Storage dynamics of fallen trees in a mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forest

A study of the storage dynamics in the mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forests was carried out in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province, P. R. China. The modifying law of fallen trees was the storage dynamics of the existing fallen trees and the annual input in the mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forest. The current storage of fallen trees was 16.25 t昲m-2 in the initially, but after 100 years, 85% of the storage in dry weight was decomposed, and little material was left after 300 years. The average annual input of fallen trees was 0.6 t昲m-2and it increased with time to 31.0 t昲m-2after 200 years, which was maintained until the climax community ended. The total storage of fallen trees increased in the early stage. The decomposition of fallen trees eventually reached equilibrium with storage being identical with the annual input of fallen trees.

Falling Tree or Fallen Tree?

《英语辅导报》2000-2001学年度第14期(高二版),7—9单元阶段验收题,笔试部分Ⅱ课本要点A)单项选择题,第9小题: The roof was badlydamaged by a——tree inthe great storm last night. A.fall B.fallen C.fallingD.failed 原参考答案为:B 到底是falling tree还是fallen tree?我们先来分析一下现在分词与过去分词作定语时之语意表达功能: 1.现在分词作定语现在分词作定语从其语意功能看:a)

Effect of Environmental Gradients on the Quantity and Quality of Fallen Logs in Tsuga longibracteata Forest in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, Fujian Province,China

We investigated the quantity and quality 0f fallen l0gs in different Tsuga l0ngibracteata f0rest c0mmunities in the Tianba0yan Nati0nal Nature Reserve. We used redundancy analysis t0 determine the spatial distributi0n 0f fallen l0gs in the different f0rest c0mmunities and t0 analyze the relati0nships am0ng stand structure, t0p0graphic fact0rs and human disturbance. The v0lume, c0vered area, mean l0g length and number 0f fallen l0gs differed significantly am0ng f0rest types （P 〈 0.05）, but mean diameter at breast height sh0wed n0 significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The l0g v0lume and c0vered area in different f0rest types sh0wed the f0ll0wing trend： T. l0ngibracteata pure f0rest 〈 T. l0ngibracteata ＋ Olig0staehyum scabrifl0rur 〈 T. l0ngibraeteata ＋ hardw00d 〈 Rh0d0dendr0n simiarum ＋ T. l0ngibraeteata 〈 T. l0ngibraeteata ＋ Phyll0stachys heter0cycla pubescens. The spatial distributi0n patterns 0f l0gs quantity and quality indicated that l0g v0lume and c0vered area were str0ngly affected by envir0nmental fact0rs in the f0ll0wing 0rder： human disturbance 〉 elevati0n 〉 sl0pe p0siti0n 〉 b0le height 〉 tree height 〉 sl0pe aspect 〉 density 〉 basal area 〉 sl0pe gradient. The relative c0ntributi0n 0f envir0nmental variables 0n the t0tal variance was t0p0graphy （76%） 〉 disturbance （42%） 〉 stand structure （35%）. T0p0graphy and disturbance c0mbined explained 8.2% 0f the variance. Fallen l0~s auantitv and aualitvwere negatively related t0 elevati0n and sl0pe p0siti0n, and p0sitively ass0ciated t0 human disturbance. The l0g v0lume decreased fr0m n0rthern t0 s0uthern sl0pes. Envir0nmental fact0rs had the highest impact 0n class I （slightly decayed）, and l0west impact 0n class V （highly decayed）.

Fungal diversity on fallen leaves of Ficus in northern Thailand

Fallen leaves of Ficus altissima, F. virens, F. benjamina, F. fistulosa and F. semicordata, were collected in Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand and examined for fungi. Eighty taxa were identified, comprising 56 anamorphic taxa, 23 ascomycetes and l basidiomycete. Common fungal species occurring on five host species with high frequency of occurrence were Beltraniella nilgirica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Ophioceras leptosporum, Periconia byssoides and Septonema harknessi. Colletotrichum and Stachybotrys were also common genera. The leaves of different Ficus species supported diverse fungal taxa, and the fungal assemblages on the different hosts showed varying overlap. The fungal diversity of saprobes at the host species level is discussed.

Experimental approaches and analytical technique for determining heavy metals in fallen dust at ferrosilicon production factory in Edfu, Aswan,Egypt

In this study aimed to evaluate the pollution extent of metals and nonmetals inside and outside the ferrosilicon production factory in Edfu, Aswan, Egypt, raw materials (quartz, cokes, iron oxides), ferrosilicon alloy, silica fume, dust and suspended dust (at different sites) samples were collected from the factory, and fallen dust samples were collected from outside the factory, horizontally (at different sites and different distance and directions) and vertically (at different floors in the selected buildings). Gravimetric methods, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), flame photometer, wide range carbon determinator and atomic absorption spectroscopy tools were used for elements determination. The results indicating that the fallen dust and its element contents on southern factory walls being higher than those on eastern factory walls may be due to the nature of the dusts and effects of wind force and wind direction. Fallen dust levels in different regions outside the factory were found to be affected by the distance, direction and floors. The nature of dust samples was affected by gravity and the suspended dust in different factory units depended on the work capacity and method of handling materials by personnel in different production units. Silica fume was a complicated problem, had dangerous effect against the workers' health, and was characterized by high concentrations of SiO2(90.6%～93.6%) and heavy metals (Mn, 420.6×10-6～520.3×10-6; Fe, 2354×10-6～2685×10-6; Co, 80.7×10-6～101.6×10 6 and Ni,5.3× 10-6～6.05× 10-6). The TSP (Total Suspended Particulate) levels in all factory units were higher than the recommended air quality value (70 μg/m3) under Egyptian law. The effect of ferrosilicon factory fallen dust on the surrounding regions decreased with increasing distance between the factory and these regions. The suspended dust samples in the factory units and their components greatly exceeded national and international standards, so health and environmental criteria must be enforced on these units.

Fallen wood decomposition of Pinus koraiensis and Tilia amurensis

Fallen wood decomposition rate ofPinus koraiensis andTilia amurensis in broadleaved Korean pine forest was studied in this paper. The result showed that decomposition rate of fallen wood was different from that of little diameter wood and coarse woody debris for the same tree species. Fallen wood decomposition was generally rotten from outside to inside. And decomposition speed of fallen woods was different according to tree species and site, and it was also related to diameter of fallen woods. Decomposition depth ofTilia amurensis fallen wood for 17 years was 14 cm, but that ofPinus koraiensis in the same condition was less than 7 cm.Tilia amurensis was decomposed faster thanPinus koraiensis. For same tree species, if the diameter was small, the decomposition speed was quick.

Effect of Fallen Wood of Abies fabri Forest on Seedling Recruitment in Tibet Sygera Mountain

The impact on seedling recruitment by fallen wood of A. fabri forest in Tibet Sygera Mountain was studied. The results showed that regenerated seedlings on fallen wood roughly showed normal distribution,and there were more regenerated seedlings in the middle of fallen wood,while regenerated seedlings were fewer at two ends. Fallen wood at level IV had the most regenerated seedlings,followed by level-III fallen wood,and regenerated seedlings were the fewest on fallen wood at level V. The number and species of regenerated seedling on and around fallen wood on the west slope were more than that on the east slope. With the improvement of decomposition level,regenerated seedling per unit area firstly increased and then decreased,but the number of regenerated seedling on and around fallen wood was far more than that in woodland.

The Effects of Multilocus Heterozygosity on the Longevity of Seedlings Established on Fallen Logs in <i>Picea jezoensis</i>and <i>Abies sachalinensis</i>

Seedling establishment on fallen logs is a major regeneration system for tree species in boreal forests. Seedling survival on fallen logs is affected not only by the microsite environment but also by the genetic factors of individuals. To quantify the genetic effects on seedling longevity, we identified seedlings using a number tag system and collected needles of Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis established on fallen logs in spring 2006. Survival or death of each seedling was investigated during 2006-2012. We genotyped seedlings with microsatellite markers and calculated individual-based multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) for each seedling. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate the effects of MLH on seedling longevity of the two species considering the fallen log conditions. The model indicated that MLH positively affected seedling longevity in P. jezoensis, whereas the effects of MLH were not significant in A. sachalinensis. Here, we discuss differences in the effects of MLH on seedling longevity between the two species, considering species characteristics and MLH frequency distribution.

A Study on the Translation of Love in a Fallen City from the Perspective of Three Dimensional Transformation of Eco-Translatology

Love in a Fallen City is one of Eileen Chang’s representative works and translated by Karen Kingsbury.The ecological environment of translation restricts and influences the translator’s choice of translation strategies,methods and techniques in the process of translation.According to the eco-translatology,translation is a transformation from language dimension,culture dimension and communication dimension.This article analyzes the three-dimensional transformation between the source language and the target language in the English version of Love in a Fallen City,and holds that a good translation must be the translator’s effective adaptation to the ecological environment including the source language,the source culture and the target culture.

Sustainable management of campus fallen leaves through low-temperature pyrolysis and application in Pb immobilization

Realizing campus sustainability requires the environmental-friendly and economical treatment of tremendous fallen leaves.Producing fallen leaf biochar at a low temperature is a candidate approach.In this study,six common types of fallen leaves on the campus were pyrolyzed at 300℃.The obtained biochars were characterized and the adsorption mechanisms of lead(Pb)by the fallen leaf biochars were investigated.The adsorption capacity of leaf biochar for Pb was relatively high,up to 209 mg/g(Yulania denudata leaf biochar).Adsorption of Pb onto active sites was the rate-limiting step for most leaf biochars.But for Platanus leaf biochar,intraparticle diffusion of Pb^(2+)dominated owing to the lowest adsorption capacity.However,the highest exchangeable Pb fraction(27%)indicated its potential for removing aqueous Pb^(2+).Ginkgo and Prunus cerasifera leaf biochar immobilized Pb by surface complexation and precipitation as lead oxalate.Hence,they were suitable for soil heavy metal remediation.This study shed the light on the sustainable utilization of campus fallen leaves and the application of fallen leaf biochars in heavy metal remediation.

灰飞虱自动识别计数方法研究

为更精确地施药,提供可靠的虫量数据,提出一种基于图像识别技术的灰飞虱数量计算方法。设定由拍摄距离和相机调节倍数组成三组拍摄条件,融合区域面积、区域圆度和边界直径三个参数组合构成识别计数模型,利用边缘检测和区域填充完成图像中的个体提取,每组条件下分别计算5张单个长翅和短翅的参数值作为标准。拍摄条件相同的情况下,分别计算4张相互独立和4张有轻微连接的灰飞虱的计数图像,将每个区域的结果比对参数标准值范围,如果三个参数均在范围内,则输出1;至少有一个参数不符合,重新计算该区域面积和边界直径,当同时符合标准值的2倍时,输出2。试验结果表明:灰飞虱全为独立的图像中,有8张相对错误率为0%,3张小于10%,1张为13.3%;轻微连接的图像中,有2张相对错误率为0%,6张小于10%,4张为10%~25%,能满足灰飞虱数量的自动计算。

元宝枫凋落叶浸提液对3种中草药化感作用的研究

本研究以甘草、黄芩和桔梗为化感受体,探究不同浓度的元宝枫凋落叶浸提液对3种中草药种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以期为北京元宝枫林下中草药的种植提供理论依据。结果表明:元宝枫凋落叶浸提液对甘草和黄芩的种子萌发表现出“低促高抑”效应,而对桔梗表现为抑制作用。元宝枫凋落叶浸提液对3种中草药种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应为桔梗>黄芩>甘草。3种中草药幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量在不同浓度处理下均低于对照。元宝枫凋落叶浸提液处理使黄芩幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,黄芩、甘草幼苗叶片的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随浸提液浓度的升高先升后降,3种中草药幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量随浸提液浓度的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势。综上,元宝枫林下应避免种植桔梗,适宜种植甘草和黄芩。

黄曲霉果胶酶的酶学特性及其在白玉兰落叶水解中的应用

农业残余物还田能够改善土壤质量,然而微生物活性过低使腐熟进程缓慢。为了加快腐熟进程,本研究从土壤中筛选产果胶酶的菌株,并进行菌株鉴定及酶学性质分析,同时研究所产果胶酶对白玉兰(Magnolia denudata)落叶的水解作用。结果显示,从土壤中分离得到菌株TPF2-1,被鉴定为黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus),其所产果胶酶粗酶的酶活力为(0.63±0.02)IU/mL。以聚半乳糖醛酸为底物时,TPF2-1果胶酶粗酶的最适作用pH值为4.5,最适作用温度为50℃;在35℃保温1 h后酶活力无损失;在pH值4.0-7.0、25℃条件下保温24 h后仍残余大于90%的酶活力;1、2和5 mmol/L的Li^(+)、Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)、K^(+)、Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)和Co^(2+)对TPF2-1果胶酶粗酶的酶活力均无明显抑制作用,Ca^(2+)、Fe^(2+)和Fe^(3+)在5 mmol/L时表现出抑制作用。TPF2-1果胶酶粗酶可使白玉兰落叶水解体系中还原性物质的量提升至水解前的3.3倍。本研究结果表明黄曲霉果胶酶在树叶还田方面具有潜在的应用价值。

杉木人工林杉木绿叶与凋落叶分解速率对比

以亚热带杉木人工林绿叶和杉木凋落叶为对象,研究其理化性质和分解速率的变化。结果表明,杉木绿叶和凋落物分解和养分释放动态特征相似,但杉木凋落叶的分解速率和养分释放均快于绿叶。2年分解期内,两种叶含水率显著降低,分解速率也都有降低,且杉木凋落叶处理间差异显著,2年分解期结束,两种叶的质量残留率在23%~38%之间。2年分解期内,两种叶分解速率呈现快-慢的变化。杉木凋落叶的分解速率快于绿叶。相关分析表明C∶N和木质素∶N与凋落叶分解速率的相关性较高,说明凋落叶分解速率主要受C∶N和木质素∶N的影响。

长苞铁杉林倒木不同结构组分难降解物含量的分解程度差异

[目的]探究倒木不同结构组分难降解物含量的分解程度差异,为长苞铁杉林科学经营提供理论依据。[方法]以福建省天宝岩国家级自然保护区中的长苞铁杉林倒木为对象,采用空间代替时间法,在4种林分类型(长苞铁杉纯林、长苞铁杉+阔叶树混交林、长苞铁杉+猴头杜鹃混交林、长苞铁杉+毛竹混交林)中,探究倒木不同结构组分(树皮、边材、心材)的难降解物含量在分解过程中的变化趋势。[结果]显示:(1)在倒木分解过程中,纤维素、总酚和缩合单宁含量降低,木质素含量升高;倒木缩合单宁含量除了在长苞铁杉+阔叶树混交林中随腐烂等级增加呈先升后降趋势外,在其它3种林分类型中均呈现逐渐下降趋势;(2)从第Ⅰ腐烂等级到第Ⅴ腐烂等级,长苞铁杉倒木的难降解物质含量变化均为显著,其中树皮、边材和心材的纤维素含量分别下降100.08 g·kg^(-1)(20.6%)、73.79 g·kg^(-1)(15.0%)和89.87 g·kg^(-1)(17.5%);木质素含量分别升高42.53 g·kg^(-1)(37.7%)、36.71 g·kg^(-1)(37.9%)和22.25 g·kg^(-1)(22.0%);缩合单宁含量分别下降34.45 g·kg^(-1)(47.4%)、11.02 g·kg^(-1)(23.5%)和16.83 g·kg^(-1)(44.0%);总酚含量分别下降4.87 g·kg^(-1)(57.6%)、1.78 g·kg^(-1)(32.0%)和2.06 g·kg^(-1)(41.7%)。[结论]长苞铁杉林倒木分解中难降解物含量除了与其自身C、N、P含量有关外,还受到林分类型及其结构组分与林分类型交互作用的综合影响。研究结果为指导长苞铁杉林分经营提供了理论依据。

樟子松人工成熟林凋落叶“三大素”含量特征及其影响因子研究

揭示樟子松人工成熟林凋落叶“三大素”含量(木质素、纤维素、半纤维素)的变化机理及影响因子,为樟子松人工成熟林的经营提供科学依据。以辽宁省彰武县章古台镇成熟期樟子松人工林(林分生长阶段分别为43、49、65 a,林分密度分别为400、625、800株/hm 2,各3次重复)为研究对象,对凋落叶“三大素”含量的动态及影响因子进行分析。凋落叶木质素、纤维素和半纤维素均在3月出现峰值,2月出现相对较低值。3—6月这3种成分的含量表现为先降低再升高再降低的趋势。在7月3种成分的含量差值最大,分别为木质素(432.44 g/kg)、纤维素(222.34 g/kg)、半纤维素(343.08 g/kg)。10—12月这3种成分的含量整体呈下降趋势。林分生长、林分密度及它们之间的交互作用对凋落叶的木质素、纤维素、半纤维素含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。但从3种成分含量的均值来看,800株/hm 2林分密度下的木质素和半纤维素含量最高,400株/hm 2林分密度下的纤维素含量最高,且在不同林分密度和生长条件下3种成分含量变化趋势不同。月最大风速与樟子松凋落叶木质素含量之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。

蒙古栎枯落叶挥发油对4种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

开展蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)枯落叶挥发油的化感研究,可为天然绿色除草剂的开发提供参考。本研究以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、红三叶(Trifolium pratense)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)为受体材料,采用培养皿滤纸法研究不同浓度的蒙古栎枯落叶挥发油对4种草本植物种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:蒙古栎挥发油浓度越高,其对4种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用越强。1600μg·mL^(-1)挥发油处理使4种草本植物的发芽率、发芽指数、根长均显著降低(P<0.05);红三叶、黑麦草和苇状羊茅的苗高显著降低(P<0.05);4种草本植物的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均不同程度地降低;且紫花苜蓿幼苗的丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05),而红三叶、黑麦草、苇状羊茅幼苗的丙二醛含量显著升高(P<0.05)。因此,蒙古栎枯落叶挥发油对4种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长有抑制作用。

侨易学视角下的《倾城之恋》——白流苏的五次侨移

侨易学不仅可以用于现实世界真实人物的分析,也可以发展为“文学侨易学”来探究文学虚构世界。采用侨易学的视角和方法对《倾城之恋》进行人物分析,白流苏的人生际遇被看作“侨易现象”,从中可以发现其从因侨致易引发的命运变迁。利用侨易学理论中具体的侨易条件和侨易量的概念,结合文本详细阅读,整理出一条清晰完整的精神质变逻辑线索,有助于更深入地理解主人公心态变化及其原因,丰富《倾城之恋》中白流苏这一人物形象的内涵。引入侨易学理论到文学领域不仅可以观察作者、作品和读者之间的联系,还能在时间和地理维度进行分析,展现时间、空间和思想这三种变量之间的逻辑关系,形成新的阐释方法。

基于生物质资源利用的园林落叶还肥机设计

落叶作为林业生物质材料,可通过多种处理途径在一定程度上减少化石能源的消耗量,有利于推进资源全面节约和循环利用。为减少焚烧落叶所带来的环境污染,研发了落叶还肥机,通过对落叶进行加工和处理,并对其过程进行监测,使其转化为有机肥和土壤营养基质,可有效改良土壤,同时可以减少碳氮的排放量,缓解全球气温升高的速度,以期生态环境改善提供有益参考。