The assessment of the fairness of health resource allocation is an important part of the study for the fairness of social development.The data used in most of the existing assessment methods comes from statistical yea...The assessment of the fairness of health resource allocation is an important part of the study for the fairness of social development.The data used in most of the existing assessment methods comes from statistical yearbooks or field survey sampling.These statistics are generally based on administrative areas and are difficult to support a fine-grained evaluation model.In response to these problems,the evaluation method proposed in this paper is based on the query statistics of the geographic grid of the target area,which are more accurate and efficient.Based on the query statistics of hot words in the geographic grids,this paper adopts the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the population in the grid region.Then,according to the statistical yearbook data of Hunan province,the estimated number and actual number of hospitals in each grid are analyzed and compared to measure the fairness of health resource allocation in the target region.Experiments show that the geographical grid population assessment based on hot words is more accurate and close to the actual value.The estimated average error is only about 17.8 percent.This method can assess the fairness of health resource allocation in any scale,and is innovative in data acquisition and evaluation methods.展开更多
If one considers the number of language learners that are worldwide,the number of classroom-based language assessments(CBLAs)that are given each year,and the number of decisions that are made on the basis of these,it ...If one considers the number of language learners that are worldwide,the number of classroom-based language assessments(CBLAs)that are given each year,and the number of decisions that are made on the basis of these,it is obvious that in terms of sheer numbers,more students are affected by CBLAs per year than by those based on large-scale language assessments.Because of this,it is essential that classroom teachers have the knowledge,skills,and tools to enable them to develop and use CBLAs that they can justify to stakeholders,e.g.,students,parents,and school authorities.In this paper we describe the approach to CBLAs that we have developed.First,we discuss the role of assessment in teaching and learning,the kinds of decisions that classroom teachers need to make,and the different modes of CBLAs.We then describe the process of using CBLAs to help teachers make decisions that will have beneficial consequences.Next,we discuss fairness and accountability in assessment and the process of assessment justification,including an assessment use argument.Finally,we discuss the process of developing CBLAs,using an example of a classroom-based language assessment to illustrate this.展开更多
文摘The assessment of the fairness of health resource allocation is an important part of the study for the fairness of social development.The data used in most of the existing assessment methods comes from statistical yearbooks or field survey sampling.These statistics are generally based on administrative areas and are difficult to support a fine-grained evaluation model.In response to these problems,the evaluation method proposed in this paper is based on the query statistics of the geographic grid of the target area,which are more accurate and efficient.Based on the query statistics of hot words in the geographic grids,this paper adopts the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the population in the grid region.Then,according to the statistical yearbook data of Hunan province,the estimated number and actual number of hospitals in each grid are analyzed and compared to measure the fairness of health resource allocation in the target region.Experiments show that the geographical grid population assessment based on hot words is more accurate and close to the actual value.The estimated average error is only about 17.8 percent.This method can assess the fairness of health resource allocation in any scale,and is innovative in data acquisition and evaluation methods.
文摘If one considers the number of language learners that are worldwide,the number of classroom-based language assessments(CBLAs)that are given each year,and the number of decisions that are made on the basis of these,it is obvious that in terms of sheer numbers,more students are affected by CBLAs per year than by those based on large-scale language assessments.Because of this,it is essential that classroom teachers have the knowledge,skills,and tools to enable them to develop and use CBLAs that they can justify to stakeholders,e.g.,students,parents,and school authorities.In this paper we describe the approach to CBLAs that we have developed.First,we discuss the role of assessment in teaching and learning,the kinds of decisions that classroom teachers need to make,and the different modes of CBLAs.We then describe the process of using CBLAs to help teachers make decisions that will have beneficial consequences.Next,we discuss fairness and accountability in assessment and the process of assessment justification,including an assessment use argument.Finally,we discuss the process of developing CBLAs,using an example of a classroom-based language assessment to illustrate this.
