An Efficient Space-Time Coding Scheme for Time Dispersive MIMO Channels

In this paper, we introduce an efficient space-time coding scheme for time dispersive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channels. Channel layering and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique are used in the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme is based on maximizing the distance between any two codewords. This is done by inserting an optimized phase shifts between the symbols in the same layer and between different layers. This way leads to the increase of the achieved diversity and coding gains. As a result, the performance of the system will be improved. Simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed scheme compared to the conventional schemes.

Efficient Time/Frequency Permutation of MIMO-OFDM Systems through Independent and Correlated Nakagami Fading Channels

Space-Time Frequency (STF) codes for MIMO-OFDM over block-fading channel can achieve rate?? Mt and full-diversity Mt Mr Mb L which is the product of the number of transmit antennas Mt, receive antennas Mr, fading blocks Mb and channel taps L. In this article, time permutation is proposed to provide independent block-fading over Jake’s Doppler power spectrum channel. Moreover, we show the performance variations of STF code as channel delay spread changes. Therefore, we introduce a frequency/time permutation technique in order to remove the frequency correlation among sub-carriers, which subsequently increases the coding gain and achieves maximum diversity. Finally, the symbol error rate (SER) performance of the proposed time/frequency permuted STF codes over independent and correlated MIMO antenna branches under Nakagami fading channel is simulated. We show that the proposed systems provide better performance and more robust to large values of antennas correlation coefficients in comparison with the un-interleaved one.

Performance of MIMO Systems Using Space Time Block Codes (STBC)

Digital Communications, in relation to wireless networks, have taken off in recent years due to the expanding need to communicate faster and more efficiently. A popular way to achieve this is by using wireless Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communication systems. MIMO systems utilize Space Time Block Codes (STBC) as one of the leading ways to obtain higher data rates with limited bandwidth and power. With several STBC methods currently available, this paper analyzes simulations using Orthogonal Space Time Block Codes (OSTBC) in Rayleigh fading channels to evaluate the performance of MIMO systems. The selection to use a Rayleigh fading channel as a model for a non-line-of-sight (nLOS) environment is selected to mimic installations where a large number of signal paths and reflections are expected. All simulations are coded, generated and plotted using MATLAB resulting in graphical data representing the bit-error rate (BER) to signal-to-noise ratio (Eb/N0) or SNR. Each simulation captures how different configurations of key variables including code rate, diversity and antenna count can impact system performance. Four modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM) are included in each simulation. Conclusive evidence based upon these simulations suggests higher diversity gains were achieved with a greater number of antennas. The most significant factor for increasing system performance was using a lower count of transmit antennas with a higher count of receive antennas.

Spacetime coded eigenbeamforming for downlink frequency-selective correlated fading channels

To improve the performance of space-time coding over downlink frequency-selective correlated fading channels, a novel transmission scheme combining eigenbeamfoming and OFDM is proposed. Provided that the channel correlated statistics are available at the transmitter, the wideband correlated fading channels can be converted into an independent FIR channel with 2 transmitting antennas and N receiving antennas by eigenbeamforming and dimension reduction. OFDM is utilized to convert the FIR channel into a group of independent parallel subchanneis to carry space-time codes. With the new structure, the performance of space-time coding over downlink wideband correlated fading channels is greatly improved and the system complexity is reduced. Validity of the proposed system is verified by simulations under different conditions. Comparison between the new structure and an available structure is made both theoretically and computationslly.

A new layered space-time detection algorithm for frequency selective fading multiple-input multiple-output channels based on particle filter

In this paper, a new observation equation of non-Gaussian frequency selective fading Bell Labs layered space time （BLAST） architecture system is proposed, which is used for frequency selective fading channels and non-Gaussian noise in an application environment of BLAST system. With othogonal matrix triangularization （QR decomposition） of the channel matrix, the static observation equation of frequency selective fading BLAST system is transformed into a dynamic state space model, and then the particle filter is used for space-time layered detection. Making the full use of the finite alphabet of the digital modulation communication signal, the optimal proposal distribution can be chosen to produce particle and update the weight. Incorporated with current method of reducing error propagation, a new space-time layered detection algorithm is proposed. Simulation result shows the validity of the proposed algorithm.

Estimation of Fading Statistics of Nakagami Channel with Weibull Distributed Tolerable Outage Time

Characterization of a mobile radio channel plays an important role in designing a reliable wireless communication system. Such channels are analyzed by two state model, namely satisfactory and outage state. This paper presents the analysis to estimate fading parameters of wireless channel with omission of certain outage durations which are considered as “Tolerance time”. Minimum outage duration which can be tolerated by a wireless fading channel to achieve desired packet error rate is defined as tolerance time. Normally a system with tolerable minimum outage time is analyzed based on Fade Duration Distribution (FDD) function over Rayleigh channel. In this paper Weibull function is used as FDD for varying tolerance time. The approach is simple and in general applicable from Rayleigh to Nakagami channels. The analysis is extended to study the effect of Tolerance time on channel fading statistics such as Average Fade Duration (AFD) and frequency of outage. Further the effects of various fade margin and Doppler spread on fading parameters are also investigated. The analysis can also be used in case of timeout expiration, connection resetting and congestion window control.

相干衰落抑制Φ-OTDR的分布式光纤周界安防技术

基于相位敏感光时域反射计(Φ-OTDR)的分布式光纤振动传感系统在铁路周界安防中有着重要的应用前景.为降低Φ-OTDR中固有的相干衰落对相位解调的影响,提高扰动信号识别率,提出一种基于矢量旋转滑动平均(MVRA)的相干衰落抑制方法.首先,对探测信号复矢量化,并对各位置的复矢量信号按初相角进行旋转对齐;然后,采用滑动平均的方法缓和信号幅度起伏以及减小噪声功率,提高信噪比,进而抑制相干衰落;其次,从衰落抑制信号解调出扰动信号,将MVRA与频谱提取重组(SERM)、数字向移变换(DPST)方法进行对比,通过差分相位标准差验证抗衰落效果;最后,通过搭建分布式光纤周界入侵检测实验平台,模拟环境噪声、应力破坏、攀爬、剪网4种防护扰动信号,以解调的相位灰度图作为特征图像,使用卷积神经网络进行模式识别.实验结果表明:相比SERM、DPST,MVRA能更高效地抑制衰落,当滑动窗长50 ns时,MVRA提高11.2 dB信噪比;扰动信号的识别率由衰落抑制前的88%提高到衰落抑制后的92%.

Analysis of Rate One Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding over Rayleigh Fading Channel

Full-rate is very important in any data transmission coding. For transmitting data at low bit rate than full-rate code, higher modulation scheme is required. But it is impossible to design full rate orthogonal designs with complex constellation for more than two transmit antennas. Only Alamouti code provides full-rate for two transmit antennas. In this paper, Bit Error Rate (BER) is calculated for Quasi-Orthogonal Space-time Block Coding (QOSTBC). Here we work with Rayleigh fading channel. We consider the codes which decodes pairs of symbols instead of simple separate decoding like Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding. In Quasi-Orthogonal Space-time Block Code full-rate is achieved but full-diversity is sacrificed. Diversity is the most important techniques for providing reliable communication over fading channels. One of the diversity techniques that uses multiple transmit and/or receive antennas is space diversity. Multiple antenna technique provides a space diversity to struggle with the fading without necessarily sacrificing bandwidth resources, so the excellent solutions of removing the fading of the channel for broadband wireless communications is using space diversity. Then, with the constellation rotation of the symbol, rotated version of Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code is generated. It provides full diversity. We simulate BER for QOSTBC, rotated QOSTBC, orthogonal STBC and for uncoded system. The simulation result shows that QOSTBC and rotated QOSTBC perform better than other systems. It shows that QOSTBC provides a full transmission rate but that rotated QOSTBC provides the full rate with the full diversity.

Linear and Nonlinear Time Domain Block Equalizers on MIMO Frequency Selective Channels

Single-Carrier (SC) transmission with the same bandwidth as Multi-Carrier (MC) transmission (such as OFDM) may have far shorter symbol duration and is considered to be more robust against time selective fading. In this paper, we proposed the novel equalization and signal separation schemes in time domain for short block length transmission, i.e., Block Linear Equalization (BLE) and Block Nonlinear Equalization (BNLE) on MIMO frequency selective fading channels. The proposed BLE uses the MMSE based inverse matrix in time domain and the BNLE utilizes the QRD-M (QR Decomposition with M algorithm) with appropriate receiver complexity. We compared the computational complexity among the conventional SC-FDE (Frequency Domain Equalization) scheme and the proposed equalizers. We also used the Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) decoder concatenated to the proposed BLE and BNLE.

On Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensors under Large-Scale and Small-Scale Fading Effects

In this work, the existing trade-off between time synchronization quality and energy is studied for both large-scale and small-scale fading wireless channels. We analyze the clock offset estimation problem using one-way, two-way and N-way message exchange mechanisms affected by Gaussian and exponentially distributed impairments. Our main contribution is a general relationship between the total energy required for synchronizing a wireless sensor network and the clock offset estimation error by means of the transmit power, number of transmitted messages and average message delay, deriving the energy optimal lower bound as a function of the time synchronization quality and the number of hops in a multi-hop network.

On the Trade-off between Power Consumption and Time Synchronization Quality for Moving Targets under Large-Scale Fading Effects in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this work we find a lower bound on the energy required for synchronizing moving sensor nodes in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) affected by large-scale fading, based on clock estimation techniques. The energy required for synchronizing a WSN within a desired estimation error level is specified by both the transmit power and the required number of messages. In this paper we extend our previous work introducing nodes’ movement and the average message delay in the total energy, including a comprehensive analysis on how the distance between nodes impacts on the energy and synchronization quality trade-off under large-scale fading effects.

Stochastic Modeling and Power Control of Time-Varying Wireless Communication Networks

Wireless networks are characterized by nodes mobility, which makes the propagation environment time-varying and subject to fading. As a consequence, the statistical characteristics of the received signal vary continuously, giving rise to a Doppler power spectral density (DPSD) that varies from one observation instant to the next. This paper is concerned with dynamical modeling of time-varying wireless fading channels, their estimation and parameter identification, and optimal power control from received signal measurement data. The wireless channel is characterized using a stochastic state-space form and derived by approximating the time-varying DPSD of the channel. The expected maximization and Kalman filter are employed to recursively identify and estimate the channel parameters and states, respectively, from online received signal strength measured data. Moreover, we investigate a centralized optimal power control algorithm based on predictable strategies and employing the estimated channel parameters and states. The proposed models together with the estimation and power control algorithms are tested using experimental measurement data and the results are presented.

基于平稳交错正交调制辅助的抗衰落低分辨毫米波定时恢复算法

信号衰落严重时,现有的低分辨毫米波定时恢复算法估计精度不足。针对上述问题,文中提出一种基于平稳交错正交调制辅助的抗衰落低分辨毫米波定时恢复算法。该算法设计了独特的二次重采样数据平稳器以及交错正交调制辅助的抗衰落估计器。二次重采样数据平稳器模块对信号二次重采样,实现对数据的非有理过采样。通过非有理过采样,该模块获得了具有均匀采样抖动的平稳基带信号。交错正交调制辅助的抗衰落估计器推导了平稳低位宽量化信号的定时误差估计公式,通过对平稳的基带信号低通滤波与延迟相关,最终导出定时误差估计值。仿真结果表明,所提算法的均方误差性能优于现有的其他算法,具有较高的定时恢复精度。

基于渐消因子的ECEF-GLS估计算法

传统的误差配准算法假设系统偏差恒定或缓慢变化,当系统误差发生突变或快速变化时,这一假设不再成立。针对这一问题,研究了时变条件下的误差配准算法,引入渐消因子,对常规的基于地心地固坐标系的广义最小二乘算法(generalized least squares algorithm based on the earth-centered earth-fixed coordinate system,ECEF-GLS)进行了修正,弱化历史量测对配准的影响,并对渐消因子的选取问题进行了研究,给出了合理的设计方法。算法验证表明,基于渐消因子的ECEF-GLS估计算法能够对时变的系统偏差进行有效估计,精度满足配准要求。

基于语义通信的协同感知系统

相较于单车感知,协同感知具有更广的感知范围,在自动驾驶进行3D目标检测中发挥着越来越重要的作用。通过V2V通信技术,网联自动驾驶车辆可以共享它们的传感信息(LiDAR点云)以实现协同感知。采用重要性图来提取重要语义信息,并提出了一种具有中间融合功能的创新的协同感知语义通信方案。同时,所提出的架构可以扩展到具有挑战性的时变多径衰落信道。为了减轻时变多径衰落引起的失真,采用了结合信道估计和信道均衡的显式正交频分复用模块。仿真结果表明,所提出的模型在各种信道模型上都优于传统的信源信道分离编码。此外,鲁棒性研究表明,对于协同感知,只有部分语义信息至关重要。尽管所提模型仅在一个特定信道上进行了训练,但它能学习到对各种信道模型都具有鲁棒性的语义信息的编码表示,展示了其通用性和鲁棒性。

信道衰落下多智能体系统有限时间一致性控制

针对带有信道衰落下二阶多智能体系统的有限时间一致性跟踪问题,文中提出了基于滑模策略的分布式控制算法。根据智能体的拓扑结构搭建数学模型构造了随机信道衰落影响下的一致性误差函数,基于误差函数设计一致性协议将系统的一致性问题转化为跟踪误差系统的稳定性问题。设计了指数型非奇异终端滑模面,结合Lyapunov稳定性理论和滑模控制理论分析了误差系统的有限时间稳定性和滑模可达性。采用1个领导者和4个跟随者的多智能体模型进行仿真实验,结果显示4个跟随者可以准确跟踪领导者,达成系统跟踪一致性,且在10 s时其误差函数曲线也趋于0,证明了控制策略的有效性。

空间激光通信中孔径平均效应的计算仿真

为了评估孔径平均效应对空间激光通信系统性能的影响,理论分析和数值计算了激光通信系统中传输链路的统计特性,包括闪烁指数、衰落概率、衰落次数和平均衰落时间。结果表明:随着接收天线孔径的增加,传输链路的闪烁指数降低、衰落概率减小、衰落次数减少、平均衰落时间缩短,孔径平均效应使得通信系统性能得到提升。由于强湍流条件下湍流尺寸小,因此孔径平均效应明显。

OFDM系统的一种精确的符号定时估计——纪念汪德昭院士诞辰100周年

作为一种高效的数据传输技术,正交频分复用(OFDM)技术具有良好的抗衰落能力,实现数据的高速传输。但是OFDM对同步误差特别是符号同步误差十分敏感。本文提出了一种低复杂度的符号定时估计,利用一个训练帧来实现同步。文中分析了该算法的性能,并在噪声信道中进行了性能分析,给出的仿真结果表明,该算法具有较高的精度和较低的计算复杂度。

一种提高TDD系统在快衰落信道中性能的新型时隙结构

针对TDD(timedivisionduplex)系统提出了一种新型的时隙结构,该时隙由前置导频、数据、后置导频和保护时间4个部分构成.基于这种时隙结构,信道估计的高阶插值可以在一个TDD时隙内完成,从而克服了基于插值的信道估计方法在TDD系统中实现困难的问题.基于新型时隙结构的TDD系统可以采用高阶插值来克服信道快衰落,从而获得性能的改善.