Electron G-Factor Anomaly and the Charge Thickness

The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.

外周血AGGF1与冠状动脉狭窄的关系

目的探讨G补缀FHA域血管生成因子1(AGGF1)与冠状动脉狭窄的关系。方法选取2011年6月—2015年11月中国医学科学院北京协和医学院泰达国际心血管病医院冠状动脉狭窄患者116例。根据冠状动脉造影检查的结果,将116例患者分为病例组(狭窄>50%,82例)和对照组(狭窄≤50%,34例)。采用非条件多因素逐步Logistic回归分析、受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分别评价冠状动脉狭窄>50%的危险因素和AGGF1联合高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)对冠状动脉狭窄的诊断效能。对34例对照患者进行随访,评价AGGF1对发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的预测价值。结果病例组AGGF1水平显著低于对照组(P<0.001)。AGGF1下降是发生冠状动脉狭窄>50%的危险因素[比值比(OR)值为0.536,95%可信区间(CI)为0.368~0.782]。AGGF1联合HDL-C、LDL-C诊断冠状动脉狭窄的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.815。对照组随访期间高AGGF1患者无MACE发生,低AGGF1患者有6例发生MACE。结论外周血AGGF1下降是冠状动脉狭窄>50%的危险因素,AGGF1联合HDL-C、LDL-C对冠状动脉狭窄具有较高的诊断效能,AGGF1降低对冠状动脉狭窄≤50%远期发生MACE或有一定的预测价值。

The Influence of Mesoscopic Characteristics of Mineral Powders Fillers on the Rutting Factor(G^(*)/sinδ)of Asphalt Mortar

This study aims to investigate the efiect of the mesoscopic characteristics of mineral powder fillers on the rutting resistance of asphalt mortar.Extraction and sieving tests were used to obtain the buton rock asphalt(BRA)ash with particle size smaller than 0.075 mm,which is consistent with that of the conventional mineral powder.The mesoscopic characteristics of BRA ash and conventional mineral powder were measured by SEM image analysis and the osmotic free pressure water method.Mesoscopic structure models of structural and free asphalts in mortar were obtained.The 70#matrix asphalt was used to prepare two kinds of asphalt mortar with BRA ash and conventional mineral powders fillers.The rutting factor of the two asphalt mortars was tested by dynamic shear test(DSR).Test results show that the ash extracted from BRA has a similar mesoscopic classification with the conventional mineral powder.Still,its fractal dimensions are larger,indicating the particles in BRA ash have more complex shapes and rougher surfaces,which is beneficial for forming structural asphalt and subsequently increasing the rutting factor(G*/sinδ),i e,improving the rutting resistance of the asphalt mortar.

MFG-E8和GNA14在子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨乳脂球表皮生长因子8(MFG-E8)和G蛋白亚基α-14(GNA14)在子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌(EAOC)中的表达及其临床意义。方法选取2015年5月—2017年5月华北医疗健康集团峰峰总医院EAOC患者51例(EAOC组)、非典型子宫内膜异位症(AEM)患者63例(AEM组)、卵巢型子宫内膜异位症(EMT)患者82例(EMT组)。收集所有患者的临床资料,并检测病变组织中MFG-E8、GNA14表达。对EAOC患者随访5年。采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析EAOC患者的生存情况。采用多因素Cox回归分析评估EAOC患者死亡的危险因素。结果EAOC组MFG-E8阳性率为82.35%、GNA14阳性率为70.59%,均显著高于AEM组(41.27%、44.44%)和EMT组(25.61%、23.17%)(P<0.001)。MFG-E8高表达组和低表达组肿瘤直径、肿瘤级别、国际妇产科联合会(FIGO)分期、淋巴转移情况差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GNA14高表达组和低表达组淋巴转移情况差异有统计学意义(P=0.009)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析结果显示,MFG-E8高表达组和GNA14高表达组无进展生存期分别短于MFG-E8低表达组和GNA14低表达组(P<0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,FIGO分期Ⅱ期、淋巴转移、MFG-E8高表达、GNA14高表达是EAOC患者死亡的独立危险因素[风险比(HR)值分别为2.337、2.519、3.133、3.080,95%可信区间(CI)分别为1.258~4.342、1.332~4.764、1.381~7.108、1.318~7.197,P<0.01]。结论MFG-E8、GNA14在EAOC患者癌组织中呈高表达,且与患者预后不良密切相关,或可作为EAOC患者的预后评估指标。

GPER抑制星形胶质细胞活性减少OIR小鼠视网膜新生血管生成的机制研究

目的探究在氧诱导下的新生小鼠视网膜缺血模型(oxygen-induced retinopathy,OIR)中,G蛋白偶联雌激素受体(G proteincoupled estrogen receptor,GPER)减少OIR小鼠视网膜新生血管生成的机制。方法42只新生小鼠采用随机数字表法分为4组:常氧对照组(n=11)、OIR组(n=11)、G-1(GPER激动剂)组(n=10)和溶剂对照组(n=10)。出生后17 d(P17)时,眼球冰冻切片免疫荧光染色观察常氧对照组小鼠GPER在视网膜分布情况。G-1组和溶剂对照组在P12~P15时分别腹腔注射给予G-1[50μg/(kg·d)]或玉米油溶剂,P17时视网膜铺片免疫荧光染色观察视网膜血管标志物(IB4)、星形胶质细胞标志物胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glia fibrilary acidic protein,GFAP)表达,蛋白免疫印迹法定量检测视网膜血管内皮生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGFA)、GFAP、炎症因子TNF-α、IGF-1、IL1-β蛋白表达情况。结果GPER存在于小鼠视网膜全层,在视网膜神经节细胞层与星形胶质细胞标志物GFAP共染。与常氧对照组相比,OIR组小鼠视网膜出现新生血管与无血管区,且GPER、VEGFA和GFAP表达增多,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与溶剂对照组相比,G-1组视网膜新生血管生成减少,VEGFA、GFAP、TNF-α、IGF-1、IL1-β蛋白表达下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论GPER能抑制星形胶质细胞活性,减少VEGFA、炎症因子释放,减少OIR小鼠视网膜新生血管生成。

少电子离子束缚态电子g因子精密测量

少电子离子束缚态电子g因子的精密测量是借助原子分子体系研究束缚态量子电动力学(QED)理论的有效途径.特别是在高电荷态重核体系中,原子核与内壳层电子之间极强的电磁相互作用为研究极端电磁场环境下的QED效应提供了独一无二的条件.通过精确测量束缚态电子g因子,还可以分析核效应、测定核结构参数、确定基本物理常数等.少电子离子束缚态电子g因子的研究已经成为精密谱学方向的前沿课题.潘宁离子阱(借助稳态电磁场囚禁离子的系统)是进行g因子测量的有效实验装置之一.本综述将对基于潘宁离子阱开展少电子离子束缚态电子g因子的实验研究进行全面回顾,介绍基本实验原理与测量方法,重点论述该领域在近几年中的重要实验成果,并对未来发展进行简要展望.

Effect of the Density of Molten Metal on the Raining Phenomenon in Horizontal Centrifugal Casting

In this work the influence of the density of the molten metal on the emergence of the raining phenomenon in the horizontal centrifugal casting process is numerically studied. Transient 2D numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Three molten metals with different density, namely aluminum, iron and lead, and three angular frequencies, namely 50, 66 and 77 rad/s were considered. It is found that the density of the molten metal significantly affects the emergence, transient or permanent, of the rain phenomenon. However, the magnitude and duration of the rain phenomenon depend on the angular frequency of the rotating mold. Likewise, since gravitational forces affect the metal according to its density, the value of the critical rotation speed of the mold is also affected.

先兆流产患者保胎结局影响因素及与血清sHLA-G、ACA水平关系

目的:探索先兆流产患者保胎结局的影响因素,并分析其与血清可溶性人白细胞抗原-G(sHLA-G)、抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)的关系。方法:回顾性收集2021年6月-2023年6月本院收治的80例先兆流产患者临床资料,根据保胎结局分为保胎失败组与保胎成功组,对比两组一般资料,酶联免疫吸附法检测两组sHLA-G、ACA水平,经单因素及Pearson相关性分析法探讨先兆流产保胎结局的影响因素及与血清sHLA-G、ACA水平关系。结果:两组年龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质等方面有差异;保胎失败组sHLA-G(7.43±1.20 U/ml)水平低于保胎成功组(50.14±4.56 U/ml),ACA阳性率(74.1%)高于保胎成功组(20.8%)(均P<0.05)。logistic回归分析,高龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质、sHLA-G水平低、ACA阳性率高均是影响先兆流产患者保胎结局的重要因素;Pearson相关性分析,年龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质与血清sHLA-G水平呈负相关,与ACA阳性率呈正相关(均P<0.05)。结论:先兆流产患者保胎结局可能与高龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质、sHLA-G水平及ACA阳性率有关,临床可针对上述因素给予密切关注,并通过监测sHLA-G水平及ACA阳性率的变化来指导临床早期干预,以确保母婴安全。

致密碳酸盐岩气藏裂缝预测及主控因素分析——以四川盆地G气田震旦系灯影组为例

四川盆地G气田致密碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育控制因素认识不清。考虑岩性弹脆性差异,分析岩心单井裂缝发育特征和裂缝形成期次,进行应力场数值模拟,建立应力场—能量—裂缝参数计算模型;结合多期裂缝叠加算法,预测G气田灯影组储层裂缝,分析裂缝发育主控因素。结果表明:G气田灯影组储层裂缝具有多期性与多样性,以高角度、半充填张剪缝为主。研究区中部褶皱顶部及断层影响区是碳酸盐岩裂缝优势发育带,裂缝密度为1.10~2.30条/m,开度大于1.5 mm;泥岩裂缝发育程度弱,裂缝密度低于0.50条/m,开度小于0.4 mm,泥岩隔层裂缝发育总体低于碳酸盐岩层的,且规律性差。裂缝发育符合断层—褶皱—裂缝共生模式。岩性、断层与构造形态共同控制碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育规模与分布范围。该结果有助于提高同类型致密碳酸盐岩储层裂缝预测效果,改进油气藏开发方案。

Features of Recombination Radiation of GaAs Type Semiconductors with the Participation of Fine Acceptor Levels in a Magnetic Field

Using the method of Picus and Beer invariants, general expressions are obtained for the total intensity I and the degree of circular polarization Рcirc.of the luminescence of GaAs-type semiconductors with the participation of shallow acceptor levels in a longitudinal magnetic field H. Special cases are analyzed depending on the value and direction of the magnetic field strength, as well as on the constants of the g-factor of the acceptor g1,g2and the conduction band electron ge. In the case of a strong magnetic field H// [100], [111], [110], a numerical calculation of the angular dependence of the quantities I and Рcirc.was performed for some critical values of g2/g1, at which Рcirc.exhibits a sharp anisotropy in the range from −100% to +100%, and the intensity of the crystal radiation along the magnetic field tends to a minimum value.

血清抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体、类风湿因子、免疫球蛋白G、补体C3、补体C4检测在类风湿关节炎诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨血清抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体、类风湿因子(RF)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、补体C3、补体C4检测在类风湿关节炎诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取2020年3月—2022年3月枝江市人民医院收治的类风湿关节炎患者126例作为观察组,另选取同期体检健康者126例作为对照组,根据类风湿关节炎疾病活动(DAS-28)评分将观察组分为缓解期组(n=72)与活动期组(n=54)。所有研究对象检测血清CCP抗体、RF、IgG、补体C3、补体C4水平。比较各组各项指标水平。结果:观察组血清CCP抗体、RF、IgG、补体C3、补体C4水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。活动期组血清CCP抗体、RF、IgG、补体C3、补体C4水平均高于缓解期组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:类风湿关节炎患者体内血清CCP抗体、RF、IgG、补体C3、补体C4均异常升高,并与类风湿关节炎病情活动度有关,可作为类风湿关节炎早期诊断及病情监测的重要指标。

肝癌组织中GPSM2、TGF-β1蛋白表达水平及临床意义

目的 探讨肝癌组织G蛋白信号调节蛋白(GPSM)2、转化生长因子1(TGF-β1)蛋白表达与临床病理参数及预后的关系。方法 选取原发性肝癌患者80例,取手术切除的肝癌组织和癌旁正常组织。采用免疫组织化学染色法检测GPSM2、TGF-β1在癌组织和癌旁正常组织中的表达差异,分析癌组织中GPSM2、TGF-β1表达水平与临床病理参数及预后的关系。结果 肝癌组织中GPSM2、TGF-β1高表达率分别为71.25%、82.50%,高于癌旁正常组织的18.75%、13.75%(P<0.05)。GPSM2在分化程度低的肝癌组织中高表达率较高(P<0.05),TGF-β1在分化程度低、有血管转移的肝癌组织中高表达率较高(P<0.05)。生存曲线显示,GPSM2、TGF-β1低表达患者的累积生存率(77.27%、85.71%)高于高表达患者(47.37%、48.48%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 GPSM2、TGF-β1在肝癌组织中高表达率较高,其表达水平与分化程度密切相关,GPSM2、TGF-β1高表达患者预后较差。

The ferroptosis activity is associated with neurological recovery following chronic compressive spinal cord injury

Chronic compressive spinal cord injury in compressive cervical myelopathy conditions can lead to rapid neurological deterioration in the early phase,followed by partial self-recovery,and ultimately an equilibrium state of neurological dysfunction.Ferroptosis is a crucial pathological process in many neurodegenerative diseases;however,its role in chro nic compressive spinal cord injury remains unclear.In this study,we established a chronic compressive spinal cord injury rat model,which displayed its most severe behavioral and electrophysiological dysfunction at 4 wee ks and partial recovery at 8 weeks after compression.Bulk RNA sequencing data identified enriched functional pathways,including ferroptosis,presynapse,and postsynaptic membrane activity at both 4 and 8 wee ks following chro nic compressive spinal co rd injury.Tra nsmission electron microscopy and malondialdehyde quantification assay confirmed that ferroptosis activity peaked at 4 weeks and was attenuated at 8 weeks after chronic compression.Ferro ptosis activity was negatively correlated with behavioral score.Immunofluorescence,quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and western blotting showed that expression of the anti-ferroptosis molecules,glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) and MAF BZIP transcription factor G(MafG),in neuro ns was suppressed at 4 weeks and upregulated at 8 weeks following spinal co rd compression.There was a positive correlation between the expression of these two molecules,suggesting that they may work together to contribute to functional recovery following chronic compressive spinal cord injury.In conclusion,our study determined the genome-wide expression profile and fe rroptosis activity of a consistently compressed spinal cord at different time points.The results showed that anti-fe rroptosis genes,specifically GPX4 and MafG,may be involved in spontaneous neurological recovery at 8 weeks of chronic compressive spinal cord injury.These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic compressive spinal cord injury and may help identify new therapeutic targets for compressive cervical myelopathy.

泉州地震台g-Phone重力仪观测资料干扰因素分析

通过对泉州地震台g-Phone重力仪自正式运行以来观测资料的干扰因素进行总结,发现数采死机对数据影响较小,但断电造成的仪器内部温度的改变会导致原始数据漂移,从而降低数据的内在质量,建议应尽量避免人为操作如断电等造成的内部温度变化;台风影响使得数据噪声变大,表现为观测曲线变粗,呈纺锤状。希望研究结果可以为进一步利用重力资料提取地震前兆信息提供一定的参考。

结直肠癌中NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达及与预后的相关性

目的:探讨结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)中非染色体结构维持蛋白凝缩蛋白复合体I亚单位H(non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H,NCAPH)、G补缀FHA域血管新生因子1(angiogenic factor with G and FHA domains 1,AGGF1)及跨膜4L六家族成员1(transmembrane-4-L-six-family-1,TM4SF1)蛋白质表达之间的关系及临床意义。方法:收集145例CRC术后标本和30例癌旁正常黏膜组织标本,采用免疫组织化学法检测CRC和癌旁正常黏膜组织中NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1蛋白质的表达情况,分析其表达与各种临床病理因素的关系以及三者之间的相关性。结果:在CRC和癌旁组织中,NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的阳性表达率分别为55.2%、53.1%、60.7%和3.3%、6.6%、0,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。3种蛋白质的表达均与CRC的组织学分化和TNM分期有关(均P<0.001);NCAPH和TM4SF1的表达均与CRC的淋巴结转移有关(均P<0.05);NCAPH和AGGF1的表达均与CRC组织脉管侵犯有关(均P<0.05);AGGF1和TM4SF1的表达均与CRC的肿瘤浸润深度有关(均P<0.01)。TM4SF1的表达分别与NCAPH和AGGF1的表达呈正相关(r值分别为0.311和0.517,均P<0.001);同时,AGGF1与NCAPH的表达亦呈正相关(r=0.291,P=0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明:NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达上调均与患者的生存率有关,NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1阳性的患者生存率明显低于三者阴性患者(均P<0.05)。多因素分析表明:TNM分期、NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达和肿瘤脉管侵犯均是影响CRC根治术后患者预后的独立因素(均P<0.05)。结论:CRC组织中NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达上调与CRC的分化程度、转移和预后等因素相关,这些指标的联合检测可能作为判断CRC进展及患者预后的重要指标。

Mobilization of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells Using Regimen Combining Docetaxel with Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor in Breast Cancer Patients

Objective：To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the mobilization of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells by combining docetaxel with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor（G-CSF） in breast cancer patients.Methods：A total of 57 breast cancer patients were treated with docetaxel 120 mg/m2.When the white blood cell（WBC） count decreased to 1.0×109/L,patients were given G-CSF 5-g/kg daily by subcutaneous injection until the end of apheresis.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells（MNC） were isolated by Cobe Spectra Apheresis System.The percentage of CD34＋ cell was assayed by flow cytometry.Results：At a median 6 of days（range 3-8） after the administration of docetaxel,the median WBC count decreased to 1.08×109/L（range 0.20-2.31）.The median duration of G-CSF mobilization was 3 days（range 2-7）.The MNC collection was conducted 8-12 days（median 10 days） after docetaxel treatment.The median MNC was 5.35×108/kg（range 0.59-14.07）,the median CD34＋ cell count was 2.43×106/kg（range 0.16-16.69）.The CD34＋ cell count was higher than 1.00×106/kg in 47 of 57 cases（82.46%） and higher than 2.00×106/kg in 36 cases（63.16%）.The CD34＋ cell count was higher than 2.00×106/kg in 27 collections（23.68%）.The MNC count and the CD34＋ cell count were correlated with the bottom of WBC after docetaxel chemotherapy（r=0.364,0.502,P=0.005,0.000）.The CD34＋ cell count was correlated with the MNC count（r=0.597,P=0.000）.The mobilization and apheresis were well tolerated in all patients.Mild perioral numbness and numbness of hand or feet were observed in 3 cases.No serious adverse events were reported.Conclusion：Mobilization of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell by combining docetaxel with G-CSF was effective and safety in breast cancer patients.

Energy Spectra,g Factors and Their Pressure—Induced and ／or Thermal Shifts of SrTiO3：Cr^3＋ and SrTiO3：Mn^4＋ I：energy Spectra and g Factors at Normal Pressure

With the strong-field scheme and cubic bases, the complete d3 energy matrix in a tetragonally distorted cubic-field has been constructed. By diagonalizing this matrix, the energy spectra of SrTiO3:Cr3+ and SrTiO3:Mn4+ at normal pressure and various temperatures have been calculated. Correspondingly, the FORTRAN program calculating the g factor of the ground state has been worked out. By using the program and the wavefunction obtained from diagonalizing the complete energy matrix, the g factors of the ground state of SrTiO3:Cr3+ and SrTiO3:Mn4+ at normal pressure and room temperature have been evaluated. The calculated results are in good agreement with the optical-spectral and EPR experimental data. The comparison and analysis of the results of two crystals have been made. It is demonstrated that the covalency of the bonding between Mn4+ and ligands (O2-) in SrTiO3:Mn4+ is stronger than the one of the bonding between Cr3+ and ligands (O2-) in SrTiO3:Cr3+. It is shown that the obtained wavefunctions and values of parameters are reasonable.

FRACTIONAL (g, f)-FACTORS OF GRAPHS

This paper presents a new proof of a charaterization of fractional (g, f)-factors of a graph in which multiple edges are allowed. From the proof a polynomial algorithm for finding the fractional (g, f)-factor can be induced.

ORTHOGONAL (g,f)-FACTORIZAFIONS OF BIPARTITE GRAPHS

Let G be a bipartite graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G), and let g and f be two positive integer-valued functions defined on V(G) such that g(x) ≤ f(x) for every vertex x of V(G). Then a (g, f)-factor of G is a spanning subgraph H of G such that g(x) ≤ dH(x) 5 f(x) for each x ∈ V(H). A (g, f)-factorization of G is a partition of E(G) into edge-disjoint (g, f)-factors. Let F = {F1, F2,…… ， Fm } and H be a factorization and a subgraph of G, respectively. If F, 1 ≤ i ≤ m， has exactly one edge in common with H, then it is said that ■ is orthogonal to H. It is proved that every bipartite (mg + m - 1, mf - m + 1 )-graph G has a (g, f)-factorization orthogonal to k vertex disjoint m-subgraphs of G if 2-k ≤ g(x) for all x ∈ V(G). Furthermore, it is showed that the results in this paper are best possible.

Determining the sign of g factor via time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy with a rotatable magnetic field

Time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy is used to determine the sign of the g factor of carriers in a semiconductor material, with the help of a rotatable magnetic field in the plane of the sample. The spin precession signal of carriers at a fixed time delay is measured as a function of the orientation of the magnetic field with a fixed strength B. The signal has a sine-like form and its phase determines the sign of the g factor of carriers. As a natural extension of previous methods to measure the （time-resolved） photoluminescence or time-resolved Kerr rotation signal as a function of the magnetic field strength with a fixed orientation, such a method gives the correct sign of the g factor of electrons in GaAs. Furthermore, the sign of carriers in a （Ga, Mn）As magnetic semiconductor is also found to be negative.