China has effectively curbed the excess growth of its population in recent years, and this represents a change of historical importance in its population reproduction. Thanks to this success, the Chinese people's ...China has effectively curbed the excess growth of its population in recent years, and this represents a change of historical importance in its population reproduction. Thanks to this success, the Chinese people's health has significantly improved. Following is the full text of an interview by our staff reporter with Zhang Weiqing, minister in charge of the State Population and Family Planning Commission. We hope it will help our readers acquire a better understanding of how China's family planning policy has helped safeguard and promote human rights in the country and the world.展开更多
The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, t...The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.展开更多
Based on the Chinese General Social Survey 2006 and 2008 data,this paper assesses the influence of the family planning policy on the qualitative development of children using education attainment and individual income...Based on the Chinese General Social Survey 2006 and 2008 data,this paper assesses the influence of the family planning policy on the qualitative development of children using education attainment and individual income of only children versus children with siblings as parameters.Our results show the following:(1)only children are better-educated than their counterparts with siblings;(2)only children earn higher income in comparison to their counterparts with siblings;(3)the income and education gaps between girls with and without siblings are greater than those between boys;(4)the education gaps between only children and children with siblings are greater for those born in the 1970s,but the income difference between only children and children with siblings is only significant for those born in the 1980s;and(5)the income and education gaps between only children and children with siblings are higher in urban regions.Results indicate that families with only one child invest more resources in children's quality under the family planning policy,which is consistent with the"quantity-quality trade-off"theory proposed by Gary Becker.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Poor regulation is a barrier to adolescents’ accessing family planning (FP) services. We aimed to assess policies, laws, and regulations according to the contraceptive needs o...<strong>Background: </strong>Poor regulation is a barrier to adolescents’ accessing family planning (FP) services. We aimed to assess policies, laws, and regulations according to the contraceptive needs of adolescents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). <strong>Methods:</strong> A mixed method study was conducted in 74 structures, including 13 administrative structures and 61 facilities offering FP. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document review. Using a health policy analysis framework, we analyzed the types of policies;their availability at the delivery points;the actors and the context of the policy formulation process. The content of policies was analyzed on the basis of WHO recommendations to ensure respect for human rights in the provision of contraceptive information and services. <strong>Results: </strong>Of the policies targeting the sexual and reproductive health (SRH), 18 were mainly focused on the FP of which 5 were the standards and directives;5 implementing documents;3 guidelines;3 laws and 2 policies. Twelve documents were classified “important” for the FP extension. However, a few targeted adolescents and were translated into operational instructions for providers. Of 9 WHO recommendations, one was fully and two partially integrated into FP policies. Adolescents and FP providers were less involved in the policy formulation process. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The FP regulation remains problematic in the DRC. FP policies are unsuitable to adolescents’ expectation;they do not guarantee a secure and unrestricted access to FP services. The ministry of health should put in place evidence-based regulations to improve access to SRH services by adolescents.展开更多
The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive deci...The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.展开更多
本文试图从总体公共政策(general public policy,简称GPP)角度高度反思中华人民共和国成立以来人口与社会发展的曲折经历,并探索未来发展方向。基于公共政策系统分析和历史-比较方法提炼出"变迁中的经济国家"概念范畴,打破国...本文试图从总体公共政策(general public policy,简称GPP)角度高度反思中华人民共和国成立以来人口与社会发展的曲折经历,并探索未来发展方向。基于公共政策系统分析和历史-比较方法提炼出"变迁中的经济国家"概念范畴,打破国际上社会政策学科由福利国家统领的局面,使各种发展型与非/反发展型国家GPP模式探讨亦成为可能,为深刻理解中国经验提供比以往"问题"与"主义"焦点之分更为完整贴切的理论框架。概言之,关于人口与社会70余年变迁的主要观点有:(1)中华人民共和国创建的是与西方福利国家根本不同的社会主义经济国家;(2)"主义"之争导致GPP政治化,"文化大革命"时期"以阶级斗争为纲"的指导思想对于计划经济及计划生育的失误负有重要责任;(3)经济方面,中共十一届三中全会确立以经济建设为中心,实质是经济国家GPP去政治化,改革开放搁置"主义"之争更是进一步加速了物质生产自由化发展;人口方面,则在经济国家"两种生产"指导思想下推行计划生育,不惜采取强制性一胎化政策;(4)"唯GDP论"和"一切向钱看"积累了许多重大社会问题,同时,政府在改革开放中被去经济化(下放企业自主权、利改税等)亦越来越有余力研究解决这些问题;(5)21世纪在经济发展基础上,中共十九大提出了新的社会主要矛盾和既求充分又求平衡的发展战略,标志着"后经济国家"新时代的到来;(6)面对婚姻家庭解组、生育意愿低下、人口急剧老龄化等严峻挑战,新时期GPP重点再次转变,很大程度上将从"人口与经济"转向更为全面和动态平衡的"人口与社会"发展战略。改革开放之初被搁置的"主义"之争亟待在更高水平上研究出科学合理的答案,以彻底解决各种"问题",实现社会公平正义。展开更多
文摘China has effectively curbed the excess growth of its population in recent years, and this represents a change of historical importance in its population reproduction. Thanks to this success, the Chinese people's health has significantly improved. Following is the full text of an interview by our staff reporter with Zhang Weiqing, minister in charge of the State Population and Family Planning Commission. We hope it will help our readers acquire a better understanding of how China's family planning policy has helped safeguard and promote human rights in the country and the world.
基金received grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation as a major project(Project Approval No.:71490731)
文摘The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.
文摘Based on the Chinese General Social Survey 2006 and 2008 data,this paper assesses the influence of the family planning policy on the qualitative development of children using education attainment and individual income of only children versus children with siblings as parameters.Our results show the following:(1)only children are better-educated than their counterparts with siblings;(2)only children earn higher income in comparison to their counterparts with siblings;(3)the income and education gaps between girls with and without siblings are greater than those between boys;(4)the education gaps between only children and children with siblings are greater for those born in the 1970s,but the income difference between only children and children with siblings is only significant for those born in the 1980s;and(5)the income and education gaps between only children and children with siblings are higher in urban regions.Results indicate that families with only one child invest more resources in children's quality under the family planning policy,which is consistent with the"quantity-quality trade-off"theory proposed by Gary Becker.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Poor regulation is a barrier to adolescents’ accessing family planning (FP) services. We aimed to assess policies, laws, and regulations according to the contraceptive needs of adolescents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). <strong>Methods:</strong> A mixed method study was conducted in 74 structures, including 13 administrative structures and 61 facilities offering FP. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document review. Using a health policy analysis framework, we analyzed the types of policies;their availability at the delivery points;the actors and the context of the policy formulation process. The content of policies was analyzed on the basis of WHO recommendations to ensure respect for human rights in the provision of contraceptive information and services. <strong>Results: </strong>Of the policies targeting the sexual and reproductive health (SRH), 18 were mainly focused on the FP of which 5 were the standards and directives;5 implementing documents;3 guidelines;3 laws and 2 policies. Twelve documents were classified “important” for the FP extension. However, a few targeted adolescents and were translated into operational instructions for providers. Of 9 WHO recommendations, one was fully and two partially integrated into FP policies. Adolescents and FP providers were less involved in the policy formulation process. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The FP regulation remains problematic in the DRC. FP policies are unsuitable to adolescents’ expectation;they do not guarantee a secure and unrestricted access to FP services. The ministry of health should put in place evidence-based regulations to improve access to SRH services by adolescents.
基金support for this research was provided by the UK Economic and Social Research Council(Reference:ES/J500161/1).
文摘The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.
文摘本文试图从总体公共政策(general public policy,简称GPP)角度高度反思中华人民共和国成立以来人口与社会发展的曲折经历,并探索未来发展方向。基于公共政策系统分析和历史-比较方法提炼出"变迁中的经济国家"概念范畴,打破国际上社会政策学科由福利国家统领的局面,使各种发展型与非/反发展型国家GPP模式探讨亦成为可能,为深刻理解中国经验提供比以往"问题"与"主义"焦点之分更为完整贴切的理论框架。概言之,关于人口与社会70余年变迁的主要观点有:(1)中华人民共和国创建的是与西方福利国家根本不同的社会主义经济国家;(2)"主义"之争导致GPP政治化,"文化大革命"时期"以阶级斗争为纲"的指导思想对于计划经济及计划生育的失误负有重要责任;(3)经济方面,中共十一届三中全会确立以经济建设为中心,实质是经济国家GPP去政治化,改革开放搁置"主义"之争更是进一步加速了物质生产自由化发展;人口方面,则在经济国家"两种生产"指导思想下推行计划生育,不惜采取强制性一胎化政策;(4)"唯GDP论"和"一切向钱看"积累了许多重大社会问题,同时,政府在改革开放中被去经济化(下放企业自主权、利改税等)亦越来越有余力研究解决这些问题;(5)21世纪在经济发展基础上,中共十九大提出了新的社会主要矛盾和既求充分又求平衡的发展战略,标志着"后经济国家"新时代的到来;(6)面对婚姻家庭解组、生育意愿低下、人口急剧老龄化等严峻挑战,新时期GPP重点再次转变,很大程度上将从"人口与经济"转向更为全面和动态平衡的"人口与社会"发展战略。改革开放之初被搁置的"主义"之争亟待在更高水平上研究出科学合理的答案,以彻底解决各种"问题",实现社会公平正义。
