrinsic value can help students improve foreign language proficiency by improving their self-efficacy beliefs. The findings contribute to the documents of self-determination theory and hold substantive theoretical and practical implications for foreign language teachers.

Variables and Constants in Literature:A Discussion of “Extrinsic Research” and “Intrinsic Research”

The variables and constants in literature are as difficult to separate and understand as the intricacies of quantum physics.This is the basic mode of literary existence and also an important precondition for the longevity of literary classics.However,since the late 19th century,literary currents have been turbulent,and wave upon wave of critical theory has evinced a discord between“the intrinsic and the extrinsic,”even amounting to mutual exclusion,with the result that literary constants or common sense have been intentionally or unintentionally ignored.This is not only clear evidence of the accelerated development of human society,but also the result of the interaction of many complex factors.For this reason,a dialectical analysis of the relationship between variables and constants or“extrinsic research”and“intrinsic research”has long been a major issue not easily avoided.

自监督非等距三维模型簇对应关系计算方法

针对现有非等距三维模型簇对应关系计算方法准确率较低且泛化能力较差的问题,文中提出采用深度内外特征对齐算法的自监督非等距三维模型簇对应关系计算方法.首先,利用DiffusionNet直接学习原始的三维模型特征,获取具有鉴别力的特征描述符.然后,使用深度内外特征对齐算法计算非等距模型对之间的对应关系,采用局部流形调和基作为模型本征信息,并结合笛卡尔坐标等外部信息,实现内外部信息对齐一致,以无监督的方式自动生成对应结果.最后,构建非等距模型簇的加权无向图,根据相似几何模型存在内在相关性的原则,设计自监督多模型匹配算法,不断增强模型图最短路径的循环一致性,获得最优的非等距三维模型簇对应关系.实验表明,文中方法对应关系测地误差较小,结果较准确,能处理模型自身对称性影响对应关系计算的问题,具有良好的泛化能力.

高中生愿望的潜在剖面分析及其预测因子

目的 对高中生愿望进行人群划分,并分析性别、年级、上学方式、体像烦恼和社会媒体压力对高中生愿望潜在类别的预测效应。方法 采用方便抽样,抽取广东省与云南省共4所中学881名高中生,进行愿望指数、体像烦恼及社会媒体压力量表的测评,使用独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析、潜在剖面分析及多因素Logistic回归分析方法进行统计学处理。结果 (1)高中生愿望可划分为2个类型:类别1“低外部-中内部目标”(21.9%)与类别2“中外部-高内部目标”(78.1%)。(2)性别与年龄对愿望的潜在类别具有预测效应(β=0.623,P<0.01;β=0.407,P<0.05)。(3)媒体社会压力对愿望类别具有预测效应(β=0.056,P<0.01)。结论 高中生愿望具有显著的个体差异性与群体异质性。女生、年龄越大以及感知媒体压力越大的高中生,越有可能形成类别2型愿望--“中外部-高内部目标”。两类愿望的具体特征提示,内部、外部目标并不是“非此即彼”的关系,教育者可重点关注与引导两者之间的转化。

新时代海外侨胞参与中国式现代化的动因探析

海外侨胞作为中华民族的重要成员,他们是中国式现代化的参与者、贡献者和见证者。新时代海外侨胞参与中国式现代化,促进经济增长、追求自我利益是其基于生理需要产生的利益动机,铸牢中华民族共同体意识是其基于安全和归属需要产生的情感动机,道义经济约束下履行道德责任是其基于归属和爱的需要产生的道德动机,经济科技实力增强下实现人生价值是其基于尊重和自我实现需要产生的心理动机。此外,当今世情和中国国情的变化、中国侨务政策的吸引、五缘文化的推动是其参与中国式现代化的外部诱因。

小学生英语学习动机与学习成效关系研究

文章通过对小学生进行问卷调查和英语成绩分析,旨在探讨英语学习动机与学习成效的关系,研究发现学习动机对英语学习成效的影响显著。具体而言,内在动机比外在动机更能促进小学生的英语学习成效。同时发现,英语学习动机与学习策略的运用也密切相关,具有高度学习动机的学生更可能采用有效的学习策略。因此,教师在教学过程中应注重激发学生的内在学习动机,并教导他们有效使用学习策略。

内部动机、外部动机与创造力的关系研究

本研究以 2 77名文科三、四年级的大学生为被试 ,综合考察在故事、连线和命名任务下 ,内部动机 ,外部动机对创造力表现的影响。多变量方差分析发现 ,对于三个测验的共同部分 ,内部动机和外部动机的主效应均显著 ,但交互作用不显著。分别对每个任务进行方差分析发现 ,对于连线任务而言 ,内部动机和外部动机的主效应均显著 ;对于命名任务而言 ,外部动机的主效应显著 ,内部动机的主效应不显著 ;对于故事任务而言 ,内部动机和外部动机的主效应不显著。内部动机与外部动机之间在三个任务中均不存在显著的交互作用。多重回归分析发现 ,对于不同的任务 ,内部动机与外部动机的贡献显著不同。

上海地区秋色叶成因的调查与分析

经详细分析近 3a上海地区的气象资料 ,发现 2 0 0 3年上海地区的气候与往年相比 ,更有利于秋色叶的形成 ,其主要原因是 :较大的光照强度有利于光合作用及色素的形成 ;较大的昼夜温差有利于植物体内糖分的积累及花青素的形成 ;较高的空气相对湿度有利于秋色叶形成。影响秋色叶变化的内部因素主要是光合产物的变化 ,外部因素为光照、气温、水分等。

人为干扰下的生态负效应研究综述

在总结国内外生态效应概念基础上,指出生态效应研究应同时注重外在过程和内在机理两方面,前者主要指人类干扰引起的生态系统结构和功能的变化,后者则阐明生态系统变化的驱动力和规律等.对环境污染(水污染、土壤污染和大气污染)和生态破坏(公路建设、水电工程和土地利用/植被覆盖变化)引起的生态负效应研究进展进行评述,总结了当前研究中存在的问题,提出了人类行为干扰下生态负效应研究的发展趋势,即过程和机理综合研究和多尺度系统研究。

自修复涂层材料研究进展

综述了自修复涂层材料研究进展。重点介绍了几种外援型自修复涂层包括微/纳米胶囊填充型自修复涂层、微/纳米容器填充型自修复涂层以及形状记忆纤维丝/聚合物自修复涂层;同时介绍了几种本征型自修复涂层,包括紫外光引发自修复涂层、热可逆交联自修复涂层以及层层组装自修复聚合物膜涂层。对其自修复机理、涂层的制备、性能及研究进展进行了阐述;最后对自修复涂层的前景进行了展望。

内部动机与外部动机的关系

内部动机与外部动机的关系问题在20世纪90年代重新成为动机研究的热点。该文综述了内部动机与外部动机关系的实验研究与理论研究状况。认为实验研究经历了外部动机削弱内部动机、外部动机与内部动机共存、外部动机能够对内部动机产生促进作用三个阶段，研究者的心理学立场是造成分歧结果出现的重要原因；不同的理论模式各有所长，尤其是自我决定理论的新进展“有机辨证元理论”中关于需要的阐述是近期动机研究的亮点，在更高层次上实现了对内部动机与外部动机关系的整合。并提出探讨内部动机与外部动机具体成分之间的关系，检验特质状态与情境状态中二者的相互作用，及心理需要对情境与动机的中介机制应当成为未来研究的方向。

皮质骨的多级结构与韧化机制研究进展

人体皮质骨是一种主要由胶原蛋白和矿化羟基磷灰石晶体共同构成的生物复合材料,它既具备了高强度、刚度和断裂韧性,同时又具有耐受损伤和自我修复的能力。在长期的进化过程中,骨组织具备了满足其功能需求的生物力学强韧性,其强韧性机制存在于多级结构的各个层面。通过综述皮质骨的多级结构和各层级强韧机制的研究进展,将增强人们对老龄化骨质疏松诊断、预防和治疗以及各种骨病病理机制的认识。